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Identification and validation of four hub genes involved in the plaque deterioration of atherosclerosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6469-6489. [PMID: 31449494 PMCID: PMC6738408 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, intense research has been conducted to explore the diagnostic value of mRNA expression differences in atherosclerosis (AS). Nevertheless, because various technology platforms are applied and sample sizes are small, the results are inconsistent among the studies. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of a total of 161 tissue samples from 4 published studies after evaluating 230 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress. Adopting the newly published robust rank aggregation approach, combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction network construction, we identified four significantly upregulated genes (CCL4, CCL18, MMP9 and SPP1) for diagnosing AS, even in the advanced stage. Then, we performed gene set enrichment analysis to identify the pathways that were most affected by altered mRNA expression in atherosclerotic plaques. We found that four hub genes cooperatively targeted lipid metabolism and inflammatory immune-related pathways and validated their high expression levels in ruptured plaques by qRT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. In summary, our study showed that these genes can be used as interventional targets for plaque progression, and the results suggested we should focus on small changes in these key indicators in the clinical setting.
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Spinale FG, Sapp AA. Cardiovascular Risk and Matrix Metalloproteinase Polymorphisms: Not Just a Simple Substitution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 10:e001958. [PMID: 29212903 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.117.001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Spinale
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and WJB Dorn Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Columbia (F.G.S., A.A.S.).
| | - Ashley A Sapp
- From the Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and WJB Dorn Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Columbia (F.G.S., A.A.S.)
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Relationship of long-term prognosis to MMP and TIMP polymorphisms in patients after ST elevation myocardial infarction. J Appl Genet 2017; 58:331-341. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Bioinformatics approach to evaluate differential gene expression of M1/M2 macrophage phenotypes and antioxidant genes in atherosclerosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:831-9. [PMID: 24771407 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9987-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a pro-inflammatory process intrinsically related to systemic redox impairments. Macrophages play a major role on disease development. The specific involvement of classically activated, M1 (pro-inflammatory), or the alternatively activated, M2 (anti-inflammatory), on plaque formation and disease progression are still not established. Thus, based on meta-data analysis of public micro-array datasets, we compared differential gene expression levels of the human antioxidant genes (HAG) and M1/M2 genes between early and advanced human atherosclerotic plaques, and among peripheric macrophages (with or without foam cells induction by oxidized low density lipoprotein, oxLDL) from healthy and atherosclerotic subjects. Two independent datasets, GSE28829 and GSE9874, were selected from gene expression omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) repository. Functional interactions were obtained with STRING (http://string-db.org/) and Medusa (http://coot.embl.de/medusa/). Statistical analysis was performed with ViaComplex(®) (http://lief.if.ufrgs.br/pub/biosoftwares/viacomplex/) and gene score enrichment analysis (http://www.broadinstitute.org/gsea/index.jsp). Bootstrap analysis demonstrated that the activity (expression) of HAG and M1 gene sets were significantly increased in advance compared to early atherosclerotic plaque. Increased expressions of HAG, M1, and M2 gene sets were found in peripheric macrophages from atherosclerotic subjects compared to peripheric macrophages from healthy subjects, while only M1 gene set was increased in foam cells from atherosclerotic subjects compared to foam cells from healthy subjects. However, M1 gene set was decreased in foam cells from healthy subjects compared to peripheric macrophages from healthy subjects, while no differences were found in foam cells from atherosclerotic subjects compared to peripheric macrophages from atherosclerotic subjects. Our data suggest that, different to cancer, in atherosclerosis there is no M1 or M2 polarization of macrophages. Actually, M1 and M2 phenotype are equally induced, what is an important aspect to better understand the disease progression, and can help to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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The serum protein fetuin-B is involved in the development of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:27-38. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20140462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetuin-B was one of highly expressed serum proteins in AMI compared with stable angina. This protein affected vascular plaque-stabilizing components in monocytes, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. Fetuin-B may be a possible contributor to AMI.
