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Saffarpour M, Abasalizadeh F, Fathollahi MS, Chiniforush N. The in vitro effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with toluidine blue and indocyanine green on microleakage of class V cavities. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:103005. [PMID: 35811053 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering the importance of disinfecting dentin and enamel after cavity preparation and the possible effect of disinfection methods on induction of various reactions in the tooth structure the aim of the present study was to evaluate microleakage of composite resin restoration after disinfecting the prepared dentin and enamel surface with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with toluidine blue (TBO) and indocyanine green (ICG). MATERIALS AND METHODS Standard class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface of 71 human premolar teeth. The samples were randomly divided into 3 groups based on disinfection method: Group 1: conventional disinfection method with Phosphoric acid 37% as the control; Group 2: aPDT with TBO and diode laser with wavelength of 635 nm; Group 3: aPDT with ICG and diode laser with wavelength of 808 nm. All the cavities were restored with composite resin (3M™ Filtek™ Z250). After thermocycling and immersing in 0.5% basic fuchsin, the samples were prepared for microleakage evaluation under a stereomicroscope. Data was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests at P < 0.05. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the microleakage of occlusal and gingival margins between the TBO and control groups (P > 0.05). Also, the microleackage of occlusal margins between groups was not significantly different (P > 0.05) but microleackage of gingival margins of ICG group was lower than two other groups in a meaningful way (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy with ICG as disinfecting agent in cavity preparations before composite resin restorations decreases the microleackage of gingival margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Saffarpour
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Sheikh Fathollahi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Küden C, Karakaş SN. Photodynamic therapy and gaseous ozone versus conventional post space treatment methods on the push-out bond strength of fiber posts luting with different resin cements. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102586. [PMID: 34670156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the push-out bond strength of fiber posts by using two different resin cement after the treatments of post space with photodynamic therapy, gaseous ozone and conventional disinfection solution. METHODS The root canal treatments of one hundred maxillary incisors were performed. The roots were randomly distributed into 5 groups (n = 20). NaOCl of 2.5% + EDTA of 17% in group 1, CHX of 2% in group 2, toluidine blue + diode laser as the photodynamic therapy (PDT) in group 3 and ozone in group 4 were applied to the post spaces. Group 5 was washed with distilled water as control group. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the adhesive types and the posts were bonded by using RelyX and LinkForce. The bond strength was calculated using the push-out test method. Resin tag formations were photographed with SEM. The push-out bond strength was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (p = .05). RESULTS The PDT group, which showed the highest PBS among the groups bonded with LinkForce at all levels, was significantly higher than Ozone and DW groups (p<.05). NaOCl and ozone treatments provided the highest PBS among the groups bonded with RelyX for all levels and this difference was significant according to the DW group (p < .05). CONCLUSION Post space treatments improved the bond strength of the fiber post in both types of resin cement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Küden
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, 01380, Turkey.
| | - Seda Nur Karakaş
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, 01380, Turkey.
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Aljamhan AS. Impact of riboflavin and curcumin mediated photodynamic therapy and Er,Cr:YSGG on microleakage of class V resin glass ionomer restorations in permanent molar teeth. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021:102462. [PMID: 34325077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of PDT using curcumin and riboflavin as photosensitizers and Er,Cr:YSGG on microleakage in class V RMGIC restorations in permanent teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty permanent molars were investigated and randomly divided into 4 groups: control group: resin-modified glass ionomer restoration with no treatment, R-PDT: PDT with riboflavin, Cu-PDT: PDT with curcumin (Cu) and, Er,Cr:YSGG: laser application. All the teeth in each group were restored with the help of RMGIC. The samples were dipped for 24 h in 0.5 % Fuchsine solution, and subsequently fixed in acrylic resin-based molds. Microleakage scores were estimated considering both cervical and occlusal boundaries. Intergroup comparisons were made at each margin, and intragroup comparisons made at the cervical and occlusal margins. The Shapiro Wilk test was used to check the normality of the values. Whereas, the analysis of data was conducted using SPSS version 25 via the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests. P < 0.05 was contemplated to be statistically important. RESULTS A high frequency (95%) of the enamel walls were not penetrated when subjected to treatment with R-PDT, followed by Cu-PDT and Er,Cr:YSGG. The highest amount of microleakage was observed (55%) Cu-PDT at the site of the cavity near the cementum. The least amount of microleakage was observed in the control group. A statistically significant difference in microleakage was noted at the cervical wall (p=0.015), while no significant difference was seen at the occlusal wall (p=0.789) between the groups. A significant difference was noted at the cervical wall between the control and R-PDT group (p=0.021) and Cu-PDT group (p=0.005), respectively. A significant difference in microleakage was observed when occlusal was compared with cervical walls within each group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Photosensitizers using riboflavin and curcumin may reduce the microleakage within the enamel surface restored with RMGIC in class V lesions that may not interfere with bonding. However, extreme caution should be taken while considering riboflavin and curcumin for class V RMGIC restorations extending to cementum surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Aljamhan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.
