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Welp LM, Sachsenberg T, Wulf A, Chernev A, Horokhovskyi Y, Neumann P, Pašen M, Siraj A, Raabe M, Johannsson S, Schmitzova J, Netz E, Pfeuffer J, He Y, Fritzemeier K, Delanghe B, Viner R, Vos SM, Cramer P, Ficner R, Liepe J, Kohlbacher O, Urlaub H. Chemical crosslinking extends and complements UV crosslinking in analysis of RNA/DNA nucleic acid-protein interaction sites by mass spectrometry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.29.610268. [PMID: 39257782 PMCID: PMC11383681 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.29.610268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
UV (ultra-violet) crosslinking with mass spectrometry (XL-MS) has been established for identifying RNA-and DNA-binding proteins along with their domains and amino acids involved. Here, we explore chemical XL-MS for RNA-protein, DNA-protein, and nucleotide-protein complexes in vitro and in vivo . We introduce a specialized nucleotide-protein-crosslink search engine, NuXL, for robust and fast identification of such crosslinks at amino acid resolution. Chemical XL-MS complements UV XL-MS by generating different crosslink species, increasing crosslinked protein yields in vivo almost four-fold and thus it expands the structural information accessible via XL-MS. Our workflow facilitates integrative structural modelling of nucleic acid-protein complexes and adds spatial information to the described RNA-binding properties of enzymes, for which crosslinking sites are often observed close to their cofactor-binding domains. In vivo UV and chemical XL-MS data from E. coli cells analysed by NuXL establish a comprehensive nucleic acid-protein crosslink inventory with crosslink sites at amino acid level for more than 1500 proteins. Our new workflow combined with the dedicated NuXL search engine identified RNA crosslinks that cover most RNA-binding proteins, with DNA and RNA crosslinks detected in transcriptional repressors and activators.
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Anguita R, Prats-Ejarque G, Moussaoui M, Becknell B, Boix E. A Common Polymorphism in RNASE6 Impacts Its Antimicrobial Activity toward Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:604. [PMID: 38203775 PMCID: PMC10779065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Ribonuclease (RNase) 6 is a monocyte and macrophage-derived protein with potent antimicrobial activity toward uropathogenic bacteria. The RNASE6 gene is heterogeneous in humans due to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RNASE6 rs1045922 is the most common non-synonymous SNP, resulting in a G to A substitution that determines an arginine (R) to glutamine (Q) transversion at position 66 in the protein sequence. By structural analysis we observed that R66Q substitution significantly reduces the positive electrostatic charge at the protein surface. Here, we generated both recombinant RNase 6-R66 and -Q66 protein variants and determined their antimicrobial activity toward uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common cause of UTI. We found that the R66 variant, encoded by the major SNP rs1045922 allele, exhibited superior bactericidal activity in comparison to the Q66 variant. The higher bactericidal activity of R66 variant correlated with an increase in the protein lipopolysaccharide binding and bacterial agglutination abilities, while retaining the same enzymatic efficiency. These findings encourage further work to evaluate RNASE6 SNP distribution and its impact in UTI susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Anguita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Guillem Prats-Ejarque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.); (M.M.)
| | - Brian Becknell
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.); (M.M.)
