Peripheral Nerve Blocks Outperform General Anesthesia for Pain Control in Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Toxic effects of local anesthetics on rat fibroblasts: An in-vitro study

BACKGROUND

Infusion catheters facilitate a controlled infusion of local anesthetic (LA) for pain control after surgery. However, their potential effects on healing fibroblasts are unspecified.

METHODS

Rat synovial fibroblasts were cultured in 12-well plates. Dilutions were prepared in a solution containing reduced-serum media and 0.9% sodium chloride in 1:1 concentration. Each well was treated with 500 μl of the appropriate LA dilution or normal saline for 15- or 30-min. LA dilutions included: 0.5% ropivacaine HCl, 0.2% ropivacaine HCl, 1% lidocaine HCl and epinephrine 1:100,000, 1% lidocaine HCl, 0.5% bupivacaine HCl and epinephrine 1:200,000, and 0.5% bupivacaine HCl. This was replicated three times. Dilution of each LA whereby 50% of the cells were unviable (Lethal dose 50 [LD50]) was analyzed.

RESULTS

LD50 was reached for lidocaine and bupivacaine, but not ropivacaine. Lidocaine 1% with epinephrine is toxic at 30-min at 1/4 and 1/2 sample dilutions. Bupivacaine 0.5% was found to be toxic at 30-min at 1/2 sample dilution. Bupivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine was found to be toxic at 15- and 30-min at 1/4 sample dilution. Lidocaine 1% was found to be toxic at 15- and 30-min at 1/2 sample dilution. Ropivacaine 0.2% and 0.5% remained below LD50 at all time-points and concentrations, with 0.2% demonstrating the least cell death.

CONCLUSIONS

Though pain pumps are generally efficacious, LAs may inhibit fibroblasts, including perineural fibroblast and endoneurial fibroblast-like cells, which may contribute to persistent nerve deficits, delayed neurogenic pain, and negatively impact healing. Should a continuous infusion be used, our data supports ropivacaine 0.2%.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Basic Science Study; Animal model.

Addition of preoperative ultrasound-guided suprascapular nerve block and axillary nerve block to parecoxib is more effective in early postoperative pain control following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a prospective randomized controlled study

PURPOSE

The purpose of the study was to prospectively compare the pain intensity and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) between patients who received ultrasound-guided suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) and axillary nerve block (ANB) as well as preincisional parecoxib and patients who received preincisional parecoxib only.

METHODS

Sixty-one patients receiving ARCR between March 2020 and March 2021 were prospectively enrolled. They were randomly assigned to the peripheral nerve block group (group N, n=30) or control group (group C, n=31). Two patients from group C were excluded because of miscommunication. All patients were administered parecoxib 40 mg intravenously prior to induction of anesthesia. In group N, SSNB/ANB were performed after general anesthesia while no nerve block was performed in group C. The pain intensity was compared before the surgery, as well as immediately, 24 hours and 2 weeks after the surgery. PROs, including Oxford shoulder score, University of California-Los Angeles shoulder score and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score, were compared before and 6 months after the surgery.

RESULTS

The resting pain numerical rating scale (NRS) was significantly lower in group N (4.9 ± 3.1 vs. 7.6 ± 2.5, p<0.001) immediately after the surgery, but no difference was noted 24 hours after the surgery. The resting pain NRS 2 weeks after the surgery was significantly lower in group N (1.4 ± 1.6 vs. 2.7 ± 2.7, p=0.03), but the movement-evoked pain and night pain were similar. All PROs significantly improved 6 months after the surgery in both groups, but there was no difference between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSION

Addition of preoperative ultrasound-guided SSNB and ANB to parecoxib offered better resting pain control immediately and 2 weeks after ARCR, but there was no benefit for PROs 6 months after the surgery.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level 2 prospective randomized controlled trial.

When is a Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty Indicated for a Rotator Cuff Tear?

