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Cingoranelli SJ, Bartels JL, Kankanamalage PHA, Loveless CS, Rotsch DA, Lapi SE. Production and purification of 43Sc and 47Sc from enriched [ 46Ti]TiO 2 and [ 50Ti]TiO 2 targets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22683. [PMID: 38114543 PMCID: PMC10730517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The radioscandium isotopes, 43Sc and 47Sc, compose a promising elementally matched theranostic pair that can be used for the development of imaging and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals with identical structures. This study aimed to investigate the production of high radionuclidic purity 43Sc from enriched [46Ti]TiO2 targets and 47Sc from enriched [50Ti]TiO2 targets and establish a target recycling technique. Enriched [46Ti]TiO2 targets were irradiated with 18 MeV protons, and enriched [50Ti]TiO2 targets were bombarded with 24 MeV protons. 43Sc and 47Sc were purified using ion chromatography attaining recovery yields of 91.7 ± 7.4% and 89.9 ± 3.9%, respectively. The average radionuclidic purity for 43Sc was 98.8 ± 0.3% and for 47Sc 91.5 ± 0.6%, while the average recovery of enriched titanium target material was 96 ± 4.0%. The highest apparent molar activity for [43Sc]Sc-DOTA was 23.2 GBq/µmol and 3.39 GBq/µmol for [47Sc]Sc-DOTA. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using enriched recycled [46Ti]TiO2 and [50Ti]TiO2 targets to produce high purity 43Sc and 47Sc as an elementally matched theranostic isotope pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelbie J Cingoranelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1924 6th Ave. S., WTI 310F, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bartels
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | | | - C Shaun Loveless
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - David A Rotsch
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, USA
- Radioisotope Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1924 6th Ave. S., WTI 310F, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
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Kilian K, Pyrzyńska K. Scandium Radioisotopes-Toward New Targets and Imaging Modalities. Molecules 2023; 28:7668. [PMID: 38005390 PMCID: PMC10675654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of theranostics uses radioisotopes of the same or chemically similar elements to label biological ligands in a way that allows the use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiation for a combined diagnosis and treatment regimen. For scandium, radioisotopes -43 and -44 can be used as diagnostic markers, while radioisotope scandium-47 can be used in the same configuration for targeted therapy. This work presents the latest achievements in the production and processing of radioisotopes and briefly characterizes solutions aimed at increasing the availability of these radioisotopes for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5a, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pyrzyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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Meier JP, Zhang HJ, Freifelder R, Bhuiyan M, Selman P, Mendez M, Kankanamalage PHA, Brossard T, Pusateri A, Tsai HM, Leoni L, Penano S, Ghosh K, Broder BA, Markiewicz E, Renne A, Stadler W, Weichselbaum R, Nolen J, Kao CM, Chitneni SK, Rotsch DA, Szmulewitz RZ, Chen CT. Accelerator-Based Production of Scandium Radioisotopes for Applications in Prostate Cancer: Toward Building a Pipeline for Rapid Development of Novel Theranostics. Molecules 2023; 28:6041. [PMID: 37630292 PMCID: PMC10458970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of nuclear medicine, the β+ -emitting 43Sc and β- -emitting 47Sc are promising candidates in cancer diagnosis and targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) due to their favorable decay schema and shared pharmacokinetics as a true theranostic pair. Additionally, scandium is a group-3 transition metal (like 177Lu) and exhibits affinity for DOTA-based chelators, which have been studied in depth, making the barrier to implementation lower for 43/47Sc than for other proposed true theranostics. Before 43/47Sc can see widespread pre-clinical evaluation, however, an accessible production methodology must be established and each isotope's radiolabeling and animal imaging capabilities studied with a widely utilized tracer. As such, a simple means of converting an 18 MeV biomedical cyclotron to support solid targets and produce 43Sc via the 42Ca(d,n)43Sc reaction has been devised, exhibiting reasonable yields. The NatTi(γ,p)47Sc reaction is also investigated along with the successful implementation of chemical separation and purification methods for 43/47Sc. The conjugation of 43/47Sc with PSMA-617 at specific activities of up to 8.94 MBq/nmol and the subsequent imaging of LNCaP-ENZaR tumor xenografts in mouse models with both 43/47Sc-PSMA-617 are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Meier
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
| | - Hannah J. Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Richard Freifelder
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Cyclotron Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Mohammed Bhuiyan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Cyclotron Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Phillip Selman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Megan Mendez
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Pavithra H. A. Kankanamalage
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
- Collider Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Thomas Brossard
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Antonino Pusateri
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Lara Leoni
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Sagada Penano
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
| | - Kaustab Ghosh
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Cyclotron Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Brittany A. Broder
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Erica Markiewicz
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Amy Renne
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Walter Stadler
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ralph Weichselbaum
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jerry Nolen
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Chien-Min Kao
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Satish K. Chitneni
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
| | - David A. Rotsch
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA; (P.H.A.K.); (T.B.)
- Medical Isotope Development Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Russell Z. Szmulewitz
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (P.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (J.P.M.); (H.J.Z.); (R.F.); (M.B.); (A.P.); (S.P.); (K.G.); (B.A.B.); (A.R.); (C.-M.K.); (S.K.C.)
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (H.-M.T.); (L.L.); (E.M.)
- Cyclotron Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- UChicago/Argonne Joint Radioisotope Initiative (JRI), Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (W.S.); (R.W.); (J.N.)
