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Hoskovec L, Martenies S, Burket TL, Magzamen S, Wilson A. Association between air pollution and COVID-19 disease severity via Bayesian multinomial logistic regression with partially missing outcomes. ENVIRONMETRICS 2022; 33:e2751. [PMID: 35945947 PMCID: PMC9353392 DOI: 10.1002/env.2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent ecological analyses suggest air pollution exposure may increase susceptibility to and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Individual-level studies are needed to clarify the relationship between air pollution exposure and COVID-19 outcomes. We conduct an individual-level analysis of long-term exposure to air pollution and weather on peak COVID-19 severity. We develop a Bayesian multinomial logistic regression model with a multiple imputation approach to impute partially missing health outcomes. Our approach is based on the stick-breaking representation of the multinomial distribution, which offers computational advantages, but presents challenges in interpreting regression coefficients. We propose a novel inferential approach to address these challenges. In a simulation study, we demonstrate our method's ability to impute missing outcome data and improve estimation of regression coefficients compared to a complete case analysis. In our analysis of 55,273 COVID-19 cases in Denver, Colorado, increased annual exposure to fine particulate matter in the year prior to the pandemic was associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. We also found COVID-19 disease severity to be associated with interactions between exposures. Our individual-level analysis fills a gap in the literature and helps to elucidate the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hoskovec
- Department of StatisticsColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Sheena Martenies
- Department of Kinesiology and Community HealthUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana‐ChampaignIllinoisUSA
| | - Tori L. Burket
- Denver Department of Public Health and EnvironmentDenverColoradoUSA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Ander Wilson
- Department of StatisticsColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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Martenies SE, Hoskovec L, Wilson A, Allshouse WB, Adgate JL, Dabelea D, Jathar S, Magzamen S. Assessing the Impact of Wildfires on the Use of Black Carbon as an Indicator of Traffic Exposures in Environmental Epidemiology Studies. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2020GH000347. [PMID: 34124496 PMCID: PMC8173457 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies frequently use black carbon (BC) as a proxy for traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). However, wildfire smoke (WFS) represents an important source of BC not often considered when using BC as a proxy for TRAP. Here, we examined the potential for WFS to bias TRAP exposure assessments based on BC measurements. Weekly integrated BC samples were collected across the Denver, CO region from May to November 2018. We collected 609 filters during our sampling campaigns, 35% of which were WFS-impacted. For each filter we calculated an average BC concentration. We assessed three GIS-based indicators of TRAP for each sampling location: annual average daily traffic within a 300 m buffer, the minimum distance to a highway, and the sum of the lengths of roadways within 300 m. Median BC concentrations were 9% higher for WFS-impacted filters (median = 1.14 μg/m3, IQR = 0.23 μg/m3) than nonimpacted filters (median = 1.04 μg/m3, IQR = 0.48 μg/m3). During WFS events, BC concentrations were elevated and expected spatial gradients in BC were reduced. We conducted a simulation study to estimate TRAP exposure misclassification as the result of regional WFS. Our results suggest that linear health effect estimates were biased away from the null when WFS was present. Thus, exposure assessments relying on BC as a proxy for TRAP may be biased by wildfire events. Alternative metrics that account for the influence of "brown" carbon associated with biomass burning may better isolate the effects of traffic emissions from those of other black carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Martenies
- Kinesiology and Community HealikthUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - L. Hoskovec
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - A. Wilson
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - W. B. Allshouse
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - J. L. Adgate
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - D. Dabelea
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD Center)University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- School of MedicineDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - S. Jathar
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - S. Magzamen
- Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
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Martenies SE, Keller JP, WeMott S, Kuiper G, Ross Z, Allshouse WB, Adgate JL, Starling AP, Dabelea D, Magzamen S. A Spatiotemporal Prediction Model for Black Carbon in the Denver Metropolitan Area, 2009-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3112-3123. [PMID: 33596061 PMCID: PMC8313050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on health effects of air pollution from local sources require exposure assessments that capture spatial and temporal trends. To facilitate intraurban studies in Denver, Colorado, we developed a spatiotemporal prediction model for black carbon (BC). To inform our model, we collected more than 700 weekly BC samples using personal air samplers from 2018 to 2020. The model incorporated spatial and spatiotemporal predictors and smoothed time trends to generate point-level weekly predictions of BC concentrations for the years 2009-2020. Our results indicate that our model reliably predicted weekly BC concentrations across the region during the year in which we collected data. We achieved a 10-fold cross-validation R2 of 0.83 and a root-mean-square error of 0.15 μg/m3 for weekly BC concentrations predicted at our sampling locations. Predicted concentrations displayed expected temporal trends, with the highest concentrations predicted during winter months. Thus, our prediction model improves on typical land use regression models that generally only capture spatial gradients. However, our model is limited by a lack of long-term BC monitoring data for full validation of historical predictions. BC predictions from the weekly spatiotemporal model will be used in traffic-related air pollution exposure-disease associations more precisely than previous models for the region have allowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena E Martenies
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3028, United States
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1019, United States
| | - Joshua P Keller
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1019, United States
| | - Sherry WeMott
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1019, United States
| | - Grace Kuiper
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1019, United States
| | - Zev Ross