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Silvello D, Narvaes LB, Albuquerque LC, Forgiarini LF, Meurer L, Martinelli NC, Andrades ME, Clausell N, dos Santos KG, Rohde LE. Serum levels and polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in carotid artery atherosclerosis: higher MMP-9 levels are associated with plaque vulnerability. Biomarkers 2013; 19:49-55. [PMID: 24369095 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.866165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability. OBJECTIVE To investigate serum levels and genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) -1, -3 and -9 in patients submitted to carotid endarterectomy. METHODS Genetic polymorphisms were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP); serum levels were measured using ELISA; histological sections were stained with Picrosirius Red to analyze the fibrous cap thickness, lipid core and collagen content and with hematoxylin--eosin to detect the presence of intraplaque hemorrhage. RESULTS MMP-9 serum levels were significantly higher in patients with a thinner fibrous cap (p = 0.033) or acute or recent intraplaque hemorrhage (p = 0.008) on histology, as well as in patients with previous stroke (p = 0.009) or peripheral vascular disease (p = 0.049). No consistent associations were observed between different MMP genotypes and fibrous cap thickness, lipid core, collagen content or intraplaque hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 serum levels were consistently associated with markers of carotid atherosclerosis and lesion vulnerability, whereas specific MMP genotypes were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Silvello
- Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and the Post-Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, UFRGS , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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Panayiotou AG, Griffin MB, Tyllis T, Georgiou N, Bond D, Humphries SE, Nicolaides AN. Association of genotypes at the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) loci with carotid IMT and presence of carotid and femoral atherosclerotic plaques. Vasc Med 2013; 18:298-306. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x13502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to test the association between matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP) genetic polymorphisms and (a) intima–media thickness in the common carotid (IMTcc) and (b) the presence of plaques in the carotid and femoral bifurcations. Carotid and femoral bifurcations were scanned with ultrasound in 762 Cypriot community dwellers (46% men) over the age of 40 years. IMTcc and the presence of plaques were recorded. The MMP1 1G/2G, MMP3 5A/6A, MMP7 -181A>G, MMP9 R279Q, and MMP12 -82A>G polymorphisms were determined with the TaqMan method. In men, the presence of plaques in any bifurcation was associated with the MMP9 279Q allele (ORadjusted=4.50; 95% CI=2.0 to 10.1; p<0.001) and the MMP7 -181A allele was associated with the presence of femoral plaques (ORadjusted=2.61; 95% CI=1.36 to 4.99; p=0.004). In women, the presence of femoral plaques was associated with the MMP12 -82G allele (ORadjusted=1.9; 95% CI=1.14 to 3.16; p=0.014). Our results suggest that the effect of common MMP genotypes on plaque presence may be site- and sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrie G Panayiotou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Maura B Griffin
- Vascular Noninvasive Screening and Diagnostic Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Niki Georgiou
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dawn Bond
- Vascular Noninvasive Screening and Diagnostic Centre, London, UK
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Nicolaides
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
- Vascular Noninvasive Screening and Diagnostic Centre, London, UK
- Vascular Screening and Diagnostic Centre, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK
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Faria A, Costa D, Criado B, Albuquerque A, Escórcio C. Phenotypes of myocardial blood perfusion related to the genetic variations of metalloproteinases 3 (MMP3) and 9 (MMP9). COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2013.769749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Loreto C, Leonardi R, Musumeci G, Pannone G, Castorina S. An ex vivo study on immunohistochemical localization of MMP-7 and MMP-9 in temporomandibular joint discs with internal derangement. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e12. [PMID: 23807291 PMCID: PMC3794338 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Internal derangement (ID) is among the most common disorders of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Previous research by our group highlighted a correlation between apoptosis and TMJ ID. Metalloproteinases (MMP)-7 and -9 have been shown to play an important role in extracellular matrix ECM) homeostasis and, through it, in joint disc remodelling. The immunohistochemical expression of MMP-7 and -9 was investigated in discs from patients with TMJ ID and from healthy donors and compared with the degree of histological tissue degeneration. The collagen fibre arrangement in pathological discs exhibited varying degrees of disruption. New vessels were consistently detected; endothelial