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Effect of photodynamic therapy on microleakage of class V composite restorations in primary teeth. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:101964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bactericidal effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on dentin plate infected with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Odontology 2020; 109:67-75. [PMID: 32556972 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine bactericidal effects of a new antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on dentin plates infected with Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). First, we measured the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced when new photosensitizer (PS), acid red (AR), and brilliant blue (BB) were irradiated with a semiconductor laser. ROS generated from each PS solution by laser irradiation was calculated as the total light emission amount (Relative Light Unit, RLU) using a chemiluminescence measuring device. Second, we examined bactericidal effects of the aPDT on dentin plates infected with L. acidophilus. The bactericidal effects on each group were evaluated by colony count assay and adenosine triphosphate assay. The experimental groups comprised two laser irradiation groups (650 nm laser, 650laser; and 940 nm laser, 940laser), two PS groups (BB and AR), four aPDT groups (650 nm laser irradiation with BB, 650laser-BB; 650 nm laser irradiation with AR, 650laser-AR; 940 nm laser irradiation with BB, 940laser-BB; 940 nm laser irradiation with AR, 940laser-AR), and a control. The ROS in all aPDT groups was significantly higher than in the control. RLU in all groups applied with laser irradiation was significantly lower than that in the control. However, only 650laser-BB showed significantly lower colony counts than the control. 650laser-BB was the most effective in sterilizing the infected dentin plates.
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Mohammadi N, Rikhtegaran S, Kimyai S, Rahbar M, Pirzadeh T, Asdagh S, Sezevar A. The Effect of Photodynamic Therapy and Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) on the Remineralization Rate of Non-Cavitated Root: an In-vitro Study. MÆDICA 2020; 14:357-362. [PMID: 32153666 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2019.14.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Using laser treatments and calcium and phosphate compounds to enhance remineralization has been investigated in this study. Seventy two premolar teeth were divided into four groups of 18: 1) control group; 2) laser therapy group; 3) CPP-ACP paste group; and 4) laser therapy and CPP-ACP group. Mineralization and remineralization of samples were investigated by Diagnodent. Data were reported using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and One Way ANOVA; they were analyzed using SPSS.16 statistical software. Statistical analysis showed that groups 3 and 4 had the highest rate of remineralization compared to groups 1 and 2. According to the results of this study, mineralization ranged decreasingly from group 4 to groups 3, 2, and 1, respectively. The antibacterial effect of laser therapy, leading to remineralization of calcium and phosphorus compounds, was the most effective on controlling root decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmin Mohammadi
- Department of Operative and Esthetic Dentistry, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahand Rikhtegaran
- Department of Operative and Esthetic Dentistry, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Kimyai
- Department of Operative and Esthetic Dentistry, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rahbar
- Department of Operative and Esthetic Dentistry, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Pirzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Asdagh
- Department of Operative and Esthetic Dentistry, Dentistry Faculty, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Curcumin-mediated Photodynamic Therapy for the treatment of oral infections-A review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:409-415. [PMID: 29378256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidences show the promising applications of Curcumin (CUR) against different diseases, including some of the main oral pathologies. The objective of this review paper was to catalog articles that investigated the photodynamic effect of CUR for oral diseases in the last 15 years. METHODS The establishment of defined criteria for data collection was proposed and a total of 173 articles were identified, but only 26 were eligible for full text reading. Their main findings were critically reviewed to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the use of CUR in Dentistry. RESULTS Antimicrobial potential of CUR was the subject of the majority of the articles. CUR showed great potential for photodynamic action against oral bacteria, fungi, and strains resistant to conventional drugs. Some authors indicated the efficacy of CUR-mediated Photodynamic Therapy to reduce tumor cells while others observed low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells and healthy oral mucosa. However, CUR solubility and stability is still a problem for the photodynamic technique, and to overcome these drawbacks, biocompatible vehicles need to be better explored. CONCLUSIONS Investigations have used different CUR concentrations and formulations, as well as different light parameters. This fact, together with the lack of in vivo studies, clearly shows that clinical protocols have not been established yet. Investigations are necessary in order to establish the best concentrations and safe vehicles to be used for this technique.