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Chakravarty R, Banerjee D, Chakraborty S. Alpha-induced production and robust radiochemical separation of 43Sc as an emerging radiometal for formulation of PET radiopharmaceuticals. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110921. [PMID: 37413711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Scandium-43 is an emerging PET radiometal that was produced by α-particle bombardment on natural CaCO3 target via natCa (α,p) 43Sc and natCa (α,n) 43Ti→43Sc reactions using K-130 cyclotron at VECC. A robust radiochemical procedure based on selective precipitation of 43Sc as Sc(OH)3 was developed for separation of the radioisotope from the irradiated target. The overall yield of the separation process was >85% and it was obtained in a form suitable for preparation of target specific radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Debashis Banerjee
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India; Radiochemistry Division (BARC), Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
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5
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Becker KV, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Bradshaw T, Hurley SA, Olson AP, Barrett KE, Batterton J, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Pirasteh A, Engle JW. Cyclotron production of 43Sc and 44gSc from enriched 42CaO, 43CaO, and 44CaO targets. Front Chem 2023; 11:1167783. [PMID: 37179772 PMCID: PMC10169720 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1167783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: 43Sc and 44gSc are both positron-emitting radioisotopes of scandium with suitable half-lives and favorable positron energies for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Irradiation of isotopically enriched calcium targets has higher cross sections compared to titanium targets and higher radionuclidic purity and cross sections than natural calcium targets for reaction routes possible on small cyclotrons capable of accelerating protons and deuterons. Methods: In this work, we investigate the following production routes via proton and deuteron bombardment on CaCO3 and CaO target materials: 42Ca(d,n)43Sc, 43Ca(p,n)43Sc, 43Ca(d,n)44gSc, 44Ca(p,n)44gSc, and 44Ca(p,2n)43Sc. Radiochemical isolation of the produced radioscandium was performed with extraction chromatography using branched DGA resin and apparent molar activity was measured with the chelator DOTA. The imaging performance of 43Sc and 44gSc was compared with 18F, 68Ga, and 64Cu on two clinical PET/CT scanners. Discussion: The results of this work demonstrate that proton and deuteron bombardment of isotopically enriched CaO targets produce high yield and high radionuclidic purity 43Sc and 44gSc. Laboratory capabilities, circumstances, and budgets are likely to dictate which reaction route and radioisotope of scandium is chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn V. Becker
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Tyler Bradshaw
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Samuel A. Hurley
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aeli P. Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kendall E. Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeanine Batterton
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul A. Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ali Pirasteh
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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6
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Trencsényi G, Képes Z. Scandium-44: Diagnostic Feasibility in Tumor-Related Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087400. [PMID: 37108559 PMCID: PMC10138813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis-related cell-surface molecules, including integrins, aminopeptidase N, vascular endothelial growth factor, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), play a crucial role in tumour formation. Radiolabelled imaging probes targeting angiogenic biomarkers serve as valuable vectors in tumour identification. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in novel radionuclides other than gallium-68 (68Ga) or copper-64 (64Cu) to establish selective radiotracers for the imaging of tumour-associated neo-angiogenesis. Given its ideal decay characteristics (Eβ+average: 632 KeV) and a half-life (T1/2 = 3.97 h) that is well matched to the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecules targeting angiogenesis, scandium-44 (44Sc) has gained meaningful attention as a promising radiometal for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. More recently, intensive research has been centered around the investigation of 44Sc-labelled angiogenesis-directed radiopharmaceuticals. Previous studies dealt with the evaluation of 44Sc-appended avb3 integrin-affine Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptides, GRPR-selective aminobenzoyl-bombesin analogue (AMBA), and hypoxia-associated nitroimidazole derivatives in the identification of various cancers using experimental tumour models. Given the tumour-related hypoxia- and angiogenesis-targeting capability of these PET probes, 44Sc seems to be a strong competitor of the currently used positron emitters in radiotracer development. In this review, we summarize the preliminary preclinical achievements with 44Sc-labelled angiogenesis-specific molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Ghosh K, Naskar N, Lahiri S. Liquid-liquid extraction of No-carrier-added 129Cs with various extractants. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 196:110777. [PMID: 36958078 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Two different iodide targets, BiI3 and KI were irradiated by α-particles to produce 129Cs via 127I(α, 2n)129Cs reaction. 129Cs was separated from bulk Bi (when BiI3 was used as target) by anion exchanger TOA dissolved in cyclohexane. Irradiation of KI with alpha particle produced 129Cs along with minute amount 44mSc. 44mSc was successfully separated from 129Cs using 18-crown 6 ether dissolved in nitrobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousiki Ghosh
- Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Nabanita Naskar
- Diamond Harbour Women's University, Diamond Harbour Road, Sarisha, South 24, Parganas, 743368, India
| | - Susanta Lahiri
- Diamond Harbour Women's University, Diamond Harbour Road, Sarisha, South 24, Parganas, 743368, India; Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, India.
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Chakravarty R, Ram R, Patra S, Sarma HD, Chakraborty S. A solvent extraction-based procedure for removal of 46Sc impurity from reactor produced [45Ca]CaCl2 for its potential use in bone pain palliation. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ghosh K, Naskar N, Lahiri S. Separation of ultra-trace amount of 44mSc from α-particle activated KBr target. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kurakina ES, Wharton L, Hoehr C, Orvig C, Magomedbekov EP, Filosofov D, Radchenko V. Improved separation scheme for 44Sc produced by irradiation of natCa targets with 12.8 MeV protons. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 104-105:22-27. [PMID: 34847480 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 44Sc is of great interest as a positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide due to its suitable nuclear characteristics: Eβ+max = 1.47 MeV, branching ratio 94.3% and convenient half-life of 3.97 h. Here, 44Sc was produced via the widely used reaction 44Ca (p,n)44Sc using natural calcium as a target. METHODS The irradiation was performed at TRIUMF using the 13 MeV cyclotron. The separation consisted of a combination of DGA branched resin and Dowex 50Wx8 (200-400 mesh). The distribution coefficients of Sc3+ on Dowex 50Wx8 (NH4+ form, 200-400 mesh) with ammonium α-hydroxyisobutyrate (pH = 4.8) medium were determined in this study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The tested scheme allows both a reliable separation of 44Sc from the target material as well as from the other competitive metals and a final fraction with high specific activity. The achieved radiochemical yield was 95 ± 3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Kurakina
- Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation; Department of High-Energy Chemistry and Radioecology, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation; Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - L Wharton
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada; Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - C Hoehr
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, and Statistics, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - C Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - E P Magomedbekov
- Department of High-Energy Chemistry and Radioecology, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - D Filosofov
- Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation
| | - V Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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11
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Ghosh K, Choudhury D, Lahiri S. Studies on production of 43,44,44mSc from 12C+ natCl reactions up to 64 MeV projectile energy. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 178:109966. [PMID: 34607294 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
For the first-time production of 43,44,44mSc radionuclides via 12C + natCl reaction have been reported. Production yield and experimental cross sections of natCl(12C,xn)43,44,44mSc up to 64 MeV have been reported. Experimental cross sections have been found comparable with the theoretically evaluated data using PACE4 and EMPIRE3.2.2 codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousiki Ghosh
- Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, India
| | - Dibyasree Choudhury
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Susanta Lahiri
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, India; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India.
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12
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Mikolajczak R, Huclier-Markai S, Alliot C, Haddad F, Szikra D, Forgacs V, Garnuszek P. Production of scandium radionuclides for theranostic applications: towards standardization of quality requirements. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:19. [PMID: 34036449 PMCID: PMC8149571 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the frame of "precision medicine", the scandium radionuclides have recently received considerable interest, providing personalised adjustment of radiation characteristics to optimize the efficiency of medical care or therapeutic benefit for particular groups of patients. Radionuclides of scandium, namely scandium-43 and scandium-44 (43/44Sc) as positron emitters and scandium-47 (47Sc), beta-radiation emitter, seem to fit ideally into the concept of theranostic pair. This paper aims to review the work on scandium isotopes production, coordination chemistry, radiolabeling, preclinical studies and the very first clinical studies. Finally, standardized procedures for scandium-based radiopharmaceuticals have been proposed as a basis to pave the way for elaboration of the Ph.Eur. monographs for perspective scandium radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mikolajczak
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzej Soltan 7, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - S Huclier-Markai
- Laboratoire Subatech, UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique /CNRS-IN2P3 / Université de Nantes, 4 Rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France.