Rotator cuff tears are the most frequent shoulder injury in patients over 50 years old. Treatment of rotator cuff tears is individualized based on the age, demands, and symptoms of the patient. Nonoperative treatment may often be effective, especially in lower-demand or elderly patients. Surgical repair is indicated after failure of nonoperative treatment or in patients whose high-demand lifestyle requires full strength and function of the shoulder. In older patients, larger tears are less likely to heal and rotator cuff repair may not reliable. In cases of failed previous rotator cuff repair, there may not be enough viable tissue for complete repair. If there is underlying arthritis, a rotator cuff repair is unlikely to resolve all symptoms, and treatment to care for the arthritis and rotator cuff tear is indicated. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty provides the surgical answer for these scenarios and is now being used for numerous indications of shoulder pathology.

Perioperative Regional Anesthesia Pain Outcomes in Children: A Retrospective Study of 3160 Regional Anesthetics in Routine Practice

OBJECTIVE

Randomized controlled trials indicate regional anesthesia (RA) improves postoperative outcomes with reduced pain and opioid consumption. Therefore, we hypothesized children who received RA, regardless of technique, would have reduced pain/opioid use in routine practice.

METHODS

Using a retrospective cohort, we assessed the association of RA with perioperative outcomes in everyday practice at our academic pediatric hospital. Patients 18 years or below undergoing orthopedic, urologic, or general surgeries with and without RA from May 2014 to September 2021 were categorized as single shot, catheter based, or no block. Outcomes included intraoperative opioid exposure and dose, preincision anesthesia time, postanesthesia care unit (PACU) opioid exposure and dose, PACU antiemetic/antipruritic administration, PACU/inpatient pain scores, PACU/inpatient lengths of stay, and cumulative opioid exposure. Regression models estimated the adjusted association of RA with outcomes, controlling for multiple variables.

RESULTS

A total of 11,292 procedures with 3160 RAs were included. Compared with no-block group, single-shot and catheter-based blocks were associated with opioid-free intraoperative anesthesia and opioid-free PACU stays. Post-PACU (ie, while inpatient), single-shot blocks were not associated with improved pain scores or reduced opioid use. Catheter-based blocks were associated with reduced PACU and inpatient opioid use until 24 hours postop, no difference in opioid use from 24 to 36 hours, and a higher probability of use from 36 to 72 hours. RA was not associated with reduced cumulative opioid consumption.

DISCUSSION

Despite adjustment for confounders, the association of RA with pediatric pain/opioid use outcomes was mixed. Further investigation is necessary to maximize the benefits of RA.

Effects of propofol versus sevoflurane on surgical field visibility during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a randomized trial

BACKGROUND

During arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR), clear surgical field visibility (SFV) is the basis of successful surgery, but the choice of anesthesia maintenance drugs may have different effects on SFV. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of propofol- and sevoflurane-based general anesthesia on SFV in patients undergoing ARCR.

METHODS

Patients (n = 130) undergoing elective ARCR in the lateral decubitus position were randomized into either the propofol group or sevoflurane group (65 per group). The duration of surgery and increased pressure irrigation (IPI), Boezaart score, rocuronium consumption and usage of remifentanil were recorded. The time of both spontaneous respiration recovery and extubation and the incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting and agitation were also recorded.

RESULTS

The Boezaart score, duration of IPI and ratio of the duration of IPI to the duration of surgery (IPI/S ratio) were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). Rocuronium consumption, number of patients requiring remifentanil infusion and total remifentanil consumption were significantly lower in the sevoflurane group (P < 0.05). The spontaneous respiration recovery time was significantly longer in the propofol group (P < 0.05), but there were no differences in the extubation time between the groups(P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with propofol, sevoflurane provides equally clear SFV while improving the convenience of anesthesia maintenance in ARCR patients with interscalene plexus (ISB) combined with general anesthesia.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This single-center, prospective, RCT was retrospective registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry with the registration number ChiCTR2300072110 (02/06/2023).