- ZevRoss Spatial Analysis, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - William B Allshouse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - John L Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Anne P Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1019, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Wang H, Wang X, Zhou H, Ma H, Xie F, Zhou X, Fan Q, Lü C, He J. Stoichiometric characteristics and economic implications of water-soluble ions in PM 2.5 from a resource-dependent city. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110522. [PMID: 33259785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The stoichiometric characteristics of water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM2.5, which can be used as an indicator socioeconomic development level, are mostly depending on the sources and formation mechanism of PM2.5. This work presents the stoichiometric characteristics and socioeconomic linkage of WSIs in PM2.5 from a resource-dependent city. The relationship between NO3-/SO42- and car parc indexes the contribution of mobile emission source. The equivalent ratio of WSIs suggested that aerosol particles were weak acidic due to the deficiency of cations in PM2.5, which was consistent with the average annual pH (6.27) of precipitation in Wuhai in 2015. NH4+ neutralizes PM2.5 acidity in clean and polluted days, while Ca2+ and NH4+ in dust storm days. Furthermore, the PCA analysis indicated the multi-sources pollution characteristics from Spring to Fall, which was related the small build-up area (only 62.30 km2) and the close-set of various industrial enterprises in Wuhai. The ratios of NO2/SO2 may not work effectively to identify the importance of mobile versus stationary pollution emission sources when the heavy emission from the secondary industry, especially the proportion of secondary industry higher than 65% and the ratios of NO2/SO2 lower than 0.4. This work contributes to more effective control strategies for PM2.5 in resource-dependent areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoji Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Xianghao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- College of Geographical Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, China
| | - Hua Ma
- School of Earth System Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China; Environmental Monitoring Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Xingjun Zhou
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Qingyun Fan
- Environmental Online Monitoring Center of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Changwei Lü
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.
| | - Jiang He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China; Institute of Environmental Geology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.
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Martenies SE, Akherati A, Jathar S, Magzamen S. Health and Environmental Justice Implications of Retiring Two Coal-Fired Power Plants in the Southern Front Range Region of Colorado. GEOHEALTH 2019; 3:266-283. [PMID: 32159046 PMCID: PMC7007175 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in air quality over the past 50 years, ambient air pollution remains an important public health issue in the United States. In particular, emissions from coal-fired power plants still have a substantial impact on both nearby and regional populations. Of particular concern is the potential for this impact to fall disproportionately on low-income communities and communities of color. We conducted a quantitative health impact assessment to estimate the health benefits of the proposed decommissioning of two coal-fired electricity generating stations in the Southern Front Range region of Colorado. We estimated changes in exposures to fine particulate matter and ozone using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model and predicted avoided health impacts and related economic values. We also quantitatively assessed the distribution of these benefits by population-level socioeconomic status. Across the study area, decommissioning the power plants would result in 2 (95% CI: 1-3) avoided premature deaths each year due to reduced PM2.5 exposures and greater reductions in hospitalizations and other morbidities. Health benefits resulting from the modeled shutdowns were greatest in areas with lower educational attainment and other economic indicators. Our results suggest that decommissioning these power plants and replacing them with zero-emissions sources could have broad public health benefits for residents of Colorado, with larger benefits for those that are socially disadvantaged. Our results also suggested that researchers and decision makers need to consider the unique demographics of their study areas to ensure that important opportunities to reduce health disparities associated with point-source pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena E. Martenies
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Ali Akherati
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Shantanu Jathar
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthFort CollinsCOUSA
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Martenies SE, Allshouse WB, Starling AP, Ringham BM, Glueck DH, Adgate JL, Dabelea D, Magzamen S. Combined environmental and social exposures during pregnancy and associations with neonatal size and body composition: the Healthy Start study. Environ Epidemiol 2019; 3:e043. [PMID: 31583369 PMCID: PMC6775643 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal environmental and social exposures have been associated with decreased birth weight. However, the effects of combined exposures in these domains are not fully understood. Here we assessed multi-domain exposures for participants in the Healthy Start study (Denver, CO) and tested associations with neonatal size and body composition. METHODS In separate linear regression models, we tested associations between neonatal outcomes and three indices for exposures. Two indices were developed to describe exposures to environmental hazards (ENV) and social determinants of health (SOC). A third index combined exposures in both domains (CE = ENV/10 × SOC/10). Index scores were assigned to mothers based on address at enrollment. Birth weight and length were measured at delivery, and weight-for-length z-scores were calculated using a reference distribution. Percent fat mass was obtained by air displacement plethysmography. RESULTS Complete data were available for 897 (64%) participants. Median (range) ENV, SOC, and CE values were 31.9 (7.1-63.2), 36.0 (2.8-75.0), and 10.9 (0.4-45.7), respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, 10-point increases in SOC and CE were associated with 27.7 g (95%CI: 12.4 - 42.9 g) and 56.3 g (19.4 - 93.2 g) decreases in birth weight, respectively. SOC and CE were also associated with decreases in % fat mass. CONCLUSIONS Combined exposures during pregnancy were associated with lower birth weight and % fat mass. Evidence of a potential synergistic effect between ENV and SOC suggests a need to more fully consider neighborhood exposures when assessing neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena E. Martenies
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Anne P. Starling
- Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brandy M. Ringham
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Deborah H. Glueck
