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Torres SMPS, Nader HB, Simões RS, Baracat EC, Soares-Jr JM, Simões MDJ, C T Gomes R. Hyaluronic acid and proliferation/cellular death amount in the female rats mammary gland after estroprogestative therapy. Gynecol Endocrinol 2022; 38:181-185. [PMID: 34463181 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1970739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the concentration of hyaluronan acid and proliferation/cellular death in mammary gland of ovariectomized female rat after estroprogestative therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty ovariectomized female rats were divided into four groups with 10 animals/each: OG (vehicle); EG: (Estradiol, 7 days of treatment), PG (Progesterone acetate, 23 days of treatment), and EPG: (Estradiol, 7 days of treatment, and next Progesterone acetate, 23 days of treatment). Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, all animals were euthanized, the mammary gland removed, then, a fragment was immersed in acetone to quantifying of the hyaluronan acid biochemical method (ELISA-Like fluorometric assay), and a fragment fixed for 24 h in 10% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) processed for immunohistochemistry method for detection of the cell marker proliferation (Ki67) and cellular marker death by DNA fragmentation the TUNEL method. RESULTS The estradiol-treatment alone (EG) or associated with progesterone (EPG) affected the concentration of hyaluronan acid, increased cell proliferation, and decreased cell death compared to OG and PG (p < .05) in the mammary tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the excessive reduction of HA in mammary tissue, as occurred with progesterone treatment, can lead to a breakdown of the extracellular matrix. These changes may be indicative of mammary pathology such as the development of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli M P S Torres
- Histology and Structural Biology Division of the Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena B Nader
- Molecular Biology Division of the Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Simões
- Gynecology Division of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmund C Baracat
- Gynecology Division of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M Soares-Jr
- Gynecology Division of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel de J Simões
- Histology and Structural Biology Division of the Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Gynecology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina C T Gomes
- Histology and Structural Biology Division of the Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Reye G, Huang X, Haupt LM, Murphy RJ, Northey JJ, Thompson EW, Momot KI, Hugo HJ. Mechanical Pressure Driving Proteoglycan Expression in Mammographic Density: a Self-perpetuating Cycle? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:277-296. [PMID: 34449016 PMCID: PMC8566410 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regions of high mammographic density (MD) in the breast are characterised by a proteoglycan (PG)-rich fibrous stroma, where PGs mediate aligned collagen fibrils to control tissue stiffness and hence the response to mechanical forces. Literature is accumulating to support the notion that mechanical stiffness may drive PG synthesis in the breast contributing to MD. We review emerging patterns in MD and other biological settings, of a positive feedback cycle of force promoting PG synthesis, such as in articular cartilage, due to increased pressure on weight bearing joints. Furthermore, we present evidence to suggest a pro-tumorigenic effect of increased mechanical force on epithelial cells in contexts where PG-mediated, aligned collagen fibrous tissue abounds, with implications for breast cancer development attributable to high MD. Finally, we summarise means through which this positive feedback mechanism of PG synthesis may be intercepted to reduce mechanical force within tissues and thus reduce disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Reye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Gardens Point, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Xuan Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Gardens Point, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Ryan J Murphy
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Gardens Point, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason J Northey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erik W Thompson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Gardens Point, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Konstantin I Momot
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Honor J Hugo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Gardens Point, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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3
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Clegg J, Koch MK, Thompson EW, Haupt LM, Kalita-de Croft P, Bray LJ. Three-Dimensional Models as a New Frontier for Studying the Role of Proteoglycans in the Normal and Malignant Breast Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:569454. [PMID: 33163489 PMCID: PMC7581852 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.569454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides cues to direct mammogenesis, tumourigenesis and metastatic processes. Over the past several decades, two-dimensional (2D) culture models have been invaluable in furthering our understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME), however, they still do not accurately emulate the associated biological complexities. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) culture models provide a more physiologically relevant platform to study relevant physicochemical signals, stromal-epithelial cell interactions, vascular and immune components, and cell-ECM interactions in the human breast microenvironment. A common thread that may weave these multiple interactions are the proteoglycans (PGs), a prominent family of molecules in breast tissue. This review will discuss how these PGs contribute to the breast cancer TME and provide a summary of the traditional and emerging technologies that have been utilized to better understand the role of PGs during malignant transformation. Furthermore, this review will emphasize the differences that PGs exhibit between normal tissues and tumor ECM, providing a rationale for the investigation of underexplored roles of PGs in breast cancer progression using state-of-the-art 3D culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Clegg
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria K Koch
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Genomics and Personalized Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Priyakshi Kalita-de Croft
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura J Bray
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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4
