1
|
Khorshidi A. Chemical radioanalysis of production of positron-emitting radioisotope Gallium-68 via (p,n) and (p,2n) reactions using compact cyclotron for tomography applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31499. [PMID: 38813197 PMCID: PMC11133935 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the proton-induced reactions of 68Zn and 69Ga aimed at generating 68Ga were simulated and modeled using Talys code and neural network software. In the first step, both targets were simulated under different proton energies and at different bombardments times to generate a total of six thousand data. Then, the obtained data from the Talys, including the various cross-sections, contaminations, the main product i.e. 68Ga, and other options were completely saved in the output file. Afterwards, the inputs of the neural network were selected from the output of the Talys by analyzing and considering most of the key features. A total of four inputs, two of which are different energies related to the reaction, the other is the process sequence and the fourth input is the bombardment time, were recognized as suitable inputs and the model was trained differently depending on the type of target. The selected model was a feed-forward neural network with 5 nodes in a middle layer, which was able to estimate the output of Talys code by changing the input parameters with extremely high accuracy. Two different models including the main model for estimating the output of the main sample (product) and the sub-model for estimating process pollution or impurity were trained, and then the trained model was tested on the deduced process data. The implementation results fully demonstrated the high accuracy of the method. The neural network model is much easier to implement than the Talys code, and its execution speed is very high. In addition, it can be used appropriately as a system alternative for optimization and different structures in medical and biological engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Khorshidi
- School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
- Soleimani Maktab, Central Branch, Qaem University, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malmbeck R, Banik NL. Behaviour of DGA and Ln resin with alpha radiation dose. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work the separation efficiency of the DGA and Ln extraction chromatographic resins has been investigated as a function of absorbed dose induced by alpha radiation. It was found that the resins show good stability towards alpha radiolysis, both maintaining high weight distribution ratios (and resin capacity factors) with the absorbed dose, calculated as if the complete alpha energy would be absorbed only in the resin material. However, the results obtained for Ln resin indicates that the method used in this work (extractive distribution ratio) to investigate alpha radiolytic behaviour is not appropriate. The reason is likely the strong acid dependency of this particular extraction system. The behaviour of the DGA resin towards alpha radiolysis was compared to alpha radiolysis in ordinary liquid-liquid extraction of an organic solvent based on the same extractant, TODGA, dissolved in n-dodecan. It was found that the alpha radiolysis rate of TODGA is about 5 times higher in liquid-liquid extraction where the complete energy of the alpha particle is deposited within the solvent, compared to the DGA resin. This indicates that in the heterogeneous DGA resin system, only 20% of the alpha energy is actually deposited to the organic solvent layered onto the particles of the DGA resin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Malmbeck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre – JRC, Directorate G, Nuclear Safety and Security , 76125 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Nidhu Lal Banik
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre – JRC, Directorate G, Nuclear Safety and Security , 76125 Karlsruhe , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Amor-Coarasa A, Gruca M, Hurez S, Gulec SA, McGoron A, Babich JW. Impact of elution impurities on DOTA and NOTA labeling with two commercial 68Ge/68Ga generators. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
4
|
Nano-technology contributions towards the development of high performance radioisotope generators: The future promise to meet the continuing clinical demand. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 129:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
Evaluation of a Flexible NOTA-RGD Kit Solution Using Gallium-68 from Different 68Ge/68Ga-Generators: Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution in Nonhuman Primates and Demonstration of Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Imaging in Humans. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 19:469-482. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
6
|
Radiolabeling of DOTA-like conjugated peptides with generator-produced (68)Ga and using NaCl-based cationic elution method. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1057-66. [PMID: 27172166 PMCID: PMC5506837 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gallium-68 (68Ga) is a generator-produced radionuclide with a short half-life (t½ = 68 min) that is particularly well suited for molecular imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). Methods have been developed to synthesize 68Ga-labeled imaging agents possessing certain drawbacks, such as longer synthesis time because of a required final purification step, the use of organic solvents or concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). In our manuscript, we provide a detailed protocol for the use of an advantageous sodium chloride (NaCl)-based method for radiolabeling of chelator-modified peptides for molecular imaging. By working in a lead-shielded hot-cell system, 68Ga3+ of the generator eluate is trapped on a cation exchanger cartridge (100 mg, ∼8 mm long and 5 mm diameter) and then eluted with acidified 5 M NaCl solution directly into a sodium acetate-buffered solution containing a DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) or DOTA-like chelator-modified peptide. The main advantages of this procedure are the high efficiency and the absence of organic solvents. It can be applied to a variety of peptides, which are stable in 1 M NaCl solution at a pH value of 3–4 during reaction. After labeling, neutralization, sterile filtration and quality control (instant thin-layer chromatography (iTLC), HPLC and pH), the radiopharmaceutical can be directly administered to patients, without determination of organic solvents, which reduces the overall synthesis-to-release time. This procedure has been adapted easily to automated synthesis modules, which leads to a rapid preparation of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals (12–16 min).
