1
|
Larsen LI, López GP, Selwyn R, Carroll NJ. Microfluidic Fabrication of Silica Microspheres Infused with Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agents. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:712-721. [PMID: 36633291 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is a treatment which delivers radioactive therapeutic microspheres via the hepatic artery to destroy tumorigenic tissue of the liver. However, the dose required varies significantly from patient to patient due to nuances in individual biology. Therefore, a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging surrogate, or radiotracer, is used to predict in vivo behavior of therapeutic Y-90 spheres. The ideal surrogate should closely resemble Y-90 microspheres in morphology for highest predictive accuracy. This work presents the fabrication of positron-emitting silica microspheres infused with PET radiotracers copper, fluorine, and gallium. A quick one-pot synthesis is used to create precursor sol, followed by droplet formation with flow-focusing microfluidics, and finally thermal treatment to yield 10-50 μm microspheres with narrow size distribution. Loading of the infused element is controllable in the sol synthesis, while the final sphere size is tunable based on microfluidic flow rates and device channel width. The system is then employed to make radioactive Ga-68 microspheres, which are tested for radioactivity and stability. The fabrication method can be completed within a few hours, depending on the desired microsphere quantity. A microfluidic system is applied to fabricate silica particles loaded with diverse elemental infusions, including radioactive Ga-68.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis I Larsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States.,Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States
| | - Gabriel P López
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States.,Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States
| | - Reed Selwyn
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States
| | - Nick J Carroll
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States.,Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blanc-Béguin F, Damien P, Floch R, Kerleguer K, Hennebicq S, Robin P, Salaün PY, Le Roux PY. Radiation exposure to nuclear medicine technologists performing a V/Q PET: Comparison with conventional V/Q scintigraphy, [18F]FDG PET and [68Ga]Ga DOTATOC PET procedures. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1051249. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1051249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionVentilation/Perfusion (V/Q) PET/CT is an emerging imaging modality for regional lung function evaluation. The same carrier molecules as conventional V/Q scintigraphy are used but they are radiolabelled with gallium-68 (68Ga) instead of technetium-99m (99mTc). A recurrent concern regarding V/Q PET imaging is the radiation dose to the healthcare workers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total effective dose and the finger dose received by the technologist when performing a V/Q PET procedure, and to compare them with the radiations doses received with conventional V/Q scintigraphy, FDG PET and Ga DOTATOC PET procedures.Materials and methodsThe whole body dose measurement was performed 10 times for each of the evaluated procedures using an electronic personal dosimeter (ED). For V/Q PET and V/Q scintigraphy procedures, ventilation and perfusion stages were separately evaluated. Internal exposure was measured for ventilation procedures. Finger dose measurements were performed 5 times for each of the PET procedures using Thermoluminescence (TL) pellets.ResultsThe technologist effective dose when performing a V/Q PET procedure was 2.83 ± 0.67 μSv, as compared with 1.16 ± 0.34 μSv for conventional V/Q scintigraphy, 2.13 ± 0.77 μSv for [68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC, and 2.86 ± 1.79 μSv for FDG PET procedures, respectively. The finger dose for the V/Q PET procedure was similar to the dose for a [68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC scan (0.35 mSv and 0.32 mSv, respectively).ConclusionThe technologist total effective dose for a V/Q PET procedure is ~2.4 higher than the dose for a conventional V/Q scintigraphy, but in the same range than the radiation exposure when performing common PET procedures, both in terms of total effective dose or finger dose. These results should be reassuring for the healthcare workers performing a V/Q PET procedure.
Collapse
|
3
|
Radiopharmaceutical Labelling for Lung Ventilation/Perfusion PET/CT Imaging: A Review of Production and Optimization Processes for Clinical Use. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050518. [PMID: 35631345 PMCID: PMC9143102 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) is a promising imaging modality for regional lung function assessment. The same carrier molecules as a conventional V/Q scan (i.e., carbon nanoparticles for ventilation and macro aggregated albumin particles for perfusion) are used, but they are labeled with gallium-68 (68Ga) instead of technetium-99m (99mTc). For both radiopharmaceuticals, various production processes have been proposed. This article discusses the challenges associated with the transition from 99mTc- to 68Ga-labelled radiopharmaceuticals. The various production and optimization processes for both radiopharmaceuticals are reviewed and discussed for optimal clinical use.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lepareur N. Cold Kit Labeling: The Future of 68Ga Radiopharmaceuticals? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:812050. [PMID: 35223907 PMCID: PMC8869247 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.812050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, gallium-68 (68Ga) has gained a formidable interest for PET molecular imaging of various conditions, from cancer to infection, through cardiac pathologies or neuropathies. It has gained routine use, with successful radiopharmaceuticals such as somatostatin analogs ([68Ga]Ga-DOTATOC and [68Ga]GaDOTATATE) for neuroendocrine tumors, and PSMA ligands for prostate cancer. It represents a major clinical impact, particularly in the context of theranostics, coupled with their 177Lu-labeled counterparts. Beside those, a bunch of new 68Ga-labeled molecules are in the preclinical and clinical pipelines, with some of them showing great promise for patient care. Increasing clinical demand and regulatory issues have led to the development of automated procedures for the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. However, the widespread use of these radiopharmaceuticals may rely on simple and efficient radiolabeling methods, undemanding in terms of equipment and infrastructure. To make them technically and economically accessible to the medical community and its patients, it appears mandatory to develop a procedure similar to the well-established kit-based 99mTc chemistry. Already available commercial kits for the production of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals have demonstrated the feasibility of using such an approach, thus paving the way for more kit-based 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals to be developed. This article discusses the development of 68Ga cold kit radiopharmacy, including technical issues, and regulatory aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lepareur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, Inrae, Inserm, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer), UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
UÇAR B, ACAR T. Macroaggregated Albumin (MAA): Production, Size Optimization, Eu(III) and Tb(III) Complexes. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.808636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
6
|
Detection of Pulmonary Embolism with Gallium-68 Macroaggregated Albumin Perfusion PET/CT: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2020; 2020:5607951. [PMID: 32694958 PMCID: PMC7345963 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5607951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of detecting pulmonary embolism (PE) using the Technegas SPECT/CT combined with 68Ga PET/CT in a rabbit model. One hour after artificial PE (n = 6) and sham (n = 6) models were created, Technegas SPECT/CT ventilation and 68Ga-MAA PET/CT perfusion scan (V/Q scan) were performed. Ventilation imaging was performed first on all cases. Technegas SPECT/CT and 68Ga-MAA PET/CT images were evaluated by a nuclear medicine physician who recorded the presence, number, and location of PE on a per-lobe basis. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of Technegas SPECT/CT and 68Ga-MAA PET/CT for detecting PE were calculated using a histopathological evaluation as a reference standard. A total of 60 lung lobes were evaluated in 12 rabbits, and PE was detected in 20 lobes in V/Q scans and histopathological analysis. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, for both the Technegas SPECT/CT and 68Ga-MAA PET/CT V/Q scans. Technegas/68Ga-MAA V/Q scans have good sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the detection of PE in this animal model study.