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Papadas A, Arauz G, Cicala A, Wiesner J, Asimakopoulos F. Versican and Versican-matrikines in Cancer Progression, Inflammation, and Immunity. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:871-885. [PMID: 32623942 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan with key roles in multiple facets of cancer development, ranging from proliferative signaling, evasion of growth-suppressor pathways, regulation of cell death, promotion of neoangiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. Multiple lines of evidence implicate versican and its bioactive proteolytic fragments (matrikines) in the regulation of cancer inflammation and antitumor immune responses. The understanding of the dynamics of versican deposition/accumulation and its proteolytic turnover holds potential for the development of novel immune biomarkers as well as approaches to reset the immune thermostat of tumors, thus promoting efficacy of modern immunotherapies. This article summarizes work from several laboratories, including ours, on the role of this central matrix proteoglycan in tumor progression as well as tumor-immune cell cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Papadas
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Garrett Arauz
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alexander Cicala
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joshua Wiesner
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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5
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Papadas A, Asimakopoulos F. Versican in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:55-72. [PMID: 32845502 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Versican is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan with nonredundant roles in diverse biological and cellular processes, ranging from embryonic development to adult inflammation and cancer. Versican is essential for cardiovascular morphogenesis, neural crest migration, and skeletal development during embryogenesis. In the adult, versican acts as an inflammation "amplifier" and regulator of immune cell activation and cytokine production. Increased versican expression has been observed in a wide range of malignant tumors and has been associated with poor patient outcomes. The main sources of versican production in the tumor microenvironment include accessory cells (myeloid cells and stromal components) and, in some contexts, the tumor cells themselves. Versican has been implicated in several classical hallmarks of cancer such as proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressor signaling, resistance to cell death, angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. More recently, versican has been implicated in escape from tumor immune surveillance, e.g., through dendritic cell dysfunction. Versican's multiple contributions to benign and malignant biological processes are further diversified through the generation of versican-derived bioactive proteolytic fragments (matrikines), with versikine being the most studied to date. Versican and versican-derived matrikines hold promise as targets in the management of inflammatory and malignant conditions as well as in the development of novel predictive and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Papadas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of California San Diego (UCSD), Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,University of Wisconsin-Madison, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Fotis Asimakopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of California San Diego (UCSD), Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Pudełko A, Wisowski G, Olczyk K, Koźma EM. The dual role of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin-6-sulfate in the development, progression and metastasis of cancer. FEBS J 2019; 286:1815-1837. [PMID: 30637950 PMCID: PMC6850286 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable structural heterogeneity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) generates biological information that can be unique to each of these glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and changes in their composition are translated into alterations in the binding profiles of these molecules. CS/DS can bind to various cytokines and growth factors, cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes and fibrillar glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix, thereby influencing both cell behavior and the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the matrix. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning CS/DS metabolism in the human cancer stroma. The remodeling of the GAG profile in the tumor niche is manifested as a substantial increase in the CS content and a gradual decrease in the proportion between DS and CS. Furthermore, the composition of CS and DS is also affected, which results in a substantial increase in the 6‐O‐sulfated and/or unsulfated disaccharide content, which is concomitant with a decrease in the 4‐O‐sulfation level. Here, we discuss the possible impact of alterations in the CS/DS sulfation pattern on the binding capacity and specificity of these GAGs. Moreover, we propose potential consequences of the stromal accumulation of chondroitin‐6‐sulfate for the progression and metastasis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pudełko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wisowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krystyna Olczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Maria Koźma
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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7
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8
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Impact of high glucose and AGEs on cultured kidney-derived cells. Effects on cell viability, lysosomal enzymes and effectors of cell signaling pathways. Biochimie 2017; 135:137-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Neill T, Multhaupt HAB, Hubo M, Frey H, Gopal S, Gomes A, Afratis N, Lim HC, Couchman JR, Filmus J, Sanderson RD, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV, Karamanos NK. Insights into the key roles of proteoglycans in breast cancer biology and translational medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:276-300. [PMID: 25829250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans control numerous normal and pathological processes, among which are morphogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, vascularization and cancer metastasis. During tumor development and growth, proteoglycan expression is markedly modified in the tumor microenvironment. Altered expression of proteoglycans on tumor and stromal cell membranes affects cancer cell signaling, growth and survival, cell adhesion, migration and angiogenesis. Despite the high complexity and heterogeneity of breast cancer, the rapid evolution in our knowledge that proteoglycans are among the key players in the breast tumor microenvironment suggests their potential as pharmacological targets in this type of cancer. It has been recently suggested that pharmacological treatment may target proteoglycan metabolism, their utilization as targets for immunotherapy or their direct use as therapeutic agents. The diversity inherent in the proteoglycans that will be presented herein provides the potential for multiple layers of regulation of breast tumor behavior. This review summarizes recent developments concerning the biology of selected proteoglycans in breast cancer, and presents potential targeted therapeutic approaches based on their novel key roles in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hinke A B Multhaupt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mario Hubo