Collapse
|
7
|
Romero E, Martínez A, Oteo M, García A, Morcillo MA. Preparation of ⁶⁸Ga-labelled DOTA-peptides using a manual labelling approach for small-animal PET imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 107:113-120. [PMID: 26492321 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
(68)Ga-DOTA-peptides are a promising PET radiotracers used in the detection of different tumours types due to their ability for binding specifically receptors overexpressed in these. Furthermore, (68)Ga can be produced by a (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator on site which is a very good alternative to cyclotron-based PET isotopes. Here, we describe a manual labelling approach for the synthesis of (68)Ga-labelled DOTA-peptides based on concentration and purification of the commercial (68)Ga/(68)Ga generator eluate using an anion exchange-cartridge. (68)Ga-DOTA-TATE was used to image a pheochromocytoma xenograft mouse model by a microPET/CT scanner. The method described provides satisfactory results, allowing the subsequent (68)Ga use to label DOTA-peptides. The simplicity of the method along with its implementation reduced cost, makes it useful in preclinical PET studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romero
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Martínez
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Oteo
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel García
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Morcillo
- CIEMAT - Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology, Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Velikyan I. 68Ga-Based radiopharmaceuticals: production and application relationship. Molecules 2015; 20:12913-43. [PMID: 26193247 PMCID: PMC6332429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of 68Ga to the promotion and expansion of clinical research and routine positron emission tomography (PET) for earlier better diagnostics and individualized medicine is considerable. The potential applications of 68Ga-comprising imaging agents include targeted, pre-targeted and non-targeted imaging. This review discusses the key aspects of the production of 68Ga and 68Ga-based radiopharmaceuticals in the light of the impact of regulatory requirements and endpoint pre-clinical and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Section of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden.
- PET Center, Center for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala SE-751 85, Sweden .
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Larenkov AA, Bruskin AB, Kodina GE. Preparation of highly purified 68Ga solutions via ion exchange in hydrochloric acid–ethanol mixtures. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Seemann J, Eppard E, Waldron BP, Ross TL, Roesch F. Cation exchange-based post-processing of (68)Ga-eluate: a comparison of three solvent systems for labelling of DOTATOC, NO2AP(BP) and DATA(m.). Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 98:54-9. [PMID: 25638573 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Interest in (68)Ga has led to a number of innovations for its provision suitable for clinical application. Several post-processing methods are available to reduce eluate volume and remove metal trace impurities. In this work three cation exchange resin based post-processing methods (acetone, ethanol and NaCl) have been compared, using three model precursors (DOTATOC, NO2AP(BP) and DATA(m)), in terms of labelling yield and reproducibility. The acetone and ethanol based methods provided greater reproducibility and yields that makes subsequent purification unnecessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Seemann
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Eppard
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bradley P Waldron
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias L Ross
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Roesch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany..