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Occhi-Alexandre IGP, Baesso ML, Sato F, de Castro-Hoshino LV, Rosalen PL, Terada RSS, Neto AM, Fujimaki M. Evaluation of photosensitizer penetration into sound and decayed dentin: A photoacoustic spectroscopy study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 21:108-114. [PMID: 29170013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may have topical indications. In those cases it is important for a topical photosensitizer to penetrate into the tissue to which it has been applied. This study aimed to compare the penetration of two different concentrations of erythrosine into intact and in vitro decayed dentin samples. METHODS This in vitro study evaluated erythrosine (0.3 and 5%) penetration into sound (intact) and decayed dentin. A total of 11 dentin discs were prepared and divided into two equal halves, in order to keep one half sound while the other half was submitted to sterilization and an in vitro demineralization model for 5 days. Before erythrosine application, the organic and inorganic composition of all samples was evaluated by Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy, and after erythrosine application for 30 min, the penetration depth was determined by Photoacoustic spectroscopy technique. RESULTS The results indicated that 0.3% erythrosine showed a higher penetration depth into sound dentin (p = 0.002); and 5% erythrosine higher penetration into decayed dentin (p < 0.001). However considering clinical parameters, no statistically significant difference was found between any of the conditions tested. CONCLUSIONS Erythrosine demonstrated ability to penetrate into dentin, irrespective of sound or decayed condition. Photoacoustic spectroscopy can be considered a method for estimating the penetration into hard tissues, and in conjunction with Raman spectroscopy, these are effective methods for evaluating the spectral response of dentin. Considering that erythrosine is capable of penetrating into decayed dentin, clinical trials are needed to test the effectiveness of this photosensitizer in Photodynamic therapy and Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Luciano Baesso
- Physics Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Francielle Sato
- Physics Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901 - Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, CEP 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Raquel Sano Suga Terada
- Dentistry Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Medina Neto
- Physics Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Mitsue Fujimaki
- Dentistry Department, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790 - Jardim Universitário, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
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Nagai Y, Suzuki A, Katsuragi H, Shinkai K. Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on the sterilization of infected dentin in vitro. Odontology 2017; 106:154-161. [PMID: 29071451 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-017-0321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on an infected dentin model. Dentin plates were prepared from extracted human molars and infected through immersion in a solution of Streptococcus mutans. The nine experimental groups consisted of two laser irradiation groups (650 nm laser: 650 laser and 940 nm laser: 940 laser), two photosensitizer groups (methylene blue: MB, and azulenocyanine: Azc), four aPDT groups (650 nm laser irradiation of MB: 650 laser-MB, 650 nm laser irradiation of Azc: 650 laser-Azc, 940 nm laser irradiation of MB: 940 laser-MB and 940 nm laser irradiation of Azc: 940 laser-Azc) and a control. The bactericidal effects on each group were evaluated by colony count and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays. Based on the results of the colony count assay, the 650 laser-MB and 940 laser-MB groups formed significantly fewer colonies than the other experimental groups. Significantly fewer colonies were observed in the 940 laser-Azc group than in the control, but significant differences in the numbers of colonies were not observed between the 650 laser-Azc and control groups. The 940 laser group formed slightly fewer colonies than the 650 laser group, but the difference was not significant. In addition, the number of colonies in the MB group was significantly less than the number in the Azc group. The results of the ATP assay were similar to those of the colony count assay. aPDT with MB showed a significant bactericidal effect on dentin plates infected with S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nagai
- Advanced Operative Dentistry-Endodontics, The Nippon Dental University Graduate School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Anri Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Katsuragi
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Shinkai
- Department of Operative Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan.