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Loreto D, Maity B, Morita T, Nakamura H, Merlino A, Ueno T. Cross-Linked Crystals of Dirhodium Tetraacetate/RNase A Adduct Can Be Used as Heterogeneous Catalysts. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7515-7524. [PMID: 37144589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique coordination structure, dirhodium paddlewheel complexes are of interest in several research fields, like medicinal chemistry, catalysis, etc. Previously, these complexes were conjugated to proteins and peptides for developing artificial metalloenzymes as homogeneous catalysts. Fixation of dirhodium complexes into protein crystals is interesting to develop heterogeneous catalysts. Porous solvent channels present in protein crystals can benefit the activity by increasing the probability of substrate collisions at the catalytic Rh binding sites. Toward this goal, the present work describes the use of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) crystals with a pore size of 4 nm (P3221 space group) for fixing [Rh2(OAc)4] and developing a heterogeneous catalyst to perform reactions in an aqueous medium. The structure of the [Rh2(OAc)4]/RNase A adduct was investigated by X-ray crystallography: the metal complex structure remains unperturbed upon protein binding. Using a number of crystal structures, metal complex accumulation over time, within the RNase A crystals, and structures at variable temperatures were evaluated. We also report the large-scale preparation of microcrystals (∼10-20 μm) of the [Rh2(OAc)4]/RNase A adduct and cross-linking reaction with glutaraldehyde. The catalytic olefin cyclopropanation reaction and self-coupling of diazo compounds by these cross-linked [Rh2(OAc)4]/RNase A crystals were demonstrated. The results of this work reveal that these systems can be used as heterogeneous catalysts to promote reactions in aqueous solution. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the dirhodium paddlewheel complexes can be fixed in porous biomolecule crystals, like those of RNase A, to prepare biohybrid materials for catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Loreto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli I-80126, Italy
| | - Basudev Maity
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B55 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Taiki Morita
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B55 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B55 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli I-80126, Italy
| | - Takafumi Ueno
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B55 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with enhanced transmissibility, pathogenicity, and immune escape ability have ravaged many countries and regions, which has brought substantial challenges to pandemic prevention and control. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) is widely used for SARS-CoV-2 detection but may be limited by the continuous evolution of the virus. However, the sensitivity of Chinese commercial rRT-PCR kits to critical SARS-CoV-2 variants remains unknown. In this study, contrived MS2 virus-like particles were used as reference materials to evaluate the analytical sensitivity of Daan, BioGerm, EasyDiagnosis, Liferiver, and Sansure kits when detecting six important variants (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron, and Fin-796H). The Beta and Delta variants adversely affected the analytical sensitivity of the BioGerm ORF1ab gene assay (9.52% versus 42.96%, P = 0.014, and 14.29% versus 42.96%, P = 0.040, respectively), whereas the N gene assay completely failed in terms of the Fin-796H variant. The Gamma and Fin-796H variants impeded the PCR amplification efficiency for the Sansure ORF1ab gene assay (33.33% versus 66.67%, P = 0.031, and 66.67% versus 95.24%, P = 0.040, respectively), and the Delta variant compromised the E gene assay (52.38% versus 85.71%, P = 0.019). The Alpha and Omicron variants had no significant effect on the kits. This study highlights the necessity of identifying the potential effect of viral mutations on the efficacy and sensitivity of clinical detection assays. It can also provide helpful insights regarding the development and optimization of diagnostic assays and aid the strategic management of the ongoing pandemic.
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Li D, Zhang J, Li J. Primer design for quantitative real-time PCR for the emerging Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Theranostics 2020; 10:7150-7162. [PMID: 32641984 PMCID: PMC7330846 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak occurred in Wuhan, China. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans, is highly contagious and has rapidly expanded worldwide since its discovery. Quantitative nucleic acid testing has become the gold standard for diagnosis and guiding clinical decisions regarding the use of antiviral therapy. However, the RT-qPCR assays targeting SARS-CoV-2 have a number of challenges, especially in terms of primer design. Primers are the pivotal components of a RT-qPCR assay. Once virus mutation and recombination occur, it is difficult to effectively diagnose viral infection by existing RT-qPCR primers. Some primers and probes have also been made available on the WHO website for reference. However, no previous review has systematically compared the previously reported primers and probes and described how to design new primers in the event of a new coronavirus infection. This review focuses on how primers and probes can be designed methodically and rationally, and how the sensitivity and specificity of the detection process can be improved. This brief review will be useful for the accurate diagnosis and timely treatment of the new coronavirus pneumonia.