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Dana Dabelea
- Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Pavese G, Lettino A, Calvello M, Esposito F, Fiore S. Aerosol composition and properties variation at the ground and over the column under different air masses advection in South Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6546-6562. [PMID: 26635222 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol composition and properties variation under the advection of different air masses were investigated, as case studies, by contemporary measurements over the atmospheric column and at the ground in a semi-rural site in South Italy. The absence of local strong sources in this area allowed to characterize background aerosol and to compare particle mixing effects under various atmospheric circulation conditions. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ǻngström parameters from radiometric measurements allowed the detection and identification of polluted, dust, and volcanic atmospheric conditions. AODs were the input for a suitable model to evaluate the columnar aerosol composition, according to six main atmospheric components (water-soluble, soot, sea salt accumulation, sea salt coarse, mineral dus,t and biological). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of particulate sampled with a 13-stage impactor at the ground showed not only fingerprints typical of the different air masses but also the effects of transport and aging on atmospheric particles, suggesting processes that changed their chemical and optical properties. Background columnar aerosol was characterized by 72% of water-soluble and soot, in agreement with ground-based findings that highlighted 60% of contribution from anthropogenic carbonate particles and soot. In general, a good agreement between ground-based and columnar results was observed. Under the advection of trans-boundary air masses, water-soluble and soot were always present in columnar aerosol, whereas, in variable percentages, sea salt and mineral particles characterized both dust and volcanic conditions. At the ground, sulfates characterized the amorphous matrix produced in finer stages by the evaporation of solutions of organic and inorganic aerosols. Sulfates were also one of the key players involved in heterogeneous chemical reactions, producing complex secondary aerosol, as such clay-sulfate internally mixed particle externally mixed with soot chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pavese
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA), C.da S. Loja, 85050, Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy.
| | - A Lettino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA), C.da S. Loja, 85050, Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy
| | - M Calvello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA), C.da S. Loja, 85050, Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy
| | - F Esposito
- Università della Basilicata-Scuola di Ingegneria, C.da Macchia Romana, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - S Fiore
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (CNR-IMAA), C.da S. Loja, 85050, Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy
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Wang Y, Yang W, Han B, Zhang W, Chen M, Bai Z. Gravimetric analysis for PM2.5 mass concentration based on year-round monitoring at an urban site in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 40:154-160. [PMID: 26969555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Daily PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of below 2.5 μm) mass concentrations were measured by gravimetric analysis in Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), in the northern part of the Beijing urban area, from December 2013 to April 2015. Two pairs of Teflon (T1/T2) and Quartz (Q1/Q2) samples were obtained, for a total number of 1352 valid filters. Results showed elevated pollution in Beijing, with an annual mean PM2.5 mass concentration of 102 μg/m(3). According to the calculated PM2.5 mass concentration, 50% of our sampling days were acceptable (PM2.5<75 μg/m(3)), 30% had slight/medium pollution (75-150 μg/m(3)), and 7% had severe pollution (> 250 μg/m(3)). Sampling interruption occurred frequently for the Teflon filter group (75%) in severe pollution periods, resulting in important data being missing. Further analysis showed that high PM2.5 combined with high relative humidity (RH) gave rise to the interruptions. The seasonal variation of PM2.5 was presented, with higher monthly average mass concentrations in winter (peak value in February, 422 μg/m(3)), and lower in summer (7 μg/m(3) in June). From May to August, the typical summer period, least severe pollution events were observed, with high precipitation levels accelerating the process of wet deposition to remove PM2.5. The case of February presented the most serious pollution, with monthly averaged PM2.5 of 181 μg/m(3) and 32% of days with severe pollution. The abundance of PM2.5 in winter could be related to increased coal consumption for heating needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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9
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Kim SY, Dutton SJ, Sheppard L, Hannigan MP, Miller SL, Milford JB, Peel JL, Vedal S. The short-term association of selected components of fine particulate matter and mortality in the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study. Environ Health 2015; 14:49. [PMID: 26047618 PMCID: PMC4456999 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations of short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with daily mortality may be due to specific PM2.5 chemical components. Daily concentrations of PM2.5 components were measured over five years in Denver to investigate whether specific PM2.5 components are associated with daily mortality. METHODS Daily counts of total and cause-specific deaths were obtained for the 5-county Denver metropolitan region from 2003 through 2007. Daily 24-hour concentrations of PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate and nitrate were measured at a central residential monitoring site. Using generalized additive models, we estimated relative risks (RRs) of daily death counts for daily PM2.5 and four PM2.5 component concentrations at single and distributed lags between the current and three previous days, while controlling for longer-term time trend and meteorology. RESULTS RR of total non-accidental mortality for an inter-quartile increase of 4.55 μg/m(3) in PM2.5 distributed over 4 days was 1.012 (95 % confidence interval: 0.999, 1.025); RRs for EC and OC were larger (1.024 [1.005, 1.043] and 1.020 [1.000, 1.040] for 0.33 and 1.67 μg/m(3) increases, respectively) than those for sulfate and nitrate. We generally did not observe associations with cardiovascular and respiratory mortality except for associations with ischemic heart disease mortality at lags 3 and 0-3 depending on the component. In addition, there were associations with cancer mortality, particularly for EC and OC, possibly reflecting advanced deaths of a frail population. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 components possibly from combustion-related sources are more strongly associated with daily mortality than are secondary inorganic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kim