Total Intravenous Anesthesia Compared to Inhalational Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

Background Inhalation anesthesia (IA) and total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) are common general anesthesia techniques. During rotator cuff repair (RCR), an interscalene block is beneficial for intraoperative and early postoperative pain control. This study aimed to evaluate postoperative outcomes and opioid usage in patients undergoing arthroscopic RCR with an interscalene block and either IA or TIVA. Methodology A retrospective observational study was performed of 478 patients undergoing RCR at a single institution. Demographics, surgical details, intra and postoperative medications, and 90-day outcomes were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate differences between groups. Results In total, 309 (64.6%) patients received IA and 169 (35.3%) received TIVA. Patients receiving IA were more likely to have comorbidities, such as diabetes (p = 0.002), sleep apnea (p = 0.006), gastroesophageal reflux disease (p < 0.001), and hypertension (p < 0.001). After adjusting for differences between groups in the multivariate analysis, patients who received TIVA had significantly shorter surgical time (β = -14.85, p < 0.001) and perioperative time (β = -21.01, p < 0.001) and significantly lower first post-anesthesia care unit Pasero opioid-induced sedation scores (β = -0.022, p = 0.040). Patients who received TIVA were less likely to receive intraoperative narcotics (odds ratio = 0.38; p = 0.031). Conclusions TIVA appears to be a safe and effective anesthetic for patients undergoing arthroscopic RCR. TIVA is a potentially beneficial alternative to IA for this patient population.

Optimal concentration of ropivacaine for brachial plexus blocks in adult patients undergoing upper limb surgeries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim of the Study: Brachial plexus block (BPB) is widely used for patients undergoing upper limb surgeries. Ropivacaine is the most commonly used local anesthetic for BPB. This study aimed to identify the optimal ropivacaine concentration for BPB in adult patients undergoing upper limb surgeries. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the effects of different concentrations of ropivacaine for BPB in adult patients undergoing upper limb surgeries. The primary outcomes were the onset time of sensory and motor block. RevMan 5.4 software was used for analysis. The GRADE approach was used to assess evidence quality. Results: Nine studies involving 504 patients were included. Compared to 0.5% ropivacaine, 0.75% ropivacaine shortened the onset time of sensory (WMD, -2.54; 95% CI; -4.84 to -0.24; <0.0001, moderate quality of evidence) and motor blockade (WMD, -2.46; 95% CI, -4.26 to -0.66; p = 0.01; moderate quality of evidence). However, 0.5% and 0.75% ropivacaine provided similar duration time of sensory (WMD, -0.07; 95% CI, -0.88 to 0.74; p = 0.81; high quality of evidence) and motor blockade (WMD, -0.24; 95% CI, -1.12 to 0.65; p = 0.55; high quality of evidence), as well as time to first request for oral analgesia (WMD, -1.57; 95% CI, -3.14 to 0.01; p = 0.5; moderate quality of evidence). Conclusion: Moderate-quality evidence suggested that, in terms of the onset time of sensory and motor blockade, 0.75% ropivacaine is a preferred concentration for BPB in upper limb surgeries. Systematic Review Registration: identifier CRD42023392145.

Early clinical efficacy analysis of enhanced recovery following surgery combined with interscalene brachial plexus block for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair

To explore the early clinical value of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) with interscalene brachial plexus block (ISB) for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). We enrolled 240 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 80 each). Groups A, B, and C underwent only surgery, surgery + ERAS, and ISB + surgery + ERAS, respectively. We analyzed the clinical data and postoperative indicators for the 3 patient groups. Group comparisons of clinical data and postoperative indicators revealed no significant differences in clinical characteristics (P > .05). Group C showed superior Visual Analog Scale scores at 0-6 and 6-24 hours postoperatively (P < .05), and the shortest length of hospital stay (LOS) (P < .05). At 6 weeks and 3 months postoperatively, Constant-Murley shoulder score and University of California-Los Angeles scores were better in Groups B and C than in Group A (P < .05). Joint swelling was more common in Group A than in Groups B and C (P < .05) but with no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative stiffness (P > .05). ERAS can relieve postoperative pain, shorten LOS, and help restore shoulder joint mobility, thereby reducing postoperative swelling. ISB + ERAS optimized pain control and allowed a shorter LOS, but had similar effects on early functional recovery and complications.