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Helena Frey
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Sandeep Gopal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angélica Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikos Afratis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hooi Ching Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1720 2nd Ave. S, WTI 602B, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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10
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Dula AN, Dewey BE, Arlinghaus LR, Williams JM, Klomp D, Yankeelov TE, Smith S. Optimization of 7-T chemical exchange saturation transfer parameters for validation of glycosaminoglycan and amide proton transfer of fibroglandular breast tissue. Radiology 2014; 275:255-61. [PMID: 25353249 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14140762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To (a) implement simulation-optimized chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) measurements sensitive to amide proton transfer (APT) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hydroxyl proton transfer effects in the human breast at 7 T and (b) determine the reliability of these techniques for evaluation of fibroglandular tissue in the healthy breast as a benchmark for future studies of pathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS All human studies were institutional review board approved, were HIPAA compliant, and included informed consent. The CEST parameters of saturation duration (25 msec) and amplitude (1 μT) were chosen on the basis of simulation-driven optimization for APT contrast enhancement with the CEST effect quantified by using residuals of a Lorentzian fit. Optimized parameters were implemented at 7 T in 10 healthy women in two separate examinations to evaluate the reliability of CEST magnetic resonance (MR) imaging measurements in the breast. CEST z-spectra were acquired over saturation offset frequencies ranging between ±40 ppm by using a quadrature unilateral breast coil. The imaging-repeat imaging reliability was assessed in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient, which indicates the ratio of between-subject variation to total variation. RESULTS Simulations were performed of the Bloch equations with chemical exchange-guided selection of optimal values for pulse duration and amplitude, 25 msec and 1 μT, respectively. Reliability was evaluated by using intraclass correlation coefficients (95% confidence intervals), with acceptable results: 0.963 (95% confidence interval: 0.852, 0.991) and 0.903 (95% confidence interval: 0.609, 0.976) for APT and GAG, respectively. CONCLUSION Simulations were used to derive optimal CEST preparation parameters to elicit maximal CEST contrast enhancement in healthy fibroglandular breast tissue due to APT at 7 T. By using these parameters, reproducible values were obtained for both the amide and hydroxyl protons from CEST MR imaging at 7 T and are feasible in the human breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne N Dula
- From the Institute of Imaging Science (A.N.D., B.E.D., L.R.A., J.M.W., D.K., T.E.Y., S.S.), Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (A.N.D., T.E.Y., S.S.), Program in Chemical and Physical Biology (T.E.Y., S.S.), Department of Biomedical Engineering (T.E.Y., S.S.), Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.E.Y., S.S.), Department of Cancer Biology (T.E.Y.), and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center (T.E.Y.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, AA-1105 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave S, Nashville, TN 37232-2310; and Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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11
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Martins EAN, Michelacci YM, Baccarin RYA, Cogliati B, Silva LCLC. Evaluation of chitosan-GP hydrogel biocompatibility in osteochondral defects: an experimental approach. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:197. [PMID: 25160583 PMCID: PMC4236820 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Articular cartilage, because of its avascular nature, has little capacity for spontaneous healing, and tissue engineering approaches, employing different biomaterials and cells, are under development. Among the investigated biomaterials are the chitosan-based hydrogels. Although thoroughly studied in other mammalian species, studies are scarce in equines. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biocompatibility of chitosan-GP in horse joints submitted to high mechanical loads. Results An osteochondral defect was created by arthroscopy in the medial surface of lateral trochlea of talus of left or right leg, randomly selected, from six healthy geldings. The defect was filled up with chitosan-GP. The contralateral joint received an identical defect with no implant. The chondral fragment removed to produce the defect was collected, processed and used as the “Initial” sample (normal cartilage) for histology, immunohistochemistry, and metabolic labelling of PGs. After 180 days, the repair tissues were collected, and also analyzed. At the end of the experiment (180 days after lesion), the total number of cells per field in repair tissues was equal to control, and macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells were not detected, suggesting that no significant inflammation was present. These cells were able to synthesize type II collagen and proteoglycans (PGs). Nevertheless, the cell population in these tissues, both in presence of chitosan-GP and in untreated controls, were heterogeneous, with a lower proportion of type II collagen-positives cells and some with a fibroblastic aspect. Moreover, the PGs synthesized in repair tissues formed in presence or absence of chitosan-GP were similar to those of normal cartilage. However, the chitosan-GP treated tissue had an disorganized appearance, and blood vessels were present. Conclusions Implanted chitosan-GP did not evoke an important inflammatory reaction, and permitted cell growth. These cells were able to synthesize type II collagen and