- />Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA USA
- />Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Steven J. Dutton
- />National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- />Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA USA
- />Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Michael P. Hannigan
- />Departments of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Shelly L. Miller
- />Departments of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Jana B. Milford
- />Departments of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- />Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Sverre Vedal
- />Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA USA
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10
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Comparing multipollutant emissions-based mobile source indicators to other single pollutant and multipollutant indicators in different urban areas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:11727-52. [PMID: 25405595 PMCID: PMC4245641 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A variety of single pollutant and multipollutant metrics can be used to represent exposure to traffic pollutant mixtures and evaluate their health effects. Integrated mobile source indicators (IMSIs) that combine air quality concentration and emissions data have recently been developed and evaluated using data from Atlanta, Georgia. IMSIs were found to track trends in traffic-related pollutants and have similar or stronger associations with health outcomes. In the current work, we apply IMSIs for gasoline, diesel and total (gasoline + diesel) vehicles to two other cities (Denver, Colorado and Houston, Texas) with different emissions profiles as well as to a different dataset from Atlanta. We compare spatial and temporal variability of IMSIs to single-pollutant indicators (carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and elemental carbon (EC)) and multipollutant source apportionment factors produced by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Across cities, PMF-derived and IMSI gasoline metrics were most strongly correlated with CO (r = 0.31–0.98), while multipollutant diesel metrics were most strongly correlated with EC (r = 0.80–0.98). NOx correlations with PMF factors varied across cities (r = 0.29–0.67), while correlations with IMSIs were relatively consistent (r = 0.61–0.94). In general, single-pollutant metrics were more correlated with IMSIs (r = 0.58–0.98) than with PMF-derived factors (r = 0.07–0.99). A spatial analysis indicated that IMSIs were more strongly correlated (r > 0.7) between two sites in each city than single pollutant and PMF factors. These findings provide confidence that IMSIs provide a transferable, simple approach to estimate mobile source air pollution in cities with differing topography and source profiles using readily available data.
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Xie M, Hannigan MP, Barsanti KC. Gas/particle partitioning of 2-methyltetrols and levoglucosan at an urban site in Denver. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2835-2842. [PMID: 24517510 DOI: 10.1021/es405356n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a medium volume sampler incorporating quartz fiber filters (QFFs) and a polyurethane foam (PUF)/XAD/PUF sandwich (PXP) was used to collect 2-methyltetrols (isoprene tracer) and levoglucosan (biomass burning tracer) in gaseous and particle (PM2.5) phases. The measured gas/particle (G/P) partitioning coefficients (Kp,OMm) of 2-methyltetrols and levoglucosan were calculated and compared to their predicted G/P partitioning coefficients (Kp,OMt) based on an absorptive partitioning theory. The breakthrough experiments showed that gas-phase 2-methyltetrols and levoglucosan could be collected using the PXP or PUF adsorbent alone, with low breakthrough; however, the recoveries of levoglucosan in PXP samples were lower than 70% (average of 51.9–63.3%). The concentration ratios of 2-methyltetrols and levoglucosan in the gas phase to those in the particle phase were often close to or higher than unity in summer, indicating that these polar species are semi-volatile and their G/P partitioning should be considered when applying particle-phase data for source apportionment. The Kp,OMm values of 2-methyltetrols had small variability in summer Denver, which was ascribed to large variations in concentrations of particulate organic matter (5.14 ± 3.29 μg m–3) and small changes in ambient temperature (21.8 ± 4.05 °C). The regression between log Kp,OMm and log Kp,OMt suggested that the absorptive G/P partitioning theory could reasonably predict the measured G/P partitioning of levoglucosan in ambient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Kim SY, Sheppard L, Hannigan MP, Dutton SJ, Peel JL, Clark ML, Vedal S. The sensitivity of health effect estimates from time-series studies to fine particulate matter component sampling schedule. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:481-6. [PMID: 23673462 PMCID: PMC5808951 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency air pollution monitoring data have been a valuable resource commonly used for investigating the associations between short-term exposures to PM2.5 chemical components and human health. However, the temporally sparse sampling on every third or sixth day may affect health effect estimation. We examined the impact of non-daily monitoring data on health effect estimates using daily data from the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study. Daily concentrations of four PM2.5 chemical components (elemental and organic carbon, sulfate, and nitrate) and hospital admission counts from 2003 through 2007 were used. Three every-third-day time series were created from the daily DASH monitoring data, imitating the US Speciation Trend Network (STN) monitoring schedule. A fourth, partly irregular, every-third-day time series was created by matching existing sampling days at a nearby STN monitor. Relative risks (RRs) of hospital admissions for PM2.5 components at lags 0-3 were estimated for each data set, adjusting for temperature, relative humidity, longer term temporal trends, and day of week using generalized additive models, and compared across different sampling schedules. The estimated RRs varied somewhat between the non-daily and daily sampling schedules and between the four non-daily schedules, and in some instances could lead to different conclusions. It was not evident which features of the data or analysis were responsible for the variation in effect estimates, although seeing similar variability in resampled data sets with relaxation of the every-third-day constraint suggests that limited power may have had a role. The use of non-daily monitoring data can influence interpretation of estimated effects of PM2.5 components on hospital admissions in time-series studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