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: A promise candidate for caries lesions treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:511-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ertas H, Ok E, Uysal B, Arslan H. Effects of different irrigating solutions and disinfection methods on push-out bond strengths of fiber posts. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:783-7. [PMID: 24773130 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2014.906651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various irrigating solutions and photoactivated disinfection (PAD) on the push-out bond strengths of fiber posts to root dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two human teeth were divided into eight groups, as follows: (1) irrigation with physiologic saline (control), (2) NaOCl irrigation, (3) chlorhexidine (CHX) irrigation, (4) ethanol (EtOH) irrigation, (5) NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA irrigation, (6) NaOCl-EDTA supplemented with CHX irrigation, (7) NaOCl-EDTA supplemented with EtOH irrigation and (8) NaOCl-EDTA irrigation supplemented with PAD. After the posts were cemented, the roots were transversally sectioned to obtain four slices (1 mm thick) (n = 16). Push-out tests were conducted by applying a load at 0.5 mm/min, types of fracture failures were recorded and data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (p = 0.05). RESULTS Push-out bond strength was significantly affected by the type of irrigating solution and the disinfection protocol (p < 0.05). The bond strength of the EtOH, NaOCl and NaOCl-EDTA-CHX irrigated groups was significantly higher than that of the other groups. The highest bond strength was observed in the EtOH irrigated group and the lowest was the NaOCl-EDTA irrigated group. CONCLUSIONS Irrigation with NaOCl and EDTA combined caused lower bond strength than observed in the control group. However, supplementing this combination with CHX improved the post-dentin bond strengths; supplementing with PAD did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Ertas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University , Izmir , Turkey
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Savadi Oskoee S, Alizadeh Oskoee P, Jafari Navimipour E, Ahmad Ajami A, Pournaghi Azar F, Rikhtegaran S, Amini M. Comparison of the Effect of Nd:YAG and Diode Lasers and Photodynamic Therapy on Microleakage of Class V Composite Resin Restorations. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2013; 7:74-80. [PMID: 23875084 PMCID: PMC3713864 DOI: 10.5681/joddd.2013.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Considering the importance of disinfecting dentin after cavity preparation and the possible effect of disinfection methods on induction of various reactions between the tooth structure and the adhesive restorative material, the aim of the present study was to evaluate microleakage of composite resin restorations after disinfecting the prepared dentin surface with Nd:YAG and Diode lasers and photodynamic therapy.
Materials and methods Standard Class V cavities were prepared on buccal surfaces of 96 sound bovine teeth. The samples were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the disinfection method: Group 1: Nd:YAG laser; Group 2: Diode laser; Group 3: photodynamic therapy; and Group 4: the control. Self-etch bonding agent (Clearfil SE Bond) was applied and all the cavities were restored with composite resin (Z100). After thermocycling and immersing in 0.5% basic fuchsin, the samples were prepared for microleakage evaluation under a stereomicroscope. Data was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests at P<0.05.
Results There were no significant differences in the microleakage of occlusal and gingival margins between the study groups (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in microleakage between the occlusal and gingival margins in the Nd:YAG laser group (P>0.05). In the other groups, microleakage at gingival margins was significantly higher than that at the occlusal margins (P<0.05).
Conclusion Nd:YAG and Diode lasers and photodynamic therapy can be used to disinfect cavity preparations before composite resin restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Savadi Oskoee
- Professor, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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