| | - C Alliot
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France
- CRCINA, Inserm / CNRS / Université de Nantes, 8 quai Moncousu, 44007, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - F Haddad
- Laboratoire Subatech, UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique /CNRS-IN2P3 / Université de Nantes, 4 Rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, 44307, Nantes Cedex 3, France
- ARRONAX GIP, 1 rue Aronnax, 44817, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - D Szikra
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Scanomed Ltd., Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - V Forgacs
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - P Garnuszek
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzej Soltan 7, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
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Wharton L, Kurakina E, Radchenko V, Schaffer P, Orvig C. Chemical Promiscuity of Non-Macrocyclic Multidentate Chelating Ligands for Radiometal Ions: H 4neunpa-NH 2 vs H 4noneunpa. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4076-4092. [PMID: 33635057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comparative investigation of two structurally related potentially nonadentate chelating ligands, H4neunpa-NH2 and H4noneunpa, has been undertaken to examine the influence of bifunctionalization on their coordination chemistry and metal ion selectivity. Significantly improved synthetic routes for each compound have been developed, employing straightforward high-yielding strategies. Radiolabeling studies with [44Sc]Sc3+, [111In]In3+, [177Lu]Lu3+, and [225Ac]Ac3+ revealed a sharp contrast between the affinity of each chelator for large radiometal ions. H4noneunpa demonstrated highly effective coordination of [177Lu]Lu3+ and [225Ac]Ac3+ achieving quantitative radiochemical yields (>98%) at ligand concentrations of 10-6 M (room temperature (RT), 10 min), with excellent stability when challenged in human serum, while H4neunpa-NH2 was unable to complex either metal ion effectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was employed to explore the coordination chemistry of each chelating ligand with nonradioactive metal ions, spanning a range of ionic radii and coordination numbers. A comprehensive conformational analysis of each metal complex was undertaken using density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore the coordination geometries and explain the discrepancy in binding characteristics. Theoretical simulations revealed notable differences in the coordination geometry and apparent denticity of each ligand, which together account for the observed selectivity in metal binding and have important implications for the future design of complexes based upon this framework to target large radiometal ion coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wharton
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Elena Kurakina
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation.,Department of High-Energy Chemistry and Radioecology, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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14
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A comparative PET imaging study of 44gSc- and 68Ga-labeled bombesin antagonist BBN2 derivatives in breast and prostate cancer models. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 90-91:74-83. [PMID: 33189947 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiolabeled peptides play a central role in nuclear medicine as radiotheranostics for targeted imaging and therapy of cancer. We have recently proposed the use of metabolically stabilized GRPR antagonist BBN2 for radiolabeling with 18F and 68Ga and subsequent PET imaging of GRPRs in prostate cancer. The present work studied the impact of 44gSc- and 68Ga-labeled DOTA complexes attached to GRPR antagonist BBN2 on the in vitro GRPR binding affinity, and their biodistribution and tumor uptake profiles in MCF7 breast and PC3 prostate cancer models. METHODS DOTA-Ava-BBN2 was radiolabeled with radiometals 68Ga and 44gSc. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) affinities of peptides were assessed in PC3 prostate cancer cells. GRPR expression profiles were studied in human breast cancer tissue samples and MCF7 breast cancer cells. PET imaging of 68Ga- and 44gSc-labeled peptides was performed in MCF7 and PC3 xenografts as breast and prostate cancer models. RESULTS Radiopeptides [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 and [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-Ava BBN2 were prepared in radiochemical yields of 70-80% (decay-corrected), respectively. High binding affinities were found for both peptides (IC50 = 15 nM (natGa) and 5 nM (natSc)). Gene expression microarray analysis revealed high GRPR mRNA expression levels in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, which was further confirmed with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. However, PET imaging showed only low tumor uptake of both radiotracers in MCF7 xenografts ([68Ga]Ga-DOTA-BBN2 (SUV60min 0.27 ± 0.06); [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-BBN2 (SUV60min 0.20 ± 0.03)). In contrast, high tumor uptake and retention were found for both radiopeptides in PC3 tumors ([68Ga]Ga-DOTA-BBN2 (SUV60min 0.46 ± 0.07); [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-BBN2 (SUV60min 0.51 ± 0.11)). CONCLUSIONS Comparison of 68Ga- and 44gSc-labeled DOTA-Ava-BBN2 peptides revealed slight but noticeable differences of the radiometal with an impact on the in vitro GRPR receptor binding properties in PC3 cells. No differences were found in their in vivo biodistribution profiles in MCF7 and PC3 xenografts. Radiopeptides [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 and [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 displayed comparable tumor uptake and retention profiles with rapid blood and renal clearance profiles in both tumor models. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE The favorable PET imaging performance of [44gSc]Sc-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 in prostate cancer should warrant the development of an [43Sc]Sc-DOTA-Ava-BBN2 analog for clinical translation which comes with a main γ-line of much lower energy and intensity compared to 44gSc.
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van der Meulen NP, Hasler R, Talip Z, Grundler PV, Favaretto C, Umbricht CA, Müller C, Dellepiane G, Carzaniga TS, Braccini S. Developments toward the Implementation of 44Sc Production at a Medical Cyclotron. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204706. [PMID: 33066650 PMCID: PMC7587374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
44Sc has favorable properties for cancer diagnosis using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) making it a promising candidate for application in nuclear medicine. The implementation of its production with existing compact medical cyclotrons would mean the next essential milestone in the development of this radionuclide. While the production and application of 44Sc has been comprehensively investigated, the development of specific targetry and irradiation methods is of paramount importance. As a result, the target was optimized for the 44Ca(p,n)44Sc nuclear reaction using CaO instead of CaCO3, ensuring decrease in target radioactive degassing during irradiation and increased radionuclidic yield. Irradiations were performed at the research cyclotron at the Paul Scherrer Institute (~11 MeV, 50 µA, 90 min) and the medical cyclotron at the University of Bern (~13 MeV, 10 µA, 240 min), with yields varying from 200 MBq to 16 GBq. The development of targetry, chemical separation as well as the practical issues and implications of irradiations, are analyzed and discussed. As a proof-of-concept study, the 44Sc produced at the medical cyclotron was used for a preclinical study using a previously developed albumin-binding prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligand. This work demonstrates the feasibility to produce 44Sc with high yields and radionuclidic purity using a medical cyclotron, equipped with a commercial solid target station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. van der Meulen
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Center of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; (R.H.); (Z.T.); (P.V.G.); (C.F.); (C.A.U.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Roger Hasler
- Center of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; (R.H.); (Z.T.); (P.V.G.); (C.F.); (C.A.U.); (C.M.)
| | - Zeynep Talip
- Center of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; (R.H.); (Z.T.); (P.V.G.); (C.F.); (C.A.U.); (C.M.)
| | - Pascal V. Grundler
- Center of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; (R.H.); (Z.T.); (P.V.G.); (C.F.); (C.A.U.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Favaretto
- Center of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; (R.H.); (Z.T.); (P.V.G.); (C.F.); (C.A.U.); (C.M.)
| | - Christoph A. Umbricht
- Center of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; (R.H.); (Z.T.); (P.V.G.); (C.F.); (C.A.U.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristina Müller
- Center of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; (R.H.); (Z.T.); (P.V.G.); (C.F.); (C.A.U.); (C.M.)
| | - Gaia Dellepiane
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, Laboratory of High Energy Physics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (G.D.); (T.S.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Tommaso S. Carzaniga
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, Laboratory of High Energy Physics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (G.D.); (T.S.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Saverio Braccini
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, Laboratory of High Energy Physics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (G.D.); (T.S.C.); (S.B.)
