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Uvarov VL, Zakharchenko AA, Dikiy NP, Lyashko YV, Pomatsalyuk RI. A method of determining the bremsstrahlung flux-weighted average photonuclear cross section. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 207:111258. [PMID: 38460484 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Based on a developed analytical model, a method is proposed for measuring the photonuclear cross section averaged over bremsstrahlung flux without application of additional target-monitor of photon flux. The method involves the use of a thin isotopic target, that completely overlaps the photon beam (a photonuclear converter), as well as an algorithm for processing the data on the yield of a reaction under study in such a target. The novel technique was validated on the reactions 100Mo(γ,n)99Mo and 58Ni(γ,n)57Ni in the range of photon end-point energy of 40.7-93.9 MeV. The photon flux-weighted average cross sections of the reactions measured experimentally are in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations and TALYS predictions on their excitation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Uvarov
- NSC Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - A A Zakharchenko
- NSC Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - N P Dikiy
- NSC Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yu V Lyashko
- NSC Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - R I Pomatsalyuk
- NSC Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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2
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Mou L, De Dominicis L, Cisternino S, Skliarova H, Campostrini M, Rigato V, De Nardo L, Meléndez-Alafort L, Esposito J, Haddad F, Pupillo G. Nuclear Cross-Section of Proton-Induced Reactions on Enriched 48Ti Targets for the Production of Theranostic 47Sc Radionuclide, 46cSc, 44mSc, 44gSc, 43Sc, and 48V. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:26. [PMID: 38256860 PMCID: PMC10819312 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The cross-sections of the 48Ti(p,x)47Sc, 46cSc, 44mSc, 44gSc, 43Sc, and 48V nuclear reactions were measured from 18 to 70 MeV, with particular attention to 47Sc production. Enriched 48Ti powder was deposited on an aluminum backing and the obtained targets were characterized via elastic backscattering spectroscopy at the INFN-LNL. Targets were exposed to low-intensity proton irradiation using the stacked-foils technique at the ARRONAX facility. Activated samples were measured using γ-spectrometry; the results were compared with the data int he literature and the theoretical TALYS-based values. A regular trend in the new values obtained from the different irradiation runs was noted, as well as a good agreement with the literature data, for all the radionuclides of interest: 47Sc, 46cSc, 44mSc, 44gSc, 43Sc, and 48V. 47Sc production was also discussed, considering yield and radionuclidic purity, for different 47Sc production scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Mou
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (INFN-LNL), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale dell’Università 2, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.); (J.E.)
| | - Lucia De Dominicis
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (INFN-LNL), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale dell’Università 2, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.); (J.E.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Sara Cisternino
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (INFN-LNL), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale dell’Università 2, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.); (J.E.)
| | - Hanna Skliarova
- INFN, Sezione di Padova (INFN-PD), Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Matteo Campostrini
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (INFN-LNL), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale dell’Università 2, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.); (J.E.)
| | - Valentino Rigato
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (INFN-LNL), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale dell’Università 2, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.); (J.E.)
| | - Laura De Nardo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- INFN, Sezione di Padova (INFN-PD), Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Juan Esposito
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (INFN-LNL), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale dell’Università 2, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.); (J.E.)
| | - Férid Haddad
- GIP ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, 44817 Saint Herblain, France;
- Laboratoire Subatech, IN2P3-CNRS, IMT Atlantique, Nantes Université, 4 Rue Alfred Kastler, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Gaia Pupillo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (INFN-LNL), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Viale dell’Università 2, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (V.R.); (J.E.)
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Kilian K, Pyrzyńska K. Scandium Radioisotopes-Toward New Targets and Imaging Modalities. Molecules 2023; 28:7668. [PMID: 38005390 PMCID: PMC10675654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of theranostics uses radioisotopes of the same or chemically similar elements to label biological ligands in a way that allows the use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiation for a combined diagnosis and treatment regimen. For scandium, radioisotopes -43 and -44 can be used as diagnostic markers, while radioisotope scandium-47 can be used in the same configuration for targeted therapy. This work presents the latest achievements in the production and processing of radioisotopes and briefly characterizes solutions aimed at increasing the availability of these radioisotopes for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kilian
- Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5a, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pyrzyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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Uvarov VL, Zakharchenko AA, Dikiy NP, Pomatsalyuk RI, Lyashko YV. Development and validation of an analytical model of isotope production by bremsstrahlung radiation. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110890. [PMID: 37290269 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method is used to describe isotope production at an electron accelerator. The key characteristics that determine the total target activity and its distribution have been established. The expressions for the reaction yield depend explicitly on the irradiation regime and parameters of the giant dipole resonance. The model predictions for the bremsstrahlung spectrum and yield of the reference reactions are in good agreement with the results of simulation and experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Uvarov
- NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - A A Zakharchenko
- NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - N P Dikiy
- NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - R I Pomatsalyuk
- NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yu V Lyashko
- NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Becker KV, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Bradshaw T, Hurley SA, Olson AP, Barrett KE, Batterton J, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Pirasteh A, Engle JW. Cyclotron production of 43Sc and 44gSc from enriched 42CaO, 43CaO, and 44CaO targets. Front Chem 2023; 11:1167783. [PMID: 37179772 PMCID: PMC10169720 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1167783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: 43Sc and 44gSc are both positron-emitting radioisotopes of scandium with suitable half-lives and favorable positron energies for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Irradiation of isotopically enriched calcium targets has higher cross sections compared to titanium targets and higher radionuclidic purity and cross sections than natural calcium targets for reaction routes possible on small cyclotrons capable of accelerating protons and deuterons. Methods: In this work, we investigate the following production routes via proton and deuteron bombardment on CaCO3 and CaO target materials: 42Ca(d,n)43Sc, 43Ca(p,n)43Sc, 43Ca(d,n)44gSc, 44Ca(p,n)44gSc, and 44Ca(p,2n)43Sc. Radiochemical isolation of the produced radioscandium was performed with extraction chromatography using branched DGA resin and apparent molar activity was measured with the chelator DOTA. The imaging performance of 43Sc and 44gSc was compared with 18F, 68Ga, and 64Cu on two clinical PET/CT scanners. Discussion: The results of this work demonstrate that proton and deuteron bombardment of isotopically enriched CaO targets produce high yield and high radionuclidic purity 43Sc and 44gSc. Laboratory capabilities, circumstances, and budgets are likely to dictate which reaction route and radioisotope of scandium is chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn V. Becker
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Tyler Bradshaw
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Samuel A. Hurley
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aeli P. Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kendall E. Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeanine Batterton
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul A. Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ali Pirasteh
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Trencsényi G, Képes Z. Scandium-44: Diagnostic Feasibility in Tumor-Related Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087400. [PMID: 37108559 PMCID: PMC10138813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis-related cell-surface molecules, including integrins, aminopeptidase N, vascular endothelial growth factor, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), play a crucial role in tumour formation. Radiolabelled imaging probes targeting angiogenic biomarkers serve as valuable vectors in tumour identification. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in novel radionuclides other than gallium-68 (68Ga) or copper-64 (64Cu) to establish selective radiotracers for the imaging of tumour-associated neo-angiogenesis. Given its ideal decay characteristics (Eβ+average: 632 KeV) and a half-life (T1/2 = 3.97 h) that is well matched to the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecules targeting angiogenesis, scandium-44 (44Sc) has gained meaningful attention as a promising radiometal for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. More recently, intensive research has been centered around the investigation of 44Sc-labelled angiogenesis-directed radiopharmaceuticals. Previous studies dealt with the evaluation of 44Sc-appended avb3 integrin-affine Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptides, GRPR-selective aminobenzoyl-bombesin analogue (AMBA), and hypoxia-associated nitroimidazole derivatives in the identification of various cancers using experimental tumour models. Given the tumour-related hypoxia- and angiogenesis-targeting capability of these PET probes, 44Sc seems to be a strong competitor of the currently used positron emitters in radiotracer development. In this review, we summarize the preliminary preclinical achievements with 44Sc-labelled angiogenesis-specific molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Trencsényi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zita Képes
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei St. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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McLain DR, Brossard TW, De Kruijff R, Kankanamalage PHA, Rotsch DA. Evaluation of two extraction chromatography resins for scandium and titanium separation for medical isotope production. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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8
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Exploring rapid chemical separations of Sc-47 produced from photonuclear reactions on natural vanadium targets. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sadler AWE, Hogan L, Fraser B, Rendina LM. Cutting edge rare earth radiometals: prospects for cancer theranostics. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2022; 7:21. [PMID: 36018527 PMCID: PMC9418400 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-022-00173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With recent advances in novel approaches to cancer therapy and imaging, the application of theranostic techniques in personalised medicine has emerged as a very promising avenue of research inquiry in recent years. Interest has been directed towards the theranostic potential of Rare Earth radiometals due to their closely related chemical properties which allow for their facile and interchangeable incorporation into identical bifunctional chelators or targeting biomolecules for use in a diverse range of cancer imaging and therapeutic applications without additional modification, i.e. a “one-size-fits-all” approach. This review will focus on recent progress and innovations in the area of Rare Earth radionuclides for theranostic applications by providing a detailed snapshot of their current state of production by means of nuclear reactions, subsequent promising theranostic capabilities in the clinic, as well as a discussion of factors that have impacted upon their progress through the theranostic drug development pipeline. Main body In light of this interest, a great deal of research has also been focussed towards certain under-utilised Rare Earth radionuclides with diverse and favourable decay characteristics which span the broad spectrum of most cancer imaging and therapeutic applications, with potential nuclides suitable for α-therapy (149Tb), β−-therapy (47Sc, 161Tb, 166Ho, 153Sm, 169Er, 149Pm, 143Pr, 170Tm), Auger electron (AE) therapy (161Tb, 135La, 165Er), positron emission tomography (43Sc, 44Sc, 149Tb, 152Tb, 132La, 133La), and single photon emission computed tomography (47Sc, 155Tb, 152Tb, 161Tb, 166Ho, 153Sm, 149Pm, 170Tm). For a number of the aforementioned radionuclides, their progression from ‘bench to bedside’ has been hamstrung by lack of availability due to production and purification methods requiring further optimisation. Conclusions In order to exploit the potential of these radionuclides, reliable and economical production and purification methods that provide the desired radionuclides in high yield and purity are required. With more reactors around the world being decommissioned in future, solutions to radionuclide production issues will likely be found in a greater focus on linear accelerator and cyclotron infrastructure and production methods, as well as mass separation methods. Recent progress towards the optimisation of these and other radionuclide production and purification methods has increased the feasibility of utilising Rare Earth radiometals in both preclinical and clinical settings, thereby placing them at the forefront of radiometals research for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leena Hogan
- ANSTO Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Benjamin Fraser
- ANSTO Life Sciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Louis M Rendina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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