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Callén MS, López JM, Mastral AM. Influence of organic and inorganic markers in the source apportionment of airborne PM10 in Zaragoza (Spain) by two receptor models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3240-3251. [PMID: 23089955 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Improving knowledge on the apportionment of airborne particulate matter will be useful to handle and fulfill the legislation regarding this pollutant. The main aim of this work was to assess the influence of markers in the source apportionment of airborne PM10, in particular, whether the use of particle polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and ions provided similar results to the ones obtained using not only the mentioned markers but also gas phase PAH and trace elements. In order to reach this aim, two receptor models: UNMIX and positive matrix factorization were applied to two sets of data in Zaragoza city from airborne PM10, a previously reported campaign (2003-2004) (Callén et al. Chemosphere 76:1120-1129, 2009), where PAH associated to the gas and particle phases, ions and trace elements were used as markers and a long sampling campaign (2001-2009), where only PAH in the particle phase and ions were analyzed. For both campaigns, positive matrix factorization was able to explain a higher number of sources than the UNMIX model. Independently of the sampling campaign and the receptor model used, soil resuspension was the main PM10 source, especially in the warm period (21st March-21st September), where most of the PM10 exceedances were produced. Despite some of the markers of anthropogenic sources were different for both campaigns, common sources associated to different combustion sources (coal, light-oil, heavier-oil, biomass, and traffic) were found and PAH in particle phase and ions seemed to be good markers for the airborne PM10 apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Callén
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB-CSIC), Miguel Luesma Castán, 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Xie M, Piedrahita R, Dutton SJ, Milford JB, Hemann JG, Peel JL, Miller SL, Kim SY, Vedal S, Sheppard L, Hannigan MP. Positive matrix factorization of a 32-month series of daily PM 2.5 speciation data with incorporation of temperature stratification. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2013; 65:11-20. [PMID: 25214809 PMCID: PMC4159165 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents source apportionment results for PM2.5 from applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) to a 32-month series of daily PM2.5 compositional data from Denver, CO, including concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, bulk elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), and 51 organic molecular markers (OMMs). An optimum 8-factor solution was determined primarily based on the interpretability of the PMF results and rate of matching factors from bootstrapped PMF solutions with those from the base case solution. These eight factors were identified as inorganic ion, n-alkane, EC/sterane, light n-alkane/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), medium alkane/alkanoic acid, PAH, winter/methoxyphenol and summer/odd n-alkane. The inorganic ion factor dominated the reconstructed PM2.5 mass (sulfate + nitrate + EC + OC) in cold periods (daily average temperature < 10 °C; 43.7% of reconstructed PM2.5 mass) whereas the summer/odd n-alkane factor dominated in hot periods (> 20 °C; 53.1%). The two factors had comparable relative contributions of 26.5% and 27.1% in warm periods with temperatures between 10 °C and 20 °C. Each of the seven factors resolved in a previous study (Dutton et al., 2010b) using a 1-year data set from the same location matches one factor from the current work based on comparing factor profiles. Six out of the seven matched pairs of factors are linked to similar source classes as suggested by the strong correlations between factor contributions (r = 0.89 - 0.98). Temperature-stratified source apportionment was conducted for three subsets of the data in the current study, corresponding to the cold, warm and hot periods mentioned above. The cold period (7-factor) solution exhibited a similar distribution of reconstructed PM2.5 mass as the full data set solution. The factor contributions of the warm period (7-factor) solution were well correlated with those from the full data set solution (r = 0.76 - 0.99). However, the reconstructed PM2.5 mass was distributed more to inorganic ion, n-alkane and medium alkane/alkanoic acid factors in the warm period solution than in the full data set solution. For the hot period (6-factor) solution, PM2.5 mass distribution was quite different from that of the full data set solution, as illustrated by regression slopes as low as 0.2 and as high as 4.8 of each matched pair of factors across the two solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ricardo Piedrahita
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Steven J. Dutton
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jana B. Milford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Joshua G. Hemann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Shelly L. Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sverre Vedal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael P. Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Xie M, Barsanti KC, Hannigan MP, Dutton SJ, Vedal S. Positive matrix factorization of PM 2.5 - eliminating the effects of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2013; 13:7381-7393. [PMID: 25530748 PMCID: PMC4268888 DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-7381-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) were calculated from gas/particle (G/P) partitioning theory using their measured particle-phase concentrations. The particle-phase data were obtained from an existing filter measurement campaign (27 January 2003-2 October 2005) as a part of the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, including 970 observations of 71 SVOCs (Xie et al., 2013). In each compound class of SVOCs, the lighter species (e.g. docosane in n alkanes, fluoranthene in PAHs) had higher total concentrations (gas + particle phase) and lower particle-phase fractions. The total SVOC concentrations were analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Then the results were compared with source apportionment results where only particle-phase SVOC concentrations were used (particle only-based study; Xie et al., 2013). For the particle only-based PMF analysis, the factors primarily associated with primary or secondary sources (n alkane, EC/sterane and inorganic ion factors) exhibit similar contribution time series (r = 0.92-0.98) with their corresponding factors (n alkane, sterane and nitrate+sulfate factors) in the current work. Three other factors (light n alkane/PAH, PAH and summer/odd n alkane factors) are linked with pollution sources influenced by atmospheric processes (e.g. G/P partitioning, photochemical reaction), and were less correlated (r = 0.69-0.84) with their corresponding factors (light SVOC, PAH and bulk carbon factors) in the current work, suggesting that the source apportionment results derived from particle-only SVOC data could be affected by atmospheric processes. PMF analysis was also performed on three temperature-stratified subsets of the total SVOC data, representing ambient sampling during cold (daily average temperature < 10 °C), warm (≥ 10 °C and ≤ 20 °C) and hot (> 20 °C) periods. Unlike the particle only-based study, in this work the factor characterized by the low molecular weight (MW) compounds (light SVOC factor) exhibited strong correlations (r = 0.82-0.98) between the full data set and each sub-data set solution, indicating that the impacts of G/P partitioning on receptor-based source apportionment could be eliminated by using total SVOC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - K. C. Barsanti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - M. P. Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - S. J. Dutton