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
[(68)Ga]FSC-(RGD)3 a trimeric RGD peptide for imaging αvβ3 integrin expression based on a novel siderophore derived chelating scaffold-synthesis and evaluation. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 42:115-22. [PMID: 25459110 PMCID: PMC4289911 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years Gallium-68 ((68)Ga) has received tremendous attention for labeling of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET). (68)Ga labeling of biomolecules is currently based on bifunctional chelators containing aminocarboxylates (mainly DOTA and NOTA). We have recently shown that cyclic peptide siderophores have very good complexing properties for (68)Ga resulting in high specific activities and excellent metabolic stabilities, in particular triacetylfusarinine-C (TAFC). We postulated, that, starting from its deacetylated form (Fusarinine-C (FSC)) trimeric bioconjugates are directly accessible to develop novel targeting peptide based (68)Ga labeled radiopharmaceuticals. As proof of principle we report on the synthesis and (68)Ga-radiolabeling of a trimeric FSC-RGD conjugate, [(68)Ga]FSC-(RGD)3, targeting αvβ3 integrin, which is highly expressed during tumor-induced angiogenesis. Synthesis of the RGD peptide was carried out applying solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), followed by the coupling to the siderophore [Fe]FSC via in situ activation using HATU/HOAt and DIPEA. Subsequent demetalation allowed radiolabeling of FSC-(RGD)3 with (68)Ga. The radiolabeling procedure was optimized regarding peptide amount, reaction time, temperature as well buffer systems. For in vitro evaluation partition coefficient, protein binding, serum stability, αvβ3 integrin binding affinity, and tumor cell uptake were determined. For in vitro tests as well as for the biodistribution studies αvβ3 positive human melanoma M21 and αvβ3 negative M21-L cells were used. [(68)Ga]FSC-(RGD)3 was prepared with high radiochemical yield (>98%). Distribution coefficient was -3.6 revealing a hydrophilic character, and an IC50 value of 1.8±0.6 nM was determined indicating a high binding affinity for αvβ3 integrin. [(68)Ga]FSC-(RGD)3 was stable in PBS (pH7.4), FeCl3- and DTPA-solution as well as in fresh human serum at 37°C for 2hours. Biodistribution assay confirmed the receptor specific uptake found in vitro. Uptake in the αvβ3 positive tumor was 4.3% ID/g 60min p.i. which was 3-fold higher than the monomeric [(68)Ga]NODAGA-RGD. Tumor to blood ratio of approx. 8 and tumor to muscle ratio of approx. 7 were observed. [(68)Ga]FSC-(RGD)3 serves as an example for the feasibility of a novel class of bifunctional chelators based on cyclic peptide siderophores and shows excellent targeting properties for αvβ3 integrin in vivo for imaging tumor-induced neovascularization.
Collapse
|
12
|
68Ge content quality control of 68Ge/68Ga-generator eluates and 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals – A protocol for determining the 68Ge content using thin-layer chromatography. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 91:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
13
|
Sudbrock F, Fischer T, Zimmermanns B, Guliyev M, Dietlein M, Drzezga A, Schomäcker K. Characterization of SnO2-based (68)Ge/ (68)Ga generators and (68)Ga-DOTATATE preparations: radionuclide purity, radiochemical yield and long-term constancy. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:36. [PMID: 26055937 PMCID: PMC4884004 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing utilization of 68Ge-68Ga radionuclide generators, 68Ga labelled peptides like DOTATATE are receiving more attention in nuclear medicine. On the one hand, the long half-life of the parent nuclide 68Ge is an enormous advantage for routine applications, but the question of the long-term stability of the 68Ge breakthrough arises, which up to now has scarcely been investigated. Method A sum of 123 eluates from four different 68Ge-68Ga generators (iThemba Labs, Faure, South Africa) and 115 samples of the prepared radiopharmaceutical 68Ga-DOTATATE were measured first with a dose calibrator and again after decay of the eluted 68Ga via gamma-ray spectrometry. A complete decay curve was recorded for one sample eluate. A further three eluates were eluted in ten fractions of 0.5 ml in order to obtain detailed information concerning the distribution of the two nuclides within the eluates. The influences of factors such as the amount of DOTATATE, addition of Fe3+ salts and replacement of HEPES buffer with sodium acetate on the radiochemical synthesis were also tested. Results The content of long-lived 68Ge breakthrough increases over the entire period of use to more than 100 ppm. The labelling process with the chelator DOTA removes 68Ge efficiently. The maximum activity found in the residues of the radiopharmaceuticals investigated in this study was below 10 Bq in nearly all cases. In many cases (12% of the labelled substance), the long-lived parent nuclide could not be identified at all. The labelling process is still viable for reduced amounts of the chelator and with acetate buffer. Conclusion Effective doses received by the patient from 68Ge in the injected radiopharmaceutical 68Ga-DOTATATE are lower than 0.1 μSv and are therefore practically negligible, especially when compared with the contribution of the PET radiopharmaceutical itself. Gamma-ray spectrometry as recommended by the European Pharmacopeia is suitable for quantification of radionuclidic impurities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0036-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Sudbrock