PGs similar to those synthesized in normal cartilage and in healing tissue without implant, indicating its chondrocyte nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yara M Michelacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, Rua Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, 04044-020, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Leppert PC, Jayes FL, Segars JH. The extracellular matrix contributes to mechanotransduction in uterine fibroids. Obstet Gynecol Int 2014; 2014:783289. [PMID: 25110476 PMCID: PMC4106177 DOI: 10.1155/2014/783289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and mechanotransduction as an important signaling factor in the human uterus is just beginning to be appreciated. The ECM is not only the substance that surrounds cells, but ECM stiffness will either compress cells or stretch them resulting in signals converted into chemical changes within the cell, depending on the amount of collagen, cross-linking, and hydration, as well as other ECM components. In this review we present evidence that the stiffness of fibroid tissue has a direct effect on the growth of the tumor through the induction of fibrosis. Fibrosis has two characteristics: (1) resistance to apoptosis leading to the persistence of cells and (2) secretion of collagen and other components of the ECM such a proteoglycans by those cells leading to abundant disposition of highly cross-linked, disoriented, and often widely dispersed collagen fibrils. Fibrosis affects cell growth by mechanotransduction, the dynamic signaling system whereby mechanical forces initiate chemical signaling in cells. Data indicate that the structurally disordered and abnormally formed ECM of uterine fibroids contributes to fibroid formation and growth. An appreciation of the critical role of ECM stiffness to fibroid growth may lead to new strategies for treatment of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James H. Segars
- Unit on Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Program on Pediatric and Adult Endocrinology, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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13
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Peres GB, Juliano MA, Aguiar JAK, Michelacci YM. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus affects lysosomal enzymes in rat liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:452-60. [PMID: 24820066 PMCID: PMC4086171 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that dextran sulfate administered to diabetic rats
accumulates in the liver and kidney, and this could be due to a malfunction of the
lysosomal digestive pathway. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the
expression and activities of lysosomal enzymes that act upon proteins and sulfated
polysaccharides in the livers of diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by
streptozotocin in 26 male Wistar rats (12 weeks old), while 26 age-matched controls
received only vehicle. The livers were removed on either the 10th or the
30th day of the disease, weighed, and used to evaluate the activity,
expression, and localization of lysosomal enzymes. A 50-60% decrease in the specific
activities of cysteine proteases, especially cathepsin B, was observed in
streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Expression (mRNA) of cathepsins B and L was
also decreased on the 10th, but not on the 30th day. Sulfatase
decreased 30% on the 30th day, while glycosidases did not vary (or
presented a transitory and slight decrease). There were no apparent changes in liver
morphology, and immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of cathepsin B in
hepatocyte granules. The decrease in sulfatase could be responsible for the dextran
sulfate build-up in the diabetic liver, since the action of sulfatase precedes
glycosidases in the digestive pathway of sulfated polysaccharides. Our findings
suggest that the decreased activities of cathepsins resulted from decreased
expression of their genes, and not from general lysosomal failure, because the levels
of glycosidases were normal in the diabetic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Peres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J A K Aguiar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Y M Michelacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Mannello F, Maccari F, Ligi D, Canale M, Galeotti F, Volpi N. Characterization of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate rich in 4,6-O-disulfated disaccharides in breast cyst fluids collected from human breast gross cysts. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:344-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; “Carlo Bo” University; Urbino Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; “Carlo Bo” University; Urbino Italy
| | - Matteo Canale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; “Carlo Bo” University; Urbino Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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15
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Heparan sulfate and heparanase as modulators of breast cancer progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:852093. [PMID: 23984412 PMCID: PMC3747466 DOI: 10.1155/2013/852093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is defined as a cancer originating in tissues of the breast, frequently in ducts and lobules. During the last 30 years, studies to understand the biology and to treat breast tumor improved patients' survival rates. These studies have focused on genetic components involved in tumor progression and on tumor microenvironment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are involved in cell signaling, adhesion, extracellular matrix assembly, and growth factors storage. As a central molecule, HSPG regulates cell behavior and tumor progression. HS accompanied by its glycosaminoglycan counterparts regulates tissue homeostasis and cancer development. These molecules present opposite effects according to tumor type or cancer model. Studies in this area may contribute to unveil glycosaminoglycan activities on cell dynamics during breast cancer exploring these polysaccharides as antitumor agents. Heparanase is a potent tumor modulator due to its protumorigenic, proangiogenic, and prometastatic activities. Several lines of evidence indicate that heparanase is upregulated in all human sarcomas and carcinomas. Heparanase seems to be related to several aspects regulating the potential of breast cancer metastasis. Due to its multiple roles, heparanase is seen as a target in cancer treatment. We will describe recent findings on the function of HSPGs and heparanase in breast cancer behavior and progression.
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16
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Peres GB, Juliano MA, Simões MJ, Michelacci YM. Lysosomal enzymes are decreased in the kidney of diabetic rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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