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - S. Vedal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Xie M, Coons TL, Dutton SJ, Milford JB, Miller SL, Peel JL, Vedal S, Hannigan MP. Intra-urban spatial variability of PM 2.5-bound carbonaceous components. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2012; 60:486-494. [PMID: 25525406 PMCID: PMC4267573 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study was designed to evaluate associations between PM2.5 species and sources and adverse human health effects. The DASH study generated a five-year (2003-2007) time series of daily speciated PM2.5 concentration measurements from a single, special-purpose monitoring site in Denver, CO. To evaluate the ability of this site to adequately represent the short term temporal variability of PM2.5 concentrations in the five county Denver metropolitan area, a one year supplemental set of PM2.5 samples was collected every sixth day at the original DASH monitoring site and concurrently at three additional sites. Two of the four sites, including the original DASH site, were located in residential areas at least 1.9 km from interstate highways. The other two sites were located within 0.3 km of interstate highways. Concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and 58 organic molecular markers were measured at each site. To assess spatial variability, site pairs were compared using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of divergence (COD), a statistic that provides information on the degree of uniformity between monitoring sites. Biweekly co-located samples collected from July 2004 to September 2005 were also analyzed and used to estimate the uncertainty associated with sampling and analytical measurement for each species. In general, the two near-highway sites exhibited higher concentrations of EC, OC, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and steranes than did the more residential sites. Lower spatial heterogeneity based on r and COD was inferred for all carbonaceous species after considering their divergence and lack of perfect correlations in co-located samples. Ratio-ratio plots combined with available gasoline- and diesel-powered motor vehicle emissions profiles for the region suggested a greater impact to high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs from diesel-powered vehicles at the near-highway sites and a more uniformly distributed impact to ambient hopanes from gasoline-powered motor vehicles at all four sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Teresa L. Coons
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Steven J. Dutton
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jana B. Milford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shelly L. Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sverre Vedal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael P. Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Xie M, Coons TL, Hemann JG, Dutton SJ, Milford JB, Peel JL, Miller SL, Kim SY, Vedal S, Sheppard L, Hannigan MP. Intra-urban spatial variability and uncertainty assessment of PM 2.5 sources based on carbonaceous species. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2012; 60:305-315. [PMID: 25214808 PMCID: PMC4159203 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To identify the sources of PM2.5 - bound carbonaceous species and examine the spatial variability of source contributions in the Denver metropolitan area, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to one year of every sixth day ambient PM2.5 compositional data, including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and 32 organic molecular markers, from four sites (two residential and two near-traffic). Statistics (median, inner quantiles and 5th - 95th percentiles range) of factor contributions, expressed as reconstructed carbonaceous mass (EC + OC), were estimated from PMF solutions of replicate datasets generated by using a stationary block bootstrap technique. A seven-factor solution was resolved for a set of data pooled across the four sites, as it gave the most interpretable results and had the highest rate of neural network factor matching (76.9%). Identified factors were primarily associated with high plant wax, summertime emission, diesel vehicle emission, fossil fuel combustion, motor vehicle emission, lubricating oil combustion and wood burning. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and coefficients of divergence (COD) were used to assess spatial variability of factor contributions. The summertime emission factor exhibited the highest spatial correlation (r = 0.74 - 0.88) and lowest CODs (0.32 - 0.38) among all resolved factors; while the three traffic dominated factors (diesel vehicle emission, motor vehicle emission and lubricating oil combustion) showed lower correlations (r = 0.47 - 0.55) and higher CODs (0.41 - 0.53) on average. Average total EC and OC mass were apportioned to each factor and showed a similar distribution across the four sites. Modeling uncertainties were defined as the 5th - 95th percentile range of the factor contributions derived from valid bootstrap PMF solutions, and were highly correlated with the median factor contribution in each factor (r = 0.77 - 0.98). Source apportionment was also performed on site specific datasets; the results exhibited similar factor profiles and temporal variation in factor contribution as those obtained for the pooled dataset, indicating that the four sites are primarily influenced by similar types of sources. On the other hand, differences were observed in absolute factor contributions between PMF solutions for the pooled versus site-specific datasets, likely due to the large uncertainties in EC and OC factor profiles derived from the site specific datasets with limited numbers of observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Teresa L. Coons
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Joshua G. Hemann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Steven J. Dutton
