Quantification of Multi-class Pesticides in Stomach Contents and Milk by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Liquid Extraction Method

Monoclonal antibody based colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay for the visual and rapid screening of profenofos

Profenofos (PFF) is a commonly used organophosphorus insecticide that requires strict monitoring due to its potential environmental, ecological, and human health risks originating from residues in soil and water systems, as well as accumulation in crops. In this study, a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to PFF was prepared for the first time and the recognition mechanism was investigated through molecular simulation. Subsequently, a mAb-based colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) was developed for the rapid screening of PFF in fruit and vegetable samples. The mAb exhibited an IC50 value of 12.9 ng/mL, and limit of detection (LOD) of 4.6 ng/mL, respectively in indirect competitive immunosorbent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA). After optimization, the developed GICA exhibited a visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 20 ng/mL and a quantitative of detection (qLOD) of 5.2 ng/mL, with a linear range from 10.0 to 83.8 ng/mL. Good correlation was observed between the results of GICA and standard Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in matrix and recovery test. The developed GICA can be used for rapid sample detection within 15 min, which is an excellent tool for screening PFF in foods and environmental samples.

An Updated Review on Functionalized Graphene as Sensitive Materials in Sensing of Pesticides

Numerous chemical pesticides were employed for a long time to manage pests, but their uncontrolled application harmed the health and the environment. Accurately quantifying pesticide residues is essential for risk evaluation and regulatory purposes. Numerous analytical methods have been developed and utilized to achieve sensitive and specific detection of pesticides in intricate sampl es like water, soil, food, and air. Electrochemical sensors based on amperometry, potentiometry, or impedance spectroscopy offer portable, rapid, and sensitive detection suitable for on-site analysis. This study examines the potential of electrochemical sensors for the accurate evaluation of various effects of pesticides. Emphasizing the use of Graphene (GR), Graphene Oxide (GO), Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO), and Graphdiyne composites, the study highlights their enhanced performance in pesticide sensing by stating the account of many actual sensors that have been made for specific pesticides. Computational studies provide valuable insights into the adsorption kinetics, binding energies, and electronic properties of pesticide-graphene complexes, guiding the design and optimization of graphene-based sensors with improved performance. Furthermore, the discussion extends to the emerging field of biopesticides. While the GR/GO/rGO based sensors hold immense future prospects, and their existing limitations have also been discussed, which need to be solved with future research.

Pesticide residues in milk and dairy products: An overview of processing degradation and trends in mitigating approaches

Milk and dairy products present considerable socioeconomic importance but are also a regular pesticide residue contamination source, which is considered a worldwide public health concern and a major international trade issue. Thus, a literature review was conducted to assess pesticide residue levels in milk and dairy products, as well as the residue degradation capacity during its processing. Organochlorine, organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroid and/or triazine were found in fluid milk, powder products, yogurts, cheese, butter, and sour cream. Thermal processing reduced most residue levels, although some treatments increased total hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers (α-, γ-, δ-, and β-). Emerging non-thermal treatments presented promising results, but some by-products had higher toxicity than their precursors. Biodegradation by lactic acid bacteria were effective during yogurt and cheese fermentation. However, β-hexachlorocyclohexane level seems to increase in yogurts containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, while increase or maintenance of pesticide residue concentration was observed during coagulation and cheese maturation. Deep research is needed to understand the isomerization and degradation mechanisms after thermal, non-thermal, and fermentation processing. Emerging heat technology can be an excellent topic to be investigated for pesticide residues degradation in the future. These mitigation approaches can be a feasible future alternative to milk and dairy production.

Molecularly imprinted ormosil as a sorbent for targeted dispersive solid phase micro extraction of pyriproxyfen from strawberry samples

Novel molecularly imprinted organically modified silica was prepared by reacting acrylamide and 3-(tri-methoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate followed by condensation and hydrolysis with tetraethyl ortho-silicate for the determination of pyriproxyfen. The sorbent proved to be highly selective for the template molecule, pyriproxyfen. The characterization of sorbent was carried out using SEM, BET and TGA. The prominent peaks in FTIR at 3700 cm^-1 and 1071 cm^-1 confirmed the stretching of amide group's N-H and Si-O-Si bond linkage of MI_Ormosil. The pseudo-first-order model (R² 0.99) described the adsorption kinetics of the MI_Ormosil, whereas among adsorption isotherms, Freundlich model showed the best fit (R² 0.99). The molecularly imprinted silica was applied for the determination of target analytes from strawberries sample using dispersive solid-phase micro extraction (DSPME) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The LOD (4.93 x10^-5 μg mL^-1) and LOQ (1.49 x10^-4 μg m-¹) values were calculated by signal to noise ratio through HPLC. Results show that the maximum binding capacity and percentage recovery values of MI_Ormosil were 13 mg g^-1 (n = 5) and 97.3% respectively.

Application of electrospun composite nanofibers as an efficient sorbent for extraction of pesticides from food samples

Herein, the composite of polylactic acid (PLA)/ Iron-based metal-organic framework (r-MIL-88A)/ Cellulose electrospun nanofibers was fabricated; and then, applied as a novel sorbent for thin-film micro-extraction (TFME) of four selected pesticides followed by GC-FID analysis. From the evaluation of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, the successful fabrication of composite nanaofibers was approved. The presence of r-MIL-88A/Cellulose with large surface area and plenty of OH-functional groups results in improving PLA extraction efficiency. The effect of various main parameters on extraction efficiency was evaluated. The LODs (based on S/N = 3) were in the range of 1.0 to 1.5 ng mL^-1. Intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 4.8% - 5.6% and 5.2%-6.4%, respectively. In addition, the fiber to fiber relative standard deviations were observed in the range of 5.2%-12.3%. By using the optimized factors, acceptable linearity ranges were obtained in the range of 3.0-1900.0 ng mL^-1 for metribuzin and ethofumasate, and 5.0-2000.0 for atrazine and ametryn (R² = 0.9913-0.9967). The developed method was investigated in fruit juice, vegetables, milk and honey samples, and recoveries (79.3-95.6%) indicate that the PLA/r-MIL-88A/Cellulose can be a prominent composite film for the extraction of the target analytes in various samples.