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Aliev RA, Belyshev SS, Furkina EB, Khankin VV, Kuznetsov AA, Dzhilavyan LZ, Priselkova AB, Ishkhanov BS. Photonuclear production of medically relevant radionuclide 47Sc. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Coenen HH, Ermert J. Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 92:241-269. [PMID: 32900582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Positron-emission-tomography (PET) has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in modern nuclear medicine. Its outstanding molecular imaging features allow repetitive studies on one individual and with high sensitivity, though no interference. Rather few positron-emitters with near favourable physical properties, i.e. carbon-11 and fluorine-18, furnished most studies in the beginning, preferably if covalently bound as isotopic label of small molecules. With the advancement of PET-devices the scope of in vivo research in life sciences and especially that of medical applications expanded, and other than "standard" PET-nuclides received increasing significance, like the radiometals copper-64 and gallium-68. Especially during the last decades, positron-emitters of other chemical elements have gotten into the focus of interest, concomitant with the technical advancements in imaging and radionuclide production. With known nuclear imaging properties and main production methods of emerging positron-emitters their usefulness for medical application is promising and even proven for several ones already. Unfortunate decay properties could be corrected for, and β+-emitters, especially with a longer half-life, provided new possibilities for application where slower processes are of importance. Further on, (bio)chemical features of positron-emitters of other elements, among there many metals, not only expanded the field of classical clinical investigations, but also opened up new fields of application. Appropriately labelled peptides, proteins and nanoparticles lend itself as newer probes for PET-imaging, e.g. in theragnostic or PET/MR hybrid imaging. Furthermore, the potential of non-destructive in-vivo imaging with positron-emission-tomography directs the view on further areas of life sciences. Thus, exploiting the excellent methodology for basic research on molecular biochemical functions and processes is increasingly encouraged as well in areas outside of health, such as plant and environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz H Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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18
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Loveless CS, Blanco JR, Diehl GL, Elbahrawi RT, Carzaniga TS, Braccini S, Lapi SE. Cyclotron Production and Separation of Scandium Radionuclides from Natural Titanium Metal and Titanium Dioxide Targets. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:131-136. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.242941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Talip Z, Favaretto C, Geistlich S, van der Meulen NP. A Step-by-Step Guide for the Novel Radiometal Production for Medical Applications: Case Studies with 68Ga, 44Sc, 177Lu and 161Tb. Molecules 2020; 25:E966. [PMID: 32093425 PMCID: PMC7070971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of novel radionuclides is the first step towards the development of new effective radiopharmaceuticals, and the quality thereof directly affects the preclinical and clinical phases. In this review, novel radiometal production for medical applications is briefly elucidated. The production status of the imaging nuclide 44Sc and the therapeutic β--emitter nuclide 161Tb are compared to their more established counterparts, 68Ga and 177Lu according to their targetry, irradiation process, radiochemistry, and quality control aspects. The detailed discussion of these significant issues will help towards the future introduction of these promising radionuclides into drug manufacture for clinical application under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Talip
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Favaretto
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Geistlich
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P. van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
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20
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do Carmo SJC, Scott PJH, Alves F. Production of radiometals in liquid targets. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:2. [PMID: 31925619 PMCID: PMC6954154 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last several years, the use of radiometals has gained increasing relevance in supporting the continuous development of new, complementary and more specific biological targeting agents. Radiopharmaceuticals labelled with radiometals from elements such as Tc, Zr, Y, Ga and Cu received increasing attention as they find application in both diagnostic SPECT and PET imaging techniques and radiotherapeutic purposes. Such interest stems from the wide variety of radionuclides available with distinct and complementary nuclear decay characteristics to choose from with unequalled specificity, but can also be explained by growing demand in targeted radionuclide therapy. As a result, as routine supply of these radiometals becomes mandatory, studies describing their production processes have expanded rapidly. Although most radiometals are traditionally provided by the irradiation of solid targets in specialized cyclotrons, recently developed techniques for producing radiometals through the irradiation of liquid targets have received growing attention due to compatibility with commonly available small medical cyclotrons, promising characteristics and encouraging results. Irradiating liquid targets to produce radiometals appears as a fast, reliable, convenient and cost-efficient alternative to the conventional solid target techniques, characterized by complex and time-consuming pre- and post-irradiation target handling. Production of radiometals in liquid targets incorporated to complete manufacturing processes for daily routine is already recognized as a viable alternative and complementary supply methodology to existing solid target based infrastructures to satisfy growing clinical demands. For instance, several sites already use the approach to produce 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals for clinical use. This review article covers the production of common radiometals with clinical potential through the irradiation liquid targets. A comparison with the traditional solid target irradiation methods is presented when relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J C do Carmo
- ICNAS - Produção, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Francisco Alves
- ICNAS - Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. .,IPC - Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School, 3046-854, Coimbra, Portugal.