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Narayanan C, Bernard DN, Létourneau M, Gagnon J, Gagné D, Bafna K, Calmettes C, Couture JF, Agarwal PK, Doucet N. Insights into Structural and Dynamical Changes Experienced by Human RNase 6 upon Ligand Binding. Biochemistry 2020; 59:755-765. [PMID: 31909602 PMCID: PMC7296828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease 6 (RNase 6) is one of eight catalytically active human pancreatic-type RNases that belong to a superfamily of rapidly evolving enzymes. Like some of its human homologues, RNase 6 exhibits host defense properties such as antiviral and antibacterial activities. Recently solved crystal structures of this enzyme in its nucleotide-free form show the conservation of the prototypical kidney-shaped fold preserved among vertebrate RNases, in addition to revealing the presence of a unique secondary active site. In this study, we determine the structural and conformational properties experienced by RNase 6 upon binding to substrate and product analogues. We present the first crystal structures of RNase 6 bound to a nucleotide ligand (adenosine 5'-monophosphate), in addition to RNase 6 bound to phosphate ions. While the enzyme preserves B2 subsite ligand preferences, our results show a lack of typical B2 subsite interactions normally observed in homologous ligand-bound RNases. A comparison of the dynamical properties of RNase 6 in its apo-, substrate-, and product-bound states highlight the unique dynamical properties experienced on time scales ranging from nano- to milliseconds. Overall, our results confirm the specific evolutionary adaptation of RNase 6 relative to its unique catalytic and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Narayanan
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - David N. Bernard
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Myriam Létourneau
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Gagnon
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Donald Gagné
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Khushboo Bafna
- Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Charles Calmettes
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Pratul K. Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Nicolas Doucet
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
- PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Gotte G, Menegazzi M. Biological Activities of Secretory RNases: Focus on Their Oligomerization to Design Antitumor Drugs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2626. [PMID: 31849926 PMCID: PMC6901985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleases (RNases) are a large number of enzymes gathered into different bacterial or eukaryotic superfamilies. Bovine pancreatic RNase A, bovine seminal BS-RNase, human pancreatic RNase 1, angiogenin (RNase 5), and amphibian onconase belong to the pancreatic type superfamily, while binase and barnase are in the bacterial RNase N1/T1 family. In physiological conditions, most RNases secreted in the extracellular space counteract the undesired effects of extracellular RNAs and become protective against infections. Instead, if they enter the cell, RNases can digest intracellular RNAs, becoming cytotoxic and having advantageous effects against malignant cells. Their biological activities have been investigated either in vitro, toward a number of different cancer cell lines, or in some cases in vivo to test their potential therapeutic use. However, immunogenicity or other undesired effects have sometimes been associated with their action. Nevertheless, the use of RNases in therapy remains an appealing strategy against some still incurable tumors, such as mesothelioma, melanoma, or pancreatic cancer. The RNase inhibitor (RI) present inside almost all cells is the most efficacious sentry to counteract the ribonucleolytic action against intracellular RNAs because it forms a tight, irreversible and enzymatically inactive complex with many monomeric RNases. Therefore, dimerization or multimerization could represent a useful strategy for RNases to exert a remarkable cytotoxic activity by evading the interaction with RI by steric hindrance. Indeed, the majority of the mentioned RNases can hetero-dimerize with antibody derivatives, or even homo-dimerize or multimerize, spontaneously or artificially. This can occur through weak interactions or upon introducing covalent bonds. Immuno-RNases, in particular, are fusion proteins representing promising drugs by combining high target specificity with easy delivery in tumors. The results concerning the biological features of many RNases reported in the literature are described and discussed in this review. Furthermore, the activities displayed by some RNases forming oligomeric complexes, the mechanisms driving toward these supramolecular structures, and the biological rebounds connected are analyzed. These aspects are offered with the perspective to suggest possible efficacious therapeutic applications for RNases oligomeric derivatives that could contemporarily lack, or strongly reduce, immunogenicity and other undesired side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gotte