cells from these vessels were immunolabelled with both MMP-7 and MMP-9. More or less intense MMP-7 and MMP-9 immunolabelling was detected in the cytoplasm of disc cells from all patients. MMP-7 and MMP-9 immunostaining was significantly different between pathological and normal discs and correlated with the extent of histopathological degeneration. MMP-7 and MMP-9 upregulation in discs from patients with TMJ ID demonstrates their involvement in disc damage in this disorder. A greater understanding of these processes could help identify ways to curb MMP overproduction without affecting their tissue remodelling action. The design of specific inhibitors for these MMPs would not only help to gain insights into the biological roles of MMPs, but would also aid in developing therapeutic interventions for diseases associated with abnormal ECM degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loreto
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Anatomy Section, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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Mishra A, Srivastava A, Mittal T, Garg N, Mittal B. Association of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9) genetic variants with left ventricular dysfunction in coronary artery disease patients. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1668-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Matrix metalloproteinases in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 2010; 22:966-72. [PMID: 20561382 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610210000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deposition of amyloid beta in senile plaques and in cerebral blood vessels is one hallmark of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ability of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to degrade amyloid precursor protein leading to aggregation of amyloid beta, as well as the increased expression of MMPs in post mortem brain tissue of Alzheimer's patients, indicate that MMPs play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. METHODS We investigated levels of MMP-2,-3,-9 and -10 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients (n = 14) by gelatin and casein zymography. Comparisons between AD patients and controls relative to levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-10 were made with Wilcoxon rank statistics. Pearson correlations were computed as measures of association. RESULTS MMP-3 in AD was significantly elevated in plasma (p = 0.006) and there was a trend towards increase in CSF (p = 0.05). MMP-2 in CSF of AD patients was significantly decreased (p = 0.02) while levels in plasma remained unchanged. MMP-9 and MMP-10 could not be detected in CSF; MMP-10 was unchanged in plasma, but MMP-9 was significantly decreased (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These findings constitute further evidence for the important role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Volcik KA, Campbell S, Chambless LE, Coresh J, Folsom AR, Mosley TH, Ni H, Wagenknecht LE, Wasserman BA, Boerwinkle E. MMP2 genetic variation is associated with measures of fibrous cap thickness: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. Atherosclerosis 2010; 210:188-93. [PMID: 20064641 PMCID: PMC2862087 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic variation in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) promoter regions alter the transcriptional activity of MMPs and has been consistently associated with CHD, presumably through plaque degradation and remodeling. We examined the association of MMP promoter variation with multiple plaque characteristics measured by gadolinium-enhanced MRI among 1700 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Carotid MRI Study. METHODS For the analyses presented here, 1700 participants of the biracial ARIC Carotid MRI Study ( approximately 1000 participants with thick carotid artery walls and approximately 700 randomly sampled participants) were evaluated for associations of MMP genetic variation with multiple plaque characteristics, including carotid artery wall thickness, lipid core and fibrous cap measures. MRI studies were performed on a 1.5T scanner equipped with a bilateral 4-element phased array carotid coil. RESULTS Fifty-one percent of the participants were female, 77% white, 23% African American, and the mean age was 70 years. MMP2 C-1306T variant genotypes (CT+TT) were significantly associated with higher cap thickness measures, but not with wall thickness or lipid core measures. Individuals with the CC genotype had approximately 0.1mm thinner cap thickness compared to those carrying a T allele (P=0.02). CONCLUSION Genetic variation within the MMP2 promoter region was associated with cap thickness and therefore may influence the role of MMP2 in plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, 1200 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Lee YJ, Woo M, Nam JH, Baek J, Im CH, Lee EY, Lee EB, Park KS, Song YW. Matrix metalloproteinase–9 promoter polymorphisms in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:374-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vairaktaris E, Vassiliou S, Nkenke E, Serefoglou Z, Derka S, Tsigris C, Vylliotis A, Yapijakis C, Neukam FW, Patsouris E. A metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism which affects its expression is associated with increased risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34:450-5. [PMID: 17498910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2007.