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21
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Sitarz M, Cussonneau JP, Matulewicz T, Haddad F. Radionuclide candidates for β+γ coincidence PET: An overview. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 155:108898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ferguson S, Jans HS, Wuest M, Riauka T, Wuest F. Comparison of scandium-44 g with other PET radionuclides in pre-clinical PET phantom imaging. EJNMMI Phys 2019; 6:23. [PMID: 31832809 PMCID: PMC6908536 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-019-0260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The decay characteristics of radionuclides in PET studies can impact image reconstruction. 44gSc has been the topic of recent research due to potential theranostic applications and is a promising radiometal for PET imaging. In this study, the reconstructed images from phantom measurements with scandium in a small-animal PET scanner are compared with 18F and two prominent radiometals: 64Cu and 68Ga METHODS: Three phantoms filled with 18F, 64C, 68Ga, and 44gSc were imaged in the Siemens Inveon PET scanner. The NEMA image quality phantom was used to determine the recovery coefficients (RCs), spill-over ratios (SORs), and noise (%SD) under typical pre-clinical imaging conditions. Image contrast was determined using a Derenzo phantom, while the coincidence characteristics were investigated using an NEC phantom. Three reconstruction algorithms were used, namely filtered back projection (FBP), ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM), and maximum a-posteriori (MAP). RESULTS Image quality parameters were measured for 18F, 64Cu, 68Ga, and 44gSc respectively; using FBP, the %SD are 5.65, 5.88, 7.28, and 7.70; the RCs for the 5-mm rod are 0.849, 1.01, 0.615, and 0.825; the SORs in water are 0.0473, 0.0595, 0.141, 0.0923; and the SORs in air are 0.0589, 0.0484, 0.0525, and 0.0509. The contrast measured in the 2.5-mm rods are 0.674, 0.637, 0.196, and 0.347. The NEC rate with 44gSc increased at a slower rate than 18F and 68Ga as a function of activity in the field of view. CONCLUSION 44gSc demonstrates intermediate behavior relative to 18F and 68Ga with regard to RC and contrast measurements. It is a promising radionuclide for preclinical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ferguson
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Hans-Sonke Jans
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Terence Riauka
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Radiochemical separation of reactor produced Sc-47 from natural calcium target using Poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 150:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gizawy MA, Mohamed NMA, Aydia MI, Soliman MA, Shamsel-Din HA. Feasibility study on production of Sc-47 from neutron irradiated Ca target for cancer theranostics applications. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Scandium-47 is one of the most useful radioisotopes which is gaining great importance in cancer theranostics applications due to its favorable nuclear and chemical properties. MCNPX2.7.0 code was used to simulate the neutron activation of natural calcium target positioned at a thermal neutron flux of 1.8 × 1014 n cm−2 s−1 in the Egypt Second Research Reactor (ETRR-2). The burn card was used to calculate 47Ca and 47Sc radioactivities during 3 days irradiation and 20 days post-irradiation. The undesirable impurities generated during this period were also calculated. The obtained calculations were found to be in agreement with the experimental measurements. The distribution coefficient value (Kd) of 47Sc(III) as well as 47Ca(II) ions was determined using the commercially available ion-exchanger Chelex 100 in HNO3 and/or HCl media. Radiochemical separation of 47Sc(III) from 47Ca(II) was studied using HNO3 and HCl solutions and the results showed that HNO3 is a better medium than HCl for complete retention and recovery of 47Sc(III), where the recovery yields were 85 ± 1.2 and 95 ± 0.87 % using 1 M HCl and 1 M HNO3 solutions, respectively. The recovery yield obtained in our work was higher than in the reported procedures. Radionuclidic, radiochemical and chemical purities were investigated to ensure the suitability of 47Sc(III) for nuclear medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Gizawy
- Radioisotopes Production Facility (RPF), Second Research Reactor (ETRR-2), Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center , Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Nader M. A. Mohamed
- Atomic Reactors Department , Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Aydia
- Radioisotopes Production Facility (RPF), Second Research Reactor (ETRR-2), Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
- Radioactive Isotopes and Generator Department , Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Soliman
- Second Research Reactor (ETRR-2), Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hesham A. Shamsel-Din
- Radioisotopes Production Facility (RPF), Second Research Reactor (ETRR-2), Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Labs Center , Atomic Energy Authority , P.O. Box 13759 , Cairo , Egypt
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Pawlak D, Wojdowska W, Parus LJ, Cieszykowska I, Zoltowska M, Garnuszek P, Mikolajczak R. Comparison of separation methods for 47Ca/47Sc radionuclide generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 151:140-144. [PMID: 31177071 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Pawlak
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, Poland
| | - Wioletta Wojdowska
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, Poland.
| | - Leon Jozef Parus
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, Poland
| | | | | | - Piotr Garnuszek
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, Poland
| | - Renata Mikolajczak
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, Poland
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Perspectives on the Use of Liquid Extraction for Radioisotope Purification. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020334. [PMID: 30669256 PMCID: PMC6359044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliable and efficient production of radioisotopes for diagnosis and therapy is becoming an increasingly important capability, due to their demonstrated utility in Nuclear Medicine applications. Starting from the first processes involving the separation of 99mTc from irradiated materials, several methods and concepts have been developed to selectively extract the radioisotopes of interest. Even though the initial methods were based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) approaches, the perceived difficulty in automating such processes has slowly moved the focus towards resin separation methods, whose basic chemical principles are often similar to the LLE ones in terms of chelators and phases. However, the emerging field of flow chemistry allows LLE to be easily automated and operated in a continuous manner, resulting in an even improved efficiency and reliability. In this contribution, we will outline the fundamentals of LLE processes and their translation into flow-based apparatuses; in addition, we will provide examples of radioisotope separations that have been achieved using LLE methods. This article is intended to offer insights about the future potential of LLE to purify medically relevant radioisotopes.
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Abstract
Radiometals possess an exceptional breadth of decay properties and have been applied to medicine with great success for several decades. The majority of current clinical use involves diagnostic procedures, which use either positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon imaging to detect anatomic abnormalities that are difficult to visualize using conventional imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and X-ray). The potential of therapeutic radiometals has more recently been realized and relies on ionizing radiation to induce irreversible DNA damage, resulting in cell death. In both cases, radiopharmaceutical development has been largely geared toward the field of oncology; thus, selective tumor targeting is often essential for efficacious drug use. To this end, the rational design of four-component radiopharmaceuticals has become popularized. This Review introduces fundamental concepts of drug design and applications, with particular emphasis on bifunctional chelators (BFCs), which ensure secure consolidation of the radiometal and targeting vector and are integral for optimal drug performance. Also presented are detailed accounts of production, chelation chemistry, and biological use of selected main group and rare earth radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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Calcium interference on americium and plutonium uptake on six extraction chromatographic resins. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Huclier-Markai S, Alliot C, Kerdjoudj R, Mougin-Degraef M, Chouin N, Haddad F. Promising Scandium Radionuclides for Nuclear Medicine: A Review on the Production and Chemistry up to In Vivo Proofs of Concept. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2018; 33:316-329. [PMID: 30265573 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scandium radionuclides have been identified in the late 1990s as promising for nuclear medicine applications, but have been set aside for about 20 years. Among the different isotopes of scandium, 43Sc and 44Sc are interesting for positron emission tomography imaging, whereas 47Sc is interesting for therapy. The 44Sc/47Sc or 43Sc/47Sc pairs could be thus envisaged as true theranostic pairs. Another interesting aspect of scandium is that its chemistry is governed by the trivalent ion, Sc3+. When combined with its hardness and its size, it gives this element a lanthanide-like behavior. It is then also possible to use it in a theranostic approach in combination with 177Lu or other lanthanides. This article aims to review the progresses that have been made over the last decade on scandium isotope production and coordination chemistry. It also reviews the radiolabeling aspects and the first (pre) clinical studies performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Huclier-Markai
- 1 Laboratoire Subatech , UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique/CNRS-IN2P3/Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France .,2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Cyrille Alliot
- 2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France .,3 CRCINA, Inserm/CNRS/Université de Nantes , Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Rabha Kerdjoudj
- 1 Laboratoire Subatech , UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique/CNRS-IN2P3/Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France .,2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France
| | | | - Nicolas Chouin
- 3 CRCINA, Inserm/CNRS/Université de Nantes , Nantes Cedex, France .,4 Unité AMaROC ONIRIS Site de la Chantrerie , Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Ferid Haddad
- 1 Laboratoire Subatech , UMR 6457, IMT Nantes Atlantique/CNRS-IN2P3/Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France .,2 ARRONAX GIP , Nantes Cedex, France
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Chaple IF, Lapi SE. Production and Use of the First-Row Transition Metal PET Radionuclides 43,44Sc, 52Mn, and 45Ti. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1655-1659. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.213264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Production of Sc medical radioisotopes with proton and deuteron beams. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 142:104-112. [PMID: 30273758 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proton and deuteron beams (15.3 and 6.8 MeV, respectively) extracted from the PETtrace medical cyclotron at the Radiopharmaceuticals Production and Research Centre in the University of Warsaw, Heavy Ion Laboratory, 28 MeV protons from the C30 cyclotron at the National Centre for Nuclear Research, Świerk, near Warsaw and 33 MeV protons from the ARRONAX accelerator, Nantes were used to produce and investigate the medically interesting Sc radioisotopes. Both natural and isotopically enriched CaCO3 and TiO2 targets were used (42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca, 48Ca, 48Ti). The production efficiency and isotopic purity were determined and are reported here for the highest commercially available enrichments of the target material. The Thick Target Yield, Activities at the End of Bombardment (EOB) and the relative activities of produced impurities at EOB are reported for 43Sc, 44gSc, 44mSc and 47Sc produced with particle energies below 33 MeV.