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jana B. Milford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Shelly L. Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sverre Vedal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael P. Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Xie M, Hannigan MP, Dutton SJ, Milford JB, Hemann JG, Miller SL, Schauer JJ, Peel JL, Vedal S. Positive matrix factorization of PM(2.5): comparison and implications of using different speciation data sets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11962-11970. [PMID: 22985292 DOI: 10.1021/es302358g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the utility and consistency of different speciation data sets in source apportionment of PM(2.5), positive matrix factorization (PMF) coupled with a bootstrap technique for uncertainty assessment was applied to four different 1-year data sets composed of bulk species, bulk species and water-soluble elements (WSE), bulk species and organic molecular markers (OMM), and all species. The five factors resolved by using only the bulk species best reproduced the observed concentrations of PM(2.5) components. Combining WSE with bulk species as PMF inputs also produced five factors. Three of them were linked to soil, road dust, and processed dust, and together contributed 26.0% of reconstructed PM(2.5) mass. A 7-factor PMF solution was identified using speciated OMM and bulk species. The EC/sterane and summertime/selective aliphatic factors had the highest contributions to EC (39.0%) and OC (53.8%), respectively. The nine factors resolved by including all species as input data are consistent with those from the previous two solutions (WSE and bulk species, OMM and bulk species) in both factor profiles and contributions (r = 0.88-1.00). The comparisons across different solutions indicate that the selection of input data set may depend on the PM components or sources of interest for specific source-oriented health study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Kim SY, Peel JL, Hannigan MP, Dutton SJ, Sheppard L, Clark ML, Vedal S. The temporal lag structure of short-term associations of fine particulate matter chemical constituents and cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1094-9. [PMID: 22609899 PMCID: PMC3440088 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In air pollution time-series studies, the temporal pattern of the association of fine particulate matter (PM2.5; particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) and health end points has been observed to vary by disease category. The lag pattern of PM2.5 chemical constituents has not been well investigated, largely because daily data have not been available. OBJECTIVES We explored the lag structure for hospital admissions using daily PM2.5 chemical constituent data for 5 years in the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study. METHODS We measured PM2.5 constituents, including elemental carbon, organic carbon, sulfate, and nitrate, at a central residential site from 2003 through 2007 and linked these daily pollution data to daily hospital admission counts in the five-county Denver metropolitan area. Total hospital admissions and subcategories of respiratory and cardiovascular admissions were examined. We assessed the lag structure of relative risks (RRs) of hospital admissions for PM2.5 and four constituents on the same day and from 1 to 14 previous days from a constrained distributed lag model; we adjusted for temperature, humidity, longer-term temporal trends, and day of week using a generalized additive model. RESULTS RRs were generally larger at shorter lags for total cardiovascular admissions but at longer lags for total respiratory admissions. The delayed lag pattern was particularly prominent for asthma. Elemental and organic carbon generally showed more immediate patterns, whereas sulfate and nitrate showed delayed patterns. CONCLUSION In general, PM2.5 chemical constituents were found to have more immediate estimated effects on cardiovascular diseases and more delayed estimated effects on respiratory diseases, depending somewhat on the constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
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Single particle analysis of ambient aerosols in Shanghai during the World Exposition, 2010: two case studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11783-011-0355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dutton SJ, Vedal S, Piedrahita R, Milford JB, Miller SL, Hannigan MP. Source Apportionment Using Positive Matrix Factorization on Daily Measurements of Inorganic and Organic Speciated PM(2.5). ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2010; 44:2731-2741. [PMID: 22768005 PMCID: PMC3388553 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM(2.5)) has been linked with a wide range of adverse health effects. Determination of the sources of PM(2.5) most responsible for these health effects could lead to improved understanding of the mechanisms of such effects and more targeted regulation. This has provided the impetus for the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, a multi-year source apportionment and health effects study relying on detailed inorganic and organic PM(2.5) speciation measurements.In this study, PM(2.5) source apportionment is performed by coupling positive matrix factorization (PMF) with daily speciated PM(2.5) measurements including inorganic ions, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), and organic molecular markers. A qualitative comparison is made between two models, PMF2 and ME2, commonly used for solving the PMF problem. Many previous studies have incorporated chemical mass balance (CMB) for organic molecular marker source apportionment on limited data sets, but the DASH data set is large enough to use multivariate factor analysis techniques such as PMF.Sensitivity of the PMF2 and ME2 models to the selection of speciated PM(2.5) components and model input parameters was investigated in depth. A combination of diagnostics was used to select an optimum, 7-factor model using one complete year of daily data with pointwise measurement uncertainties. The factors included 1) a wintertime/methoxyphenol factor, 2) an EC/sterane factor, 3) a nitrate/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) factor, 4) a summertime/selective aliphatic factor, 5) an n-alkane factor, 6) a middle oxygenated PAH/alkanoic acid factor and 7) an inorganic ion factor. These seven factors were qualitatively linked with known PM(2.5) emission sources with varying degrees of confidence. Mass apportionment using the 7-factor model revealed the contribution of each factor to the mass of OC, EC, nitrate and sulfate. On an annual basis, the majority of OC and EC mass was associated with the summertime/selective aliphatic factor and the EC/sterane factor, respectively, while nitrate and sulfate mass were both dominated by the inorganic ion factor. This apportionment was found to vary substantially by season. Several of the factors identified in this study agree well with similar assessments conducted in St. Louis, MO and Pittsburgh, PA using PMF and organic molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Dutton
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Protecting human health from air pollution: shifting from a single-pollutant to a multipollutant approach. Epidemiology 2010; 21:187-94. [PMID: 20160561 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3181cc86e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, the assessment of public health consequences of air pollution has largely focused on a single-pollutant approach aimed at estimating the increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with the exposure to a single air pollutant, adjusted for the exposure to other air pollutants. However, air masses always contain many pollutants in differing amounts, depending on the types of emission sources and atmospheric conditions. Because humans are simultaneously exposed to a complex mixture of air pollutants, many organizations have encouraged moving towards "a multipollutant approach to air quality." Although there is general agreement that multipollutant approaches are desirable, the challenges of implementing them are vast.