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In light to recently found contribution of factors associated with angiogenesis, thrombosis and inflammation to carcinogenesis, we investigated the possible association of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) with increased risk of oral cancer. METHODS In DNA samples of 152 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 162 healthy controls of comparable ethnicity, age and sex, we studied the -1562 C/T polymorphism in the MMP-9 gene promoter, which affects its transcription. RESULTS The detected frequency for the high expression T allele in the patients' group was significantly increased in comparison to that of the control group (22% versus 15%, respectively; P<0.05). This difference was due to the relative increase of C/T heterozygotes in the group of patients, in comparison to controls (P<0.05, 95% OR 1.92, CI 1.21-3.06). The same pattern of significance was observed between controls and the subgroups of patients with initial (I & II) stages of cancer, without positive family history of cancer or thrombophilia, with smoking and alcohol abuse habits. CONCLUSIONS The investigated MMP-9 polymorphism has a strong association with increased risk for developing oral cancer in a subset of the general population. These results are in accordance to previous studies of constitutive expression and secretion of MMP-9 in invasive oral carcinoma cell lines. The observation that T allele carriers have an increased risk for developing oral cancer only in initial stages, but not in advanced ones, may be due to the role of MMP-9 in the inhibition of angiogenesis by generating angiostatin from plasminogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vairaktaris
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Rimini 1, Athens, GR-12462, Greece.
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Rauch I, Iglseder B, Paulweber B, Ladurner G, Strasser P. MMP-9 haplotypes and carotid artery atherosclerosis: an association study introducing a novel multicolour multiplex RealTime PCR protocol. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:24-33. [PMID: 18173548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among other matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), gelatinase B (MMP-9) is discussed to be associated with the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MMP-9 gene, C-1562T in the promoter region and a G/A transition in exon 6 (R + 279Q), have been addressed in previous association studies which, however, produced conflicting results. MATERIAL AND METHODS A novel multiplex RealTime PCR protocol for the fast and simultaneous detection of both polymorphisms is presented, which was used for genotyping 1737 participants of a prospective study investigating genetic factors influencing the progression of atherosclerosis. RESULTS Haplotype analysis revealed -1562C/+279Q as the major haplotype in this population. Allelic distribution of the C-1562T polymorphism was consistent with data published for similar cohorts; however, we found that R + 279Q allelic distribution appears to vary significantly among Caucasian populations. Considering clinical data available from 1487 participants, we found significant associations between the presence of atherosclerotic plaque and the CA-haplotype in men (P = 0.028, phi = 0.08), and between the AG variant of exon 6 and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) in women (P = 0.004, Eta(2) = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results demonstrate associations of MMP-9 genotypes with different stages of carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rauch
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University and Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria
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Phatharajaree W, Phrommintikul A, Chattipakorn N. Matrix metalloproteinases and myocardial infarction. Can J Cardiol 2007; 23:727-33. [PMID: 17622396 PMCID: PMC2651917 DOI: 10.1016/s0828-282x(07)70818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is currently one of the most important health problems in many countries around the world. Following AMI, many cytokines and proteolytic enzymes are released. Among these, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important proteolytic enzymes that lead to degradation of the extracellular matrix and to changes in cardiomyocytes in both infarcted and noninfarcted myocardium. This process is known as cardiac remodelling. It has been demonstrated that more than one type of MMP is present in the circulation after cardiomyocyte injury. A number of studies have demonstrated the correlations between these MMP levels and the severity of a coronary lesion, the progression of left ventricular dimension and the survival rate following AMI in both animal and human studies. MMPs have also been proposed as a possible novel prognostic indicator for myocardial infarction patients. Although the use of MMP inhibitors to improve cardiac outcome in AMI patients has been investigated, discrepancies in the results from those studies indicate that further research is still needed to warrant their beneficial effects. In the present review article, the roles of MMPs as prognostic indicators, as well as the factors influencing MMP expression, are discussed. Current findings on the role of MMP inhibitors in cardiac remodelling and the prognosis after AMI in both animal models and clinical studies are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arintaya Phrommintikul