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Separation of 44Sc from Natural Calcium Carbonate Targets for Synthesis of 44Sc-DOTATATE. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071787. [PMID: 30036947 PMCID: PMC6100303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in applications of scandium isotopes in nuclear medicine requires new efficient production routes for these radioisotopes. Recently, irradiations of calcium in cyclotrons by α, deuteron, and proton beams have been used. Therefore, effective post-irradiation separation and preconcentration of the radioactive scandium from the calcium matrix are important to obtain the pure final product in a relatively small volume. Nobias resin was used as a sorbent for effective separation of 44Sc from calcium targets. Separation was performed at pH 3 using a column containing 10 mg of resin. Scandium was eluted with 100 μL of 2 mol L−1 HCl. Particular attention was paid to the reduction of calcium concentration, presence of metallic impurities, robustness and simple automation. 44Sc was separated with 94.9 ± 2.8% yield, with results in the range of 91.7–99.0%. Purity of the eluate was confirmed with ICP-OES determination of metallic impurities and >99% chelation efficiency with DOTATATE, followed by >36 h radiochemical stability of the complex. A wide range of optimal conditions and robustness to target variability and suspended matter facilitates the proposed method in automatic systems for scandium isotope separation and synthesis of scandium-labeled radiopharmaceuticals.
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Müller C, Domnanich KA, Umbricht CA, van der Meulen NP. Scandium and terbium radionuclides for radiotheranostics: current state of development towards clinical application. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20180074. [PMID: 29658792 PMCID: PMC6475947 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, different radiometals are in use for imaging and therapy in nuclear medicine: 68Ga and 111In are examples of nuclides for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), respectively, while 177Lu and 225Ac are used for β−- and α-radionuclide therapy. The application of diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides of the same element (radioisotopes) would utilize chemically-identical radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and subsequent treatment, thereby enabling the radiotheranostic concept. There are two elements which are of particular interest in this regard: Scandium and Terbium. Scandium presents three radioisotopes for theranostic application. 43Sc (T1/2 = 3.9 h) and 44Sc (T1/2 = 4.0 h) can both be used for PET, while 47Sc (T1/2 = 3.35 d) is the therapeutic match—also suitable for SPECT. Currently, 44Sc is most advanced in terms of production, as well as with pre-clinical investigations, and has already been employed in proof-of-concept studies in patients. Even though the production of 43Sc may be more challenging, it would be advantageous due to the absence of high-energetic γ-ray emission. The development of 47Sc is still in its infancy, however, its therapeutic potential has been demonstrated preclinically. Terbium is unique in that it represents four medically-interesting radioisotopes. 155Tb (T1/2 = 5.32 d) and 152Tb (T1/2 = 17.5 h) can be used for SPECT and PET, respectively. Both radioisotopes were produced and tested preclinically. 152Tb has been the first Tb isotope that was tested (as 152Tb-DOTATOC) in a patient. Both radionuclides may be of interest for dosimetry purposes prior to the application of radiolanthanide therapy. The decay properties of 161Tb (T1/2 = 6.89 d) are similar to 177Lu, but the coemission of Auger electrons make it attractive for a combined β−/Auger electron therapy, which was shown to be effective in preclinical experiments. 149Tb (T1/2 = 4.1 h) has been proposed for targeted α-therapy with the possibility of PET imaging. In terms of production, 161Tb and 155Tb are most promising to be made available at the large quantities suitable for future clinical translation. This review article is dedicated to the production routes, the methods of separating the radioisotopes from the target material, preclinical investigations and clinical proof-of-concept studies of Sc and Tb radionuclides. The availability, challenges of production and first (pre)clinical application, as well as the potential of these novel radionuclides for future application in nuclear medicine, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Müller
- 1 Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut , Villigen-PSI , Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph A Umbricht
- 1 Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut , Villigen-PSI , Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- 1 Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut , Villigen-PSI , Switzerland.,2 Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , Villigen-PSI , Switzerland
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Pęgier M, Kilian K, Pyrzyńska K. Enrichment of scandium by carbon nanotubes in the presence of calcium matrix. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Synowiecki MA, Perk LR, Nijsen JFW. Production of novel diagnostic radionuclides in small medical cyclotrons. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2018; 3:3. [PMID: 29503860 PMCID: PMC5824710 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-018-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global network of cyclotrons has expanded rapidly over the last decade. The bulk of its industrial potential is composed of small medical cyclotrons with a proton energy below 20 MeV for radionuclides production. This review focuses on the recent developments of novel medical radionuclides produced by cyclotrons in the energy range of 3 MeV to 20 MeV. The production of the following medical radionuclides will be described based on available literature sources: Tc-99 m, I-123, I-124, Zr-89, Cu-64, Ga-67, Ga-68, In-111, Y-86 and Sc-44. Remarkable developments in the production process have been observed in only some cases. More research is needed to make novel radionuclide cyclotron production available for the medical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Adam Synowiecki
- Radboudumc, Radboud Translational Medicine B.V, Geert Grooteplein 21 (route 142), 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Rutger Perk
- Radboudumc, Radboud Translational Medicine B.V, Geert Grooteplein 21 (route 142), 6525EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Frank W. Nijsen
- Radboudumc, Dept. of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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37
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Alabyad M, Mohamed GY, Hassan HE, Takács S, Ditrói F. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations for proton, deuteron and α-particle induced nuclear reactions on calcium: special relevance to the production of 43,44Sc. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pyrzyńska K, Kilian K, Pęgier M. Separation and purification of scandium: From industry to medicine. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2018.1430589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mateusz Pęgier
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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39
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Notni J, Wester HJ. Re-thinking the role of radiometal isotopes: Towards a future concept for theranostic radiopharmaceuticals. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 61:141-153. [PMID: 29143368 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential and future role of certain metal radionuclides, for example, 44 Sc, 89 Zr, 86 Y, 64 Cu, 68 Ga, 177 Lu, 225 Ac, and 213 Bi, and several terbium isotopes has been controversially discussed in the past decades. Furthermore, the possible benefits of "matched pairs" of isotopes for tandem applications of diagnostics and therapeutics (theranostics) have been emphasized, while such approaches still have not made their way into routine clinical practice. Analysis of bibliographical data illustrates how popularity of certain nuclides has been promoted by cycles of availability and applications. We furthermore discuss the different practical requirements for diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and the resulting consequences for efficient development of clinically useful pairs of radionuclide theranostics, with particular emphasis on the underlying economical factors. Based on an exemplary assessment of overall production costs for 68 Ga and 18 F radiopharmaceuticals, we venture a look into the future of theranostics and predict that high-throughput PET applications, that is, diagnosis of frequent conditions, will ultimately rely on 18 F tracers. PET radiometals will occupy a niche in the clinical low-throughput sector (diagnosis of rare diseases), but above all, dominate preclinical research and clinical translation. Matched isotope pairs will be of lesser relevance for theranostics but may become important for future PET-based therapeutic dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Notni