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str 62, Cologne, NRW 50937, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kilian K. 68Ga-DOTA and analogs: Current status and future perspectives. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2014; 19:S13-S21. [PMID: 28443194 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of the 68Ge/68Ga generator has increased application of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with this isotope in medicine. 68Ga-PET is widely employed in the management of neuroendocrine tumors but favorable chemistry with tri- and tetraaza-ring molecules has opened wide range of 68Ga application in other fields of PET imaging. This review covers the radiopharmaceuticals labeled with gallium in molecular imaging and shows perspectives on the use of gallium-68 as a substitute for technetium-99, fluorine-18 and carbon-11 in some applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 5a, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ebenhan T, Chadwick N, Sathekge MM, Govender P, Govender T, Kruger HG, Marjanovic-Painter B, Zeevaart JR. Peptide synthesis, characterization and 68Ga-radiolabeling of NOTA-conjugated ubiquicidin fragments for prospective infection imaging with PET/CT. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:390-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Notni J, Šimeček J, Wester HJ. Phosphinic Acid Functionalized Polyazacycloalkane Chelators for Radiodiagnostics and Radiotherapeutics: Unique Characteristics and Applications. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1107-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
17
|
Larenkov AA, Bruskin AB, Kodina GE. Preparation of high-purity 68Ga solutions by ion exchange in mixed acetone-hydrochloric acid medium. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362214010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
18
|
Development of Single Vial Kits for Preparation of 68Ga-Labelled Peptides for PET Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumours. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:550-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
19
|
Eppard E, Loktionova NS, Rösch F. Quantitative online isolation of 68Ge from 68Ge/68Ga generator eluates for purification and immediate quality control of breakthrough. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 82:45-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
20
|
Chakravarty R, Dash A. Nanomaterial-based adsorbents: the prospect of developing new generation radionuclide generators to meet future research and clinical demands. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
New (68)Ge/(68)Ga radionuclide generators provide the positron emitter (68)Ga (T½ = 67.7 min) as an easily available and relatively inexpensive source of a PET nuclide for labeling of interesting targeting vectors. However, currently available "ionic" (68)Ge/(68)Ga radionuclide generators are not necessarily optimized for the routine synthesis of (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals in a clinical environment. Post-processing of (68)Ge/(68)Ga generators using cation exchange resins provides chemically and radiochemically pure (68)Ga with 97±2% within less than 4 min, with (68)Ge almost completely removed, and ready for online labeling. This simple, fast, and efficient technology can be extended for new applications. The options are (a) to transfer (68)Ga from the cation exchange resin onto an anion exchange resin, to remove acetone, and to further purify the (68)Ga, (b) to obtain (68)Ga in pure non-aqueous solution via (68)Ga(acac)(3) as a synthon for syntheses in organic solvents, and (c) to create an option toward instantaneous determination of (68)Ge breakthrough, what may be required prior to the release of (68)Ga radiopharmaceutical preparations.
Collapse
|
22
|
Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Ram R, Dash A, Pillai MRA. Long-term evaluation of 'BARC 68Ge/68Ga generator' based on the nanoceria-polyacrylonitrile composite sorbent. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013; 28:631-7. [PMID: 23745686 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the long-term evaluation of a nanoceria-polyacrylonitrile (CeO2-PAN) composite sorbent-based (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator reported. This generator used the new CeO2-PAN composite sorbent for preparation of the (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator. Since this sorbent has not been previously evaluated, a thorough long-term evaluation of the performance of the generator is necessary to ensure its applicability for clinical practice. The performance of the generator was evaluated in terms of (68)Ga yield, (68)Ge breakthrough, radioactive concentration of the (68)Ga solution, and suitability of the (68)Ga for the preparation of (68)Ga-labeled tracers. The (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator was able to provide a (68)Ga activity with consistent yields (>70%) and having acceptable radionuclidic (<10(-4)% of (68)Ge breakthrough), radiochemical, and chemical purities for an extended period of time. The eluted (68)GaCl3 is useful for the majority of the (68)Ga complexation chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Detailed evaluation on the effect of metal ion impurities on complexation of generator eluted 68Ga with different bifunctional chelators. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:197-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
(68)Ga generator integrated system: elution-purification-concentration integration. Recent Results Cancer Res 2013; 194:43-75. [PMID: 22918754 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27994-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator combined with an automated (68)Ga eluate purification-concentration unit [radioisotope generator integrated system (RADIGIS)], specially designed for (68)Ga processing (RADIGIS-(68)Ga), was developed. The high-stability sorbents of a nanocrystalline structure Zr-Ti ceramic matrix were used for immobilizing the (68)Ge, and the (68)Ga was eluted from the sorbent column with 3.5 mL 0.05-0.1 M HCl solution following an optimized (68)Ga-elution schedule. The (68)Ge breakthrough <10(-3)% and no (68)Ge zone spreading/drift found in PET imaging of the (68)Ga generator column prove the excellent performance of the sorbents. (68)Ga eluate was purified on a small column of salt-form ion exchange resin using an aqueous alcohol solution mixture of hydrochloric and ascorbic acids, and halide salts. An alkali solution was used for stripping (68)Ga from the ion exchange resin column to obtain a purified (68)Ga solution, which is conditioned with acidic solution to obtain a final (68)Ga product in either 0.75 mL 0.5 M NaCl solution of pH 3-4 or 0.5 M sodium acetate or citrate solution of pH 5. The (68)Ge content in purified (68)Ga solution was <10(-6)%. An insignificant metallic contamination including (68)Zn found in the (68)Ga solution and its alkalinity-acidity were evaluated with respect to (68)Ga radiolabeling efficacy for DOTATATE and DOTATOC ligands. Quality control protocols were also developed to evaluate the quality of (68)Ga solution.