- Department of Medicine
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Correspondence: Dr Nipon Chattipakorn, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. Telephone 66-53-945329, fax 66-53-945329, e-mail
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Fiotti N, Altamura N, Orlando C, Simi L, Reimers B, Pascotto P, Zingone B, Pascotto A, Serio M, Guarnieri G, Giansante C. Metalloproteinases-2, -9 and TIMP-1 expression in stable and unstable coronary plaques undergoing PCI. Int J Cardiol 2007; 127:350-7. [PMID: 17706812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental models and ex-vivo studies suggest a crucial role of some matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the development of acute coronary syndromes, but expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in human coronary plaques causing stable angina or an acute coronary syndrome have not been reported, yet. METHODS MMP-2, -9 and TIMP-1 expressions were assessed by real-time PCR from the debris collected into distal protective vascular guards from patients with stable angina (SA-Group, n=16), acute coronary syndrome (ACS-Group, n=16) undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). MMP-2 and -9 activities were also evaluated by gelatin-substrate zymography on plasma samples collected immediately before PCI, and compared to those of healthy subjects (Control-Group). RESULTS The expression of MMP-2 was similar in ACS and SA-Groups. MMP-9 (P=0.011), but not TIMP-1, expression was higher in debris samples from patients in the ACS-Group than in SA-Group. In both groups, the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were inversely correlated (rho=-0.7; P<0.004). Zymography data indicated that pro and active MMP-9 were higher in ACS than in SA-Group, while no difference in MMP-2 was found. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9, but not TIMP-1 or MMP-2 expression is increased in plaques causing acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fiotti
- Department of Clinical, Morphological and Technological Sciences, Internal Medicine Unit University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Tu HF, Wu CH, Kao SY, Liu CJ, Liu TY, Lui MT. Functional −1562 C-to-T polymorphism in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) promoter is associated with the risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma in younger male areca users. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36:409-14. [PMID: 17617834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a prognostic factor for gastric cancer and vascular diseases, and has been associated with head and neck cancers. The -1562 C-to-T polymorphism in MMP-9 promoter (abbreviated MMP-9 -1562 C>T polymorphism) leads to differential transcription, and is associated with increased susceptibility to neoplastic and vascular diseases. Thus, our aim was to determine whether a functional MMP-9 polymorphism might also influence the risk or affect the progression of areca-associated oral cancers. METHODS Genomic DNAs were obtained from peripheral blood cells of male subjects with areca-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) (n = 192), oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) (n = 73), and non-diseased areca users (n = 191). The PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed for MMP-9 genotyping. RESULTS MMP-9 -1562 C>T polymorphism was not associated with the risk of OSCC or OSF. However, when subjects were stratified by the median age, an association with the risk of OSCC was found in younger patients (P = 0.029). The T allele frequency was significantly higher in the subset of older patients with buccal mucosa OSCC than older patients with OSCC in counterpart locations. The joint MMP-9 -1562 C>T and MMP-3 -1171 5A>6A functional polymorphisms were not associated with OSCC risk or patient survival. CONCLUSION Aberrant MMP-9 expression is closely related to tumor invasiveness and the prognosis of head and neck cancers. However, functional MMP-9 -1562 C>T polymorphism is associated with OSCC risk only in younger areca chewers. The impact of aging or areca-related effect on this functional polymorphism should be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Feng Tu
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei
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Reitz C, van Rooij FJA, de Maat MPM, den Heijer T, Hofman A, Witteman JCM, Breteler MMB. Matrix metalloproteinase 3 haplotypes and dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The Rotterdam Study. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:874-81. [PMID: 17316907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence by post-mortem and animal studies suggests that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through degradation of amyloid beta. We investigated in 5999 elderly whether MMP3-haplotypes are associated with cognitive performance over time, dementia and AD. We also explored the association of MMP-3 haplotypes with changes in hippocampal volume and severity of periventricular and subcortical white matter lesions (WML). There was no association between any individual polymorphism or MMP-3 haplotypes and performance in MMSE over time, dementia or AD, and there was no association between MMP-3 genotypes or haplotypes with hippocampal volume or severity of periventricular or subcortical WML. These associations did not differ between strata of APOEepsilon4 genotype. Our observations do not suggest that variation in the MMP3 gene is causally involved in dementia or AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 1738, 3000DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Oda K, Tanaka N, Arai T, Araki J, Song Y, Zhang L, Kuchiba A, Hosoi T, Shirasawa T, Muramatsu M, Sawabe M. Polymorphisms in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes and susceptibility to atherosclerosis: a pathological study of 1503 consecutive autopsy cases. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:592-9. [PMID: 17213232 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in the intima of the arterial wall, where cytokines play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of this disease. However, the question of whether or not genetic variations in the cytokine genes could influence the development of atherosclerosis has been poorly investigated. We investigated the relationship of nine common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-10, IL-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 with the atherosclerotic severity in 10 different arteries based on 1503 consecutive autopsies of elderly Japanese subjects registered in the Japanese SNPs for geriatric research (JG-SNP) study. The -1031C allele of TNF-alpha was a significant protective factor for atherogenesis in the carotid, femoral and intracranial arteries [odds ratio (OR): 0.72, 0.73 and 0.70, respectively]. The -511T of IL-1beta and the +29T of TGF-beta1 were significant risk factors for atherogenesis in the subclavian and intracranial arteries (OR: 1.35 and 1.48, respectively). In contrast, conventional risk factors for atherogenesis, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, conferred independent risks for almost all arteries. Functional SNPs in TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and TGF-beta1 genes play a role in atherogenesis, although their influences are less pronounced than those of conventional risk factors and appear to be limited to specific arteries in the Japanese elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Oda
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Coolman M, de Maat M, Van Heerde WL, Felida L, Schoormans S, Steegers EAP, Bertina RM, de Groot CJM. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene -1562C/T polymorphism mitigates preeclampsia. Placenta 2006; 28:709-13. [PMID: 17137622 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the aetiology of preeclampsia is unknown, there is substantial evidence that it finds its roots in abnormal placentation. Prerequisites for successful placentation include trophoblast invasion, degradation and remodelling of the uterine decidual extracellular matrix, and apoptosis without thrombosis. We tested this hypothesis by analysing the effect of functional polymorphisms in the genes coding for MMP9, MMP3 and annexin A5 on the risk of preeclampsia using a case-control design. In 163 women with preeclampsia and 163 controls we studied the association with polymorphisms in the MMP9 (-1562 C/T), MMP3 (-1612 5A/6A) and annexin A5 (-1 C/T) genes using logistic regression analysis. A lower prevalence of the rare T allele of the MMP9 (-1562 C/T) polymorphism in women with preeclampsia was found (odds ratio 0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.25-0.90). The distribution of the MMP3 (-1612 5A/6A) and annexin A5 (-1 C/T) gene polymorphisms were similar in cases and controls. Our results suggest that the MMP9-1562T allele is associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia and therefore may protect against maladaptation of the spiral arteries and decreased decidual degradation. The elevated MMP9 concentrations reported to be associated with the -1562T allele might be essential for the development of an adequate maternal-fetal interface early in pregnancy by facilitating trophoblast apoptosis and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coolman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the proteoglycan metabolism of the intima of arteries belong to the initial lesions of atherosclerosis (AS). The accumulation of proteoglycans, alterations of pericellular glycoproteins and modulations of collagen turnover also play a fundamental role in the progression of AS. They influence lipid retention, cell behavior and calcinosis. The decisive role played by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibiting factors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]) in these processes is not yet fully understood and therefore the subject of this overview. The causes of the abrupt change of a long-term existing stabile AS to a vulnerable plaque as well as the participation of age-related vascular wall remodeling in the progression of AS also remain open questions. DISCUSSION Apart from the well-known risk factors for AS, less well-known influences like the