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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40
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Domnanich KA, Eichler R, Müller C, Jordi S, Yakusheva V, Braccini S, Behe M, Schibli R, Türler A, van der Meulen NP. Production and separation of 43Sc for radiopharmaceutical purposes. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2017; 2:14. [PMID: 29503855 PMCID: PMC5824704 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-017-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The favorable decay properties of 43Sc and 44Sc for PET make them promising candidates for future applications in nuclear medicine. An advantage 43Sc (T1/2 = 3.89 h, Eβ+av = 476 keV [88%]) exhibits over 44Sc, however, is the absence of co-emitted high energy γ-rays. While the production and application of 44Sc has been comprehensively discussed, research concerning 43Sc is still in its infancy. This study aimed at developing two different production routes for 43Sc, based on proton irradiation of enriched 46Ti and 43Ca target material. Results 43Sc was produced via the 46Ti(p,α)43Sc and 43Ca(p,n)43Sc nuclear reactions, yielding activities of up to 225 MBq and 480 MBq, respectively. 43Sc was chemically separated from enriched metallic 46Ti (97.0%) and 43CaCO3 (57.9%) targets, using extraction chromatography. In both cases, ~90% of the final activity was eluted in a small volume of 700 μL, thereby, making it suitable for direct radiolabeling. The prepared products were of high radionuclidic purity, i.e. 98.2% 43Sc were achieved from the irradiation of 46Ti, whereas the product isolated from irradiated 43Ca consisted of 66.2% 43Sc and 33.3% 44Sc. A PET phantom study performed with 43Sc, via both nuclear reactions, revealed slightly improved resolution over 44Sc. In order to assess the chemical purity of the separated 43Sc, radiolabeling experiments were performed with DOTANOC, attaining specific activities of 5–8 MBq/nmol, respectively, with a radiochemical yield of >96%. Conclusions It was determined that higher 43Sc activities were accessible via the 43Ca production route, with a comparatively less complex target preparation and separation procedure. The product isolated from irradiated 46Ti, however, revealed purer 43Sc with minor radionuclidic impurities. Based on the results obtained herein, the 43Ca route features some advantages (such as higher yields and direct usage of the purchased target material) over the 46Ti path when aiming at 43Sc production on a routine basis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41181-017-0033-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Domnanich
- 1Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Eichler
- 1Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- 3Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,4Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Jordi
- 1Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vera Yakusheva
- 5GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Saverio Braccini
- 6Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics (AEC), Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Behe
- 3Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- 3Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,4Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Türler
- 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- 1Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,3Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Valdovinos HF, Hernandez R, Graves S, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Theuer CP, Engle JW, Cai W, Nickles RJ. Cyclotron production and radiochemical separation of 55Co and 58mCo from 54Fe, 58Ni and 57Fe targets. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 130:90-101. [PMID: 28946101 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the production with a cyclotron of the positron emitter 55Co via the 54Fe(d,n) and 58Ni(p,α) reactions and the Auger electron emitter 58mCo via the 57Fe(d,n) reaction after high current (40μA p and 60μA d) irradiation on electroplated targets. High specific activity radionuclides (up to 55.6 GBq/μmol 55Co and 31.8GBq/μmol 58mCo) with high radionuclidic purity (99.995% 55Co from 54Fe, 98.8% 55Co from 58Ni, and 98.7% 58mCo from 57Fe at end of bombardment, EoB), in high activity concentration (final separated radionuclide in < 0.6mL) and with almost quantitative overall activity separation yield (> 92%) were obtained after processing of the irradiated targets with novel radiochemical separation methods based on HCl dissolution and the resin N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-2-ethylhexyldiglycolamide (DGA, branched). One hour long irradiations using 38-65, 110-214 and 59-78mg of enriched 54Fe (99.93%), 58Ni (99.48%) and 57Fe (95.06%), respectively, electroplated over a 1.0cm2 surface, yielded 582 ± 66MBq 55Co, 372 ± 14MBq 55Co and 810 ± 186MBq 58mCo, respectively, decay corrected to EoB. The separation methods allow for the recovery of the costly enriched target materials, which were reconstituted into metallic targets after novel electroplating methods, with an overall recycling efficiency of 93 ± 4% for iron. The produced radionuclides were used to radiolabel the angiogenesis marker antibody TRC105 conjugated to the chelator NOTA as a demonstration of their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Valdovinos
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - R Hernandez
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Graves
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P A Ellison
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T E Barnhart
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C P Theuer
- TRACON Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J W Engle
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - W Cai
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - R J Nickles
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Preclinical evaluation of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1-R) specific 68Ga- and 44Sc-labeled DOTA-NAPamide in melanoma imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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43
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Abstract
The therapeutic radionuclide 47Sc was produced through the 48Ca(p,2n) channel on a proton beam accelerator. The obtained results show that the optimum proton energies are in the range of 24-17 MeV, giving the possibility to produce 47Sc radionuclide containing 7.4% of 48Sc. After activation, the powdery CaCO3 target material was dissolved in HCl and scandium isotopes were isolated from the targets. The performed separation experiments indicate that, due to the simplicity of the operations and the chemical purity of the obtained 47Sc the best separation process is when scandium radioisotopes are separated on the 0.2 µm filter.
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44
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Intrinsic radiolabeling of Titanium-45 using mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:907-913. [PMID: 28414201 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium-45 (45Ti) with a three-hour half-life (t1/2=3.08 h), low maximum positron energy and high positron emission branching ratio, is a suitable positron emission tomography (PET) isotope whose potential has not yet been fully explored. Complicated radiochemistry and rapid hydrolysis continue to be major challenges to the development of 45Ti compounds based on a traditional chelator-based radiolabeling strategy. In this study we introduced an intrinsic (or chelator-free) radiolabeling technique for the successful labeling of 45Ti using mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN). We synthesized uniform MSN with an average particle size of ∼150 nm in diameter. The intrinsic 45Ti-labeling was accomplished through strong interactions between 45Ti (hard Lewis acid) and hard oxygen donors (hard Lewis bases), the deprotonated silanol groups (-Si-O-) from the outer surface and inner meso-channels of MSN. In vivo tumor-targeted PET imaging of as-developed PEGylated [45Ti]MSN was further demonstrated in the 4T1 murine breast tumor-bearing mice. This MSN-based intrinsic radiolabeling strategy could open up new possibilities and speed up the biomedical applications of 45Ti in the future.