Collapse
|
25
|
Rösch F. 68Ge/68Ga Generators and 68Ga Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry on Their Way into a New Century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
68Ga faces a renaissance initiated by the development of new 68Ge/68Ga radionuclide generators, sophisticated 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals, preclinical research and state-of-the-art clincial diagnoses via positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). A new type of 68Ge/68Ga generator became commercially available in the first years of the 21st century, with eluates based on hydrochloric acid. These generators provided ‘cationic’ 68Ga instead of ‘inert’ 68Gacomplexes, and opened new pathways of MeIII radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The last decade has seen a 68Ga rush. Increasing interest in generator-based 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic applications has been accompanied by its potential use in the context of diease treatment planning, made possible by the inherent option expressed by theranostics. However, widespread acceptance and clinical application requires optimization of 68Ge/68Ga generators both from chemical and regulatory perspectives.
How to cite this article
Rösch F. 68Ge/68Ga Generators and 68Ga Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry on Their Way into a New Century. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(1):18-25.
Collapse
|
26
|
Šimeček J, Hermann P, Wester HJ, Notni J. How is68Ga Labeling of Macrocyclic Chelators Influenced by Metal Ion Contaminants in68Ge/68Ga Generator Eluates? ChemMedChem 2012; 8:95-103. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
27
|
Gomez FLG, Uehara T, Rokugawa T, Higaki Y, Suzuki H, Hanaoka H, Akizawa H, Arano Y. Synthesis and Evaluation of Diastereoisomers of 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-1,4,7-tris-(glutaric acid) (NOTGA) for Multimeric Radiopharmaceuticals of Gallium. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2229-38. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300340g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoya Uehara
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,
260-8675
| | - Takemi Rokugawa
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,
260-8675
| | - Yusuke Higaki
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,
260-8675
- School of Health
Sciences, College
of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan, 920-0942
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,
260-8675
| | - Hirofumi Hanaoka
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,
260-8675
| | - Hiromichi Akizawa
- Health Science University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun,
Hokkaido, Japan 061-0293
| | - Yasushi Arano
- Graduate School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,
260-8675
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lin M, Ranganathan D, Mori T, Hagooly A, Rossin R, Welch MJ, Lapi SE. Long-term evaluation of TiO2-based 68Ge/68Ga generators and optimized automation of [68Ga]DOTATOC radiosynthesis. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:2539-44. [PMID: 22897970 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interest in using (68)Ga is rapidly increasing for clinical PET applications due to its favorable imaging characteristics and increased accessibility. The focus of this study was to provide our long-term evaluations of the two TiO(2)-based (68)Ge/(68)Ga generators and develop an optimized automation strategy to synthesize [(68)Ga]DOTATOC by using HEPES as a buffer system. This data will be useful in standardizing the evaluation of (68)Ge/(68)Ga generators and automation strategies to comply with regulatory issues for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Lin
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Šimeček J, Zemek O, Hermann P, Wester HJ, Notni J. A Monoreactive Bifunctional Triazacyclononane Phosphinate Chelator with High Selectivity for Gallium-68. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1375-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|