disturbances of gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells affect an MMP/TIMP imbalance. The various consequences of this imbalance range from intima cell proliferation as an early change in AS as well as accelerated progression to the destabilization of fibrous plaques by increased collagenolysis as well as the formation of aneurysms. Infectious or toxic influences may trigger these mechanisms; an involvement of age-related vessel wall changes should also be considered. The prognostic significance of circulating MMP concentrations for the existence of instabile plaques are of great interest, as is the plaque stabilizing effect of statins by suppression of MMPs. CONCLUSIONS MMPs navigate the behavior of vascular wall cells in different AS stages, in adaptive remodeling, in normal aging and in non-atherosclerotic vessel disease. The clinical relevance of a disturbance in the MMP/TIMP balance is demonstrated firstly by the initiation of AS due to migration and proliferation of intima cells and secondly in the collagenolysis, necrotic transformation and apoptosis of existing fibrous lesions resulting in instabile rupture proned plaques. Investigations into the genetic typing of MMPs and the results of experimental gene deficiency models have significantly contributed to the clarification of these facts.
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23
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Abilleira S, Bevan S, Markus HS. The role of genetic variants of matrix metalloproteinases in coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. J Med Genet 2006; 43:897-901. [PMID: 16905683 PMCID: PMC2563195 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2006.040808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a role in early atherosclerosis, plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. Polymorphisms in MMP genes have been examined for associations with atherosclerosis, but interpretation is complicated by methodological issues. This article presents a systematic review of these association studies and a meta-analysis of available data for polymorphisms where a sufficient number of studies was available. The 5A allele of the MMP3 5A/6A polymorphism was associated with acute myocardial infarction (odds ratio (OR) 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 1.4, p<0.001), suggesting its role in plaque rupture. There was no association with the functional MMP9 -1562C/T polymorphism (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.3, p = 0.18). Current data provide evidence for the role of MMP3 polymorphism in plaque destabilisation, but elucidation of the role of other MMP gene variants in atherosclerosis will depend on better study design, including a larger sample size, extensive screening of individual genes with haplotype analysis and replication of studies to avoid publication bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Abilleira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St George's University of London, London, UK.
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Zhu C, Odeberg J, Hamsten A, Eriksson P. Allele-specific MMP-3 transcription under in vivo conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:1150-6. [PMID: 16904077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A common matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3) -1612 5A/6A promoter polymorphism is associated with risk for cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases. Here we used the haplotype chromatin immunoprecipitation method to study allele-specific MMP-3 expression under in vivo conditions in heterozygous THP-1 cells. Pyrosequencing was used to analyse the ratio of 5A-allele to 6A-allele after chromatin immunoprecipitation using an antibody against phosphorylated active RNA polymerase II. There was no allele-specific difference in transcriptional activity during basal conditions, i.e., in unstimulated monocytic THP-1 cells. However, after stimulation of MMP-3 expression by monocyte differentiation or incubation with IL-1beta, the haplotype containing the 5A-allele was associated with higher transcriptional activity compared with the 6A-containing haplotype. Electromobility shift assay demonstrated increased binding of nuclear proteins to the 5A-allele after monocyte differentiation. In conclusion, the common MMP-3 5A/6A promoter polymorphism appears to be functional only during specific environmental conditions involving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyong Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustav V Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Sawabe M, Arai T, Kasahara I, Hamamatsu A, Esaki Y, Nakahara KI, Harada K, Chida K, Yamanouchi H, Ozawa T, Takubo K, Murayama S, Tanaka N. Sustained progression and loss of the gender-related difference in atherosclerosis in the very old: A pathological study of 1074 consecutive autopsy cases. Atherosclerosis 2006; 186:374-9. [PMID: 16129442 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 07/09/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological surveys show decrease or reversal of male predominance in cardiovascular mortality in the very old, but the actual condition of atherosclerosis in the very old is largely unknown. The objective of this paper is to reveal whether the atherosclerosis continues to progress, or