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45
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Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Ram R, Dash A. An electroamalgamation approach to separate 47Sc from neutron-activated 46Ca target for use in cancer theranostics. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1295994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai India
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai India
| | - Ramu Ram
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai India
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46
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Szkliniarz K, Sitarz M, Walczak R, Jastrzębski J, Bilewicz A, Choiński J, Jakubowski A, Majkowska A, Stolarz A, Trzcińska A, Zipper W. Production of medical Sc radioisotopes with an alpha particle beam. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 118:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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Minegishi K, Nagatsu K, Fukada M, Suzuki H, Ohya T, Zhang MR. Production of scandium-43 and -47 from a powdery calcium oxide target via the (nat/44)Ca(α,x)-channel. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 116:8-12. [PMID: 27472825 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We produced (43)Sc and (47)Sc via the (nat/44)Ca(α,x)-channel using a vertical beam coupled with a ceramic target box. After activation, the powdery CaO target material was dissolved in HCl in the target box in situ and remotely recovered as a radio-Sc solution. The respective yields of (43)Sc and (47)Sc following isolation via a precipitation method with a typical 0.22µm sterile filter were 54.8MBq/µAh (1.48mCi/µAh) and 780kBq/µAh (21.1µCi/µAh) at the end of separation (approximately 1.5h from the EOB). In addition, we discuss the recycling of target Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Minegishi
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan; Neos-Tech, Co., Ltd., Japan
| | - Kotaro Nagatsu
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan.
| | - Masami Fukada
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan
| | - Hisashi Suzuki
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohya
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS-QST), Japan
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48
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Chakravarty R, Chakraborty S, Ram R, Nair KVV, Rajeswari A, Sarma HD, Dash A. Palliative care of bone pain due to skeletal metastases: Exploring newer avenues using neutron activated (45)Ca. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:140-9. [PMID: 26872438 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With an objective to develop a cost-effective radiochemical formulation for palliation of pain due to skeletal metastases, we have demonstrated a viable method for large-scale production of (45)Ca (t½=163 days, Eβmax=0.3MeV) using moderate flux research reactor, its purification from radionuclidic impurities adopting electrochemical approach and preclinical evaluation of (45)CaCl2. METHODS Irradiation parameters were optimized by theoretical calculations for production of (45)Ca with highest possible specific activity along with minimum radionuclidic impurity burden. Based on this, the radioisotope was produced in reactor by irradiation of isotopically enriched (98% in (44)Ca) CaO target at a thermal neutron flux of ~1 × 10(14) n.cm(-2).s(-1) for 4 months. Scandium-46 impurity co-produced along with (45)Ca was efficiently removed adopting an electrochemical separation approach. The bone specificity of (45)CaCl2 was established by in vitro studies involving its uptake in hydroxyapatite (HA) particles and also evaluating its biodistribution pattern over a period of 2 weeks after in vivo administration in Wistar rats. RESULTS Thermal neutron irradiation of 100mg of enriched (98% in (44)Ca) CaO target followed by radiochemical processing and electrochemical purification procedure yielded ~37 GBq of (45)Ca with a specific activity of ~370 MBq/mg and radionuclidic purity>99.99%. The reliability and reproducibility of this approach were amply demonstrated by process demonstration in several batches. In vitro studies indicated significant uptake of (45)CaCl2 (up to 65%) in HA particles. In vivo biodistribution studies in Wistar rats showed specific skeletal accumulation (40-46%ID) with good retention over a period of 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on utilization of (45)CaCl2 in the context of nuclear medicine. The results obtained in this study hold promise and warrant further investigations for future translation of (45)CaCl2 to the clinics, thereby potentially enabling a cost-effective approach for metastatic bone pain palliation especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
| | - Sudipta Chakraborty
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Ramu Ram
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | | | - Ardhi Rajeswari
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Haladhar Dev Sarma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Ashutosh Dash
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India.
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49
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Walczak R, Krajewski S, Szkliniarz K, Sitarz M, Abbas K, Choiński J, Jakubowski A, Jastrzębski J, Majkowska A, Simonelli F, Stolarz A, Trzcińska A, Zipper W, Bilewicz A. Cyclotron production of (43)Sc for PET imaging. EJNMMI Phys 2015; 2:33. [PMID: 26637486 PMCID: PMC4670438 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-015-0136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, significant interest in 44Sc as a tracer for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been observed. Unfortunately, the co-emission by 44Sc of high-energy γ rays (Eγ = 1157, 1499 keV) causes a dangerous increase of the radiation dose to the patients and clinical staff. However, it is possible to produce another radionuclide of scandium—43Sc—having properties similar to 44Sc but is characterized by much lower energy of the concurrent gamma emissions. This work presents the production route of 43Sc by α irradiation of natural calcium, its separation and purification processes, and the labeling of [DOTA,Tyr3] octreotate (DOTATATE) bioconjugate. Methods Natural CaCO3 and enriched [40Ca]CaCO3 were irradiated with alpha particles for 1 h in an energy range of 14.8–30 MeV at a beam current of 0.5 or 0.25 μA. In order to find the optimum method for the separation of 43Sc from irradiated calcium targets, three processes previously developed for 44Sc were tested. Radiolabeling experiments were performed with DOTATATE radiobioconjugate, and the stability of the obtained 43Sc-DOTATATE was tested in human serum. Results Studies of natCaCO3 target irradiation by alpha particles show that the optimum alpha particle energies are in the range of 24–27 MeV, giving 102 MBq/μA/h of 43Sc radioactivity which creates the opportunity to produce several GBq of 43Sc. The separation experiments performed indicate that, as with 44Sc, due to the simplicity of the operations and because of the chemical purity of the 43Sc obtained, the best separation process is when UTEVA resin is used. The DOTATATE conjugate was labeled by the obtained 43Sc with a yield >98 % at elevated temperature. Conclusions Tens of GBq activities of 43Sc of high radionuclidic purity can be obtainable for clinical applications by irradiation of natural calcium with an alpha beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Walczak
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Mateusz Sitarz
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamel Abbas
- Nuclear Security Unit, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Majkowska
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Federica Simonelli
- Nuclear Decommissioning Unit, Joint Research Centre, Ispra Site Management Directorate, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Anna Stolarz
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wiktor Zipper
- Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Bilewicz
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland.
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50
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van der Meulen NP, Bunka M, Domnanich KA, Müller C, Haller S, Vermeulen C, Türler A, Schibli R. Cyclotron production of 44Sc: From bench to bedside. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:745-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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