Postoperative neurological symptoms following arthroscopic shoulder surgery with interscalene block: an exploratory secondary analysis of pooled randomized controlled trial data

OBJECTIVE

Postoperative neurological symptoms (PONS) are recognized complications of regional anesthesia and orthopedic surgery. We aimed to better characterize prevalence and potential risk factors in a homogeneous population of randomized, controlled trial participants.

METHODS

Data were pooled from two randomized controlled trials of analgesia after interscalene block with perineural or intravenous adjuvants (NCT02426736, NCT03270033). Participants were at least 18 years of age and undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery at a single ambulatory surgical center. PONS were assessed by telephone follow-up at 14 days and 6 months postoperatively, and defined as patient report of numbness, weakness, or tingling in the surgical limb, alone or in combination, and regardless of severity or etiology.

RESULTS

At 14 days, PONS occurred in 83 of 477 patients (17.4%). Among these 83 patients, 10 (12.0%) continued to have symptoms a half-year after surgery. In exploratory univariate analyses, no patient, surgical or anesthetic characteristics were significantly associated with 14-day PONS except for lower postoperative day 1 Quality of Recovery-15 questionnaire total score (OR 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96 to 0.99), p<0.01). This result was driven largely by the emotional domain question scores (OR 0.90 95% CI 0.85 to 0.96, p<0.001). Report of all three of numbness, weakness and tingling at 14 days vs other 14-day symptom combinations was associated with persistent PONS at 6 months (OR 11.5 95% CI 2.2 to 61.8, p<0.01).

CONCLUSION

PONS are common after arthroscopic shoulder surgery performed with single injection ultrasound-guided interscalene blocks. No definitive mitigating risk factors were identified.

Opioid-Sparing Strategies in Arthroscopic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND

Opioid overprescription is a problem in orthopaedic surgery. Arthroscopic surgery, given its minimally invasive nature, represents an opportunity to minimize opioid prescription and consumption by using effective pain management adjuncts. Thus, the primary question posed in this study was which noninvasive pain management modalities can effectively manage pain and reduce opioid intake after arthroscopic surgery.

METHODS

The databases PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched on August 10, 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating noninvasive pain management strategies in arthroscopy patients were evaluated. Eligible studies were selected through a systematic screening process. Meta-analysis was performed for pain scores and opioid consumption at time points which had sufficient data available.

RESULTS

Twenty-one RCTs were included, with a total of 2,148 patients undergoing shoulder, knee, and hip arthroscopy. Meta-analysis comparing nonopioid, oral analgesic regimens, with or without patient education components, with the standard of care or placebo demonstrated no difference in pain scores at 24 hours, 4 to 7 days, or 14 days postoperatively. Nonopioid regimens also resulted in significantly lower opioid consumption in the first 24 hours postoperatively (mean difference, -37.02 mg oral morphine equivalents, 95% confidence interval, -74.01 to -0.03). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), cryotherapy, and zolpidem were also found to effectively manage pain and reduce opioid use in a limited number of studies.

CONCLUSIONS

A range of noninvasive pain management strategies exist to manage pain and reduce opioid use after arthroscopic procedures. The strongest evidence base supports the use of multimodal nonopioid oral analgesics, with some studies incorporating patient education components. Some evidence supports the efficacy of TENS, cryotherapy, and nonbenzodiazepine sleeping aids. Direction from governing bodies is an important next step to incorporate these adjuncts into routine clinical practice to manage pain and reduce the amount of opioids prescribed and consumed after arthroscopic surgery.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level II, systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of the levels of evidence.