the gender-related difference exists in the very old. METHODS The subjects were 1074 consecutive autopsy cases of in-hospital death. The male:female ratio was 1.1:1 and the average age was 80 years. Macroscopic evaluation was performed on the degree of atherosclerosis in 10 arteries including the intracranial arteries, carotid artery, aorta, coronary artery, and femoral artery. RESULTS The severity of atherosclerosis differed greatly among arteries. The age-related increase of the atherosclerotic degree was evident, even after 80 years of age. The atherosclerosis was more severe in males than in females in their 60s, but this male predominance decreased with ageing and finally disappeared in their 90s. CONCLUSION The sustained progression of atherosclerosis and loss of the gender-related difference probably account for the increase of cardiovascular mortality in very old females. They also suggest that the prevention of the atherosclerotic progression is still important in the seventh and eighth decade of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoji Sawabe
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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Fiotti N, Altamura N, Fisicaro M, Carraro N, Uxa L, Grassi G, Torelli L, Gobbato R, Guarnieri G, Baxter BT, Giansante C. MMP-9 Microsatellite Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Carotid Arteries Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:1330-6. [PMID: 16574900 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000219233.31702.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
The aims of this study were to compare a microsatellite polymorphism (PM) of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in patients with carotid atherosclerosis and control population, and to assess the relationship between this PM and plaque structure.
Methods and Results—
One hundred fifty patients referring to vascular diagnostic centers for suspected carotid atherosclerosis (at ultrasound examination: 110 positive, 40 negative) and controls (n=110) have been genotyped for MMP-9 PM. After controlling for risk factors, allelic and genotype frequencies were significantly different among the groups, with significant prevalence of long microsatellites in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Long microsatellites (settled as 22 to 27 repeats) were associated with carotid atherosclerosis (odds ratio [OR], 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9 to 9.2), compared with controls; an independent case control study on patients with coronary atherosclerosis confirmed such result. Binary logistic regression showed that hypertension, long microsatellites in MMP-9 PM and smoking habits were variables accounting for the difference between ultrasound-positive patients and controls. Long microsatellites were also associated to plaques with thin fibrous cap and echolucent core (OR, 13.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 100). These alleles were slightly more represented in female patients (χ
2
test=0.019; OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2 to 6) but not associated with other risk factors. Plasma MMP-9 levels were related neither to MMP-9 PM nor to plaque type, and were related to gender and extension of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries.
Conclusions—
The number of repeats (≥22 CA) in the microsatellite of MMP-9 promoter, but not MMP-9 plasma levels, is associated to carotid atherosclerosis and particularly to plaques with a thin fibrous cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fiotti
- U.C.O. di Clinica Medica Generale e Terapia Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Morfologiche e Tecnologiche, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Tymchuk CN, Hartiala J, Patel PI, Mehrabian M, Allayee H. Nonconventional genetic risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006; 8:184-92. [PMID: 16640955 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-006-0072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous advances made in identifying the genes for rare mendelian forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), relatively little is known about the common, complex forms at the genetic level. Moreover, most genes that have been associated with CVD, whether they are single gene forms or more common forms of the disease, have primarily been involved in biochemical pathways related to what are considered "conventional" risk factors. However, recent genetic studies have begun to identify genes and pathways associated with CVD that would not be considered to underlie conventional risk factors. In this review, we discuss the evidence for this latter notion based on recent linkage and association studies in humans. As an example, we also illustrate how a combination of mouse and human genetics led to identification of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway for CVD, with potentially important implications for its treatment and diagnosis. We conclude with a discussion of the prospects for identifying CVD genes in the future and for potentially developing more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Tymchuk
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, IGM 240, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9075, USA
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