- Biological Chemistry Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Biological Chemistry Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Prats-Ejarque G, Lu L, Salazar VA, Moussaoui M, Boix E. Evolutionary Trends in RNA Base Selectivity Within the RNase A Superfamily. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1170. [PMID: 31649540 PMCID: PMC6794472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the pharmaceutical industry to design novel tailored drugs for RNA targeting. The vertebrate-specific RNase A superfamily is nowadays one of the best characterized family of enzymes and comprises proteins involved in host defense with specific cytotoxic and immune-modulatory properties. We observe within the family a structural variability at the substrate-binding site associated to a diversification of biological properties. In this work, we have analyzed the enzyme specificity at the secondary base binding site. Towards this end, we have performed a kinetic characterization of the canonical RNase types together with a molecular dynamic simulation of selected representative family members. The RNases' catalytic activity and binding interactions have been compared using UpA, UpG and UpI dinucleotides. Our results highlight an evolutionary trend from lower to higher order vertebrates towards an enhanced discrimination power of selectivity for adenine respect to guanine at the secondary base binding site (B2). Interestingly, the shift from guanine to adenine preference is achieved in all the studied family members by equivalent residues through distinct interaction modes. We can identify specific polar and charged side chains that selectively interact with donor or acceptor purine groups. Overall, we observe selective bidentate polar and electrostatic interactions: Asn to N1/N6 and N6/N7 adenine groups in mammals versus Glu/Asp and Arg to N1/N2, N1/O6 and O6/N7 guanine groups in non-mammals. In addition, kinetic and molecular dynamics comparative results on UpG versus UpI emphasize the main contribution of Glu/Asp interactions to N1/N2 group for guanine selectivity in lower order vertebrates. A close inspection at the B2 binding pocket also highlights the principal contribution of the protein ß6 and L4 loop regions. Significant differences in the orientation and extension of the L4 loop could explain how the same residues can participate in alternative binding modes. The analysis suggests that within the RNase A superfamily an evolution pressure has taken place at the B2 secondary binding site to provide novel substrate-recognition patterns. We are confident that a better knowledge of the enzymes' nucleotide recognition pattern would contribute to identify their physiological substrate and eventually design applied therapies to modulate their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Prats-Ejarque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vivian A Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Lee HH, Wang YN, Hung MC. Functional roles of the human ribonuclease A superfamily in RNA metabolism and membrane receptor biology. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 70:106-116. [PMID: 30902663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human ribonuclease A (hRNase A) superfamily is comprised of 13 members of secretory RNases, most of which are recognized as catabolic enzymes for their ribonucleolytic activity to degrade ribonucleic acids (RNAs) in the extracellular space, where they play a role in innate host defense and physiological homeostasis. Interestingly, human RNases 9-13, which belong to a non-canonical subgroup of the hRNase A superfamily, are ribonucleolytic activity-deficient proteins with unclear biological functions. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that secretory RNases, such as human RNase 5, can be internalized into cells facilitated by membrane receptors like the epidermal growth factor receptor to regulate intracellular RNA species, in particular non-coding RNAs, and signaling pathways by either a ribonucleolytic activity-dependent or -independent manner. In this review, we summarize the classical role of hRNase A superfamily in the metabolism of extracellular and intracellular RNAs and update its non-classical function as a cognate ligand of membrane receptors. We further discuss the biological significance and translational potential of using secretory RNases as predictive biomarkers or therapeutic agents in certain human diseases and the pathological settings for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ying-Nai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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The Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Properties of the Vertebrate Ribonuclease A Superfamily. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6040076. [PMID: 30463297 PMCID: PMC6313885 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ribonuclease A Superfamily is composed of cationic peptides that are secreted by immune cells and epithelial tissues. Although their physiological roles are unclear, several members of the vertebrate Ribonuclease A Superfamily demonstrate antimicrobial and immune modulation activities. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the published literature on the Ribonuclease A Superfamily with an emphasis on each peptide’s regulation, antimicrobial properties, and immunomodulatory functions. As additional insights emerge regarding the mechanisms in which these ribonucleases eradicate invading pathogens and modulate immune function, these ribonucleases may have the potential to be developed as a novel class of therapeutics for some human diseases.
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