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Dutton SJ, Rajagopalan B, Vedal S, Hannigan MP. Temporal patterns in daily measurements of inorganic and organic speciated PM 2.5 in Denver. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2010; 44:987-998. [PMID: 23486844 PMCID: PMC3593308 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) has been linked to a wide range of adverse health effects and as a result is currently regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PM2.5 originates from a multitude of sources and has heterogeneous physical and chemical characteristics. These features complicate the link between PM2.5 emission sources, ambient concentrations and health effects. The goal of the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study is to investigate associations between sources and health using daily measurements of speciated PM2.5 in Denver. The datxa set being collected for the DASH study will be the longest daily speciated PM2.5 data set of its kind covering 5.5 years of daily inorganic and organic speciated measurements. As of 2008, 4.5 years of bulk measurements (mass, inorganic ions and total carbon) and 1.5 years of organic molecular marker measurements have been completed. Several techniques were used to reveal long-term and short-term temporal patterns in the bulk species and the organic molecular marker species. All species showed a strong annual periodicity, but their monthly and seasonal behavior varied substantially. Weekly periodicities appear in many compound classes with the most significant weekday/weekend effect observed for elemental carbon, cholestanes, hopanes, select polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy n-alkanoic acids and methoxyphenols. Many of the observed patterns can be explained by meteorology or anthropogenic activity patterns while others do not appear to have such obvious explanations. Similarities and differences in these findings compared to those reported from other cities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Dutton
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Dutton SJ, Williams DE, Garcia JK, Vedal S, Hannigan MP. PM(2.5) Characterization for Time Series Studies: Organic Molecular Marker Speciation Methods and Observations from Daily Measurements in Denver. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2009; 43:2018-2030. [PMID: 20161318 PMCID: PMC2678721 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM(2.5)) has been shown to have a wide range of adverse health effects and consequently is regulated in accordance with the US-EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards. PM(2.5) originates from multiple primary sources and is also formed through secondary processes in the atmosphere. It is plausible that some sources form PM(2.5) that is more toxic than PM(2.5) from other sources. Identifying the responsible sources could provide insight into the biological mechanisms causing the observed health effects and provide a more efficient approach to regulation. This is the goal of the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, a multi-year PM(2.5) source apportionment and health study.The first step in apportioning the PM(2.5) to different sources is to determine the chemical make-up of the PM(2.5). This paper presents the methodology used during the DASH study for organic speciation of PM(2.5). Specifically, methods are covered for solvent extraction of non-polar and semi-polar organic molecular markers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Vast reductions in detection limits were obtained through the use of a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet along with other method improvements. Results are presented for the first 1.5 years of the DASH study revealing seasonal and source-related patterns in the molecular markers and their long-term correlation structure. Preliminary analysis suggests that point sources are not a significant contributor to the organic molecular markers measured at our receptor site. Several motor vehicle emission markers help identify a gasoline/diesel split in the ambient data. Findings show both similarities and differences when compared with other cities where similar measurements and assessments have been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Dutton
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Dutton SJ, Schauer JJ, Vedal S, Hannigan MP. PM(2.5) Characterization for Time Series Studies: Pointwise Uncertainty Estimation and Bulk Speciation Methods Applied in Denver. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2009; 43:1136-1146. [PMID: 20126292 PMCID: PMC2699288 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have identified associations between adverse health effects and short-term exposure to particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM(2.5)). These effects, however, are not consistent across geographical regions. This may be due in part to variations in the chemical make-up of PM(2.5) resulting from unique combinations of sources, both primary and secondary, in different regions. The Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study is a multi-year time series study designed to characterize the daily chemical composition of PM(2.5) in Denver, identify the major contributing sources, and investigate associations between sources and a broad array of adverse health outcomes.Measurement methodology, field blank correction, pointwise uncertainty estimation and detection limit consideration are discussed in the context of bulk speciation for the DASH study. Results are presented for the first 4.5 years of mass, inorganic ion and bulk carbon speciation. The derived measurement uncertainties were propagated using the root sum of squares method and show good agreement with precision estimates derived from bi-weekly duplicate samples collected on collocated samplers. Gravimetric mass has the most uncertainty of any measurement and reconstructed mass generated from the sum of the individual species shows less uncertainty than measured mass on average. The methods discussed provide a good framework for PM(2.5) speciation measurements and are generalizable to analysis of other environmental measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Dutton
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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