Collapse
|
7
|
99mTc- 68Ga-ICG-Labelled Macroaggregates and Nanocolloids of Human Serum Albumin: Synthesis Procedures of a Trimodal Imaging Agent Using Commercial Kits. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2020; 2020:3629705. [PMID: 32410921 PMCID: PMC7204380 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3629705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in sentinel lymph node (SLN) and radio occult lesion localization (ROLL) highlight the need for a multimodal contrast agent, providing better presurgical PET imaging and improved intraoperative mapping thanks to fluorescence detection. For this reason, we have studied a trimodal SLN/ROLL targeting agent (99mTc-68Ga-ICG) with commercially available kits of macroaggregated or nanocolloidal albumin (MA/NC-HSA). 68Ga PET imaging does provide better spatial resolution and makes it possible to predict signal intensity during surgery. The presence of 99mTc assesses the efficacy of these compounds in vitro and also during the surgery procedure. The aim of this study was to optimise the labelling and tagging of these two radiopharmaceuticals and assess their yields and stability. Kits of MA/NC-HSA particles (Pulmocis® and NanoAlbumon®) were used for sequential radiolabelling with 99mTc and 68Ga. Fluorescent tagging was performed using indocyanine green, a tricarbocyanine dye. The ITLC radiochemical purity of the trilabelled MA/NC-HSA was >95%. Fluorescent purity was measured by scanning the strips with a PhotoDynamicEye probe. Finally, in vitro stability tests, performed with DTPA and human serum solutions, assessed the efficacy of fluorescent tagging and radiolabelling.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Singh A, Kulkarni HR, Schuchardt C, Müller D, Wester HJ, Maina T, Rösch F, van der Meulen NP, Müller C, Mäcke H, Baum RP. From Bench to Bedside-The Bad Berka Experience With First-in-Human Studies. Semin Nucl Med 2019; 49:422-437. [PMID: 31470935 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Precision oncology is being driven by rapid advances in novel diagnostics and therapeutic interventions, with treatments targeted to the needs of individual patients on the basis of genetic, biomarker, phenotypic, or psychosocial characteristics that distinguish a given patient from other patients with similar clinical presentations. Inherent in the theranostics paradigm is the assumption that diagnostic test results can precisely determine whether an individual is likely to benefit from a specific treatment. As part and integral in the current era of precision oncology, theranostics in the context of nuclear medicine aims to identify the appropriate molecular targets in neoplasms (diagnostic tool), so that the optimal ligands and radionuclides (therapeutic tool) with favorable labeling chemistry can be selected for personalized management of a specific disease, taking into consideration the specific patient, and subsequently monitor treatment response. Over the past two decades, the use of gallium-68 labeled peptides for somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-targeted PET/CT (or PET/MRI) imaging followed by lutetium-177 and yttrium-90 labeled SSTR-agonist for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy has demonstrated remarkable success in the management of neuroendocrine neoplasms, and paved the way to other indications of theranostics. Rapid advances are being made in the development of other peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals, small molecular-weight ligands and with newer radioisotopes with more favorable kinetics, potentially useful for theranostics strategies for the clinical application. The present review features the Bad Berka experience with first-in-human studies of new radiopharmaceuticals, for example, prostate-specific membrane antigen ligand, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, neurotensin receptor 1 ligand, novel SSTR-targeting peptides and nonpeptide, and bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. Also new radioisotopes, for example, actinium (225Ac), copper (64Cu), scandium (44Sc), and terbium (152Tb/161Tb) will be discussed briefly demonstrating the development from basic science to precision oncology in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Aviral Singh
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Harshad R Kulkarni
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Christiane Schuchardt
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Dirk Müller
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Hans-J Wester
- Institute for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicholas P van der Meulen
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; (
- )Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Müller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Mäcke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard P Baum
- THERANOSTICS Center for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Le Roux PY, Hicks RJ, Siva S, Hofman MS. PET/CT Lung Ventilation and Perfusion Scanning using Galligas and Gallium-68-MAA. Semin Nucl Med 2019; 49:71-81. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
10
|
Molecular Imaging with 68Ga Radio-Nanomaterials: Shedding Light on Nanoparticles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|