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Tahmasebi Dehkordi H, Khaledi F, Ghasemi S. Immunological processes of enhancers and suppressors of long non-coding RNAs associated with brain tumors and inflammation. Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:178-196. [PMID: 37974420 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2280581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunological processes, such as inflammation, can both cause tumor suppression and cancer progression. Moreover, deregulated levels of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression in the brain may cause inflammation and lead to the growth of tumors. Like other biological processes, the immune system's role in cancer is complicated, varies, and can help or hurt the cancer's maintenance. According to research, inflammation and brain cancer are correlated via several signaling pathways. A variety of lncRNAs have recently been revealed to influence cancer by modulating inflammatory pathways. As a result, lncRNAs have the potential to influence carcinogenesis, tumor formation, or tumor suppression via an increase or decrease in inflammation functions. Although the study and targeting of lncRNAs have made great progress in the treatment of cancer, there are definitely limitations and challenges. Using new technologies like nanocarriers and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to target treatments without hurting healthy body tissues has shown to be very effective. In this review article, we have collected significantly related lncRNAs and their inhibitory or stimulating roles in inflammation and brain cancer for the first time. However, there are limitations, such as side effects and damage to normal tissues. With the advancement of new targeting technologies, these lncRNAs may be candidates for the specific targeting therapy of brain cancers by limiting inflammation or stimulating the immune system against them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Tahmasebi Dehkordi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khaledi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sorayya Ghasemi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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2
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Hei B, Liu RE, Li M. Ursolic acid inhibits glioblastoma through suppressing TGFβ-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27722. [PMID: 38501006 PMCID: PMC10945258 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Found in many fruits and plants, Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpene that occurs naturally, is recognized for its anti-cancer effects, especially in combating glioblastoma. However, the intricate molecular mechanisms underpinning its anti-tumor actions are still not fully understood, despite the recognition of these effects. By examining the functions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis, crucial for glioblastoma progression, and their regulation through Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ) - a key marker for glioblastoma, our research aims to fill this knowledge gap. This study explores how ursolic acid can block the progression of glioblastoma by precisely targeting TGFβ-triggered EMT and angiogenesis. The findings show that UA successfully blocks the spread, movement, and invasion of glioblastoma cells. Accompanying this, there is a significant reduction in the expression of TGFβ and crucial EMT indicators like snail and vimentin. Furthermore, UA shows a reduction in angiogenesis that depends on the dosage, highlighted by decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Interestingly, increased TGFβ expression in U87 and U251 glioblastoma cell lines was found to weaken UA's anti-tumor properties, shedding more light on TGFβ's critical function in glioblastoma's pathology. Supporting these laboratory results, UA also showed considerable inhibition of tumor growth in a glioblastoma xenograft mouse model. Overall, our research emphasizes Ursolic acid's promise as a new treatment for glioblastoma and clarifies its action mechanism, mainly by inhibiting TGFβ signaling and thereby EMT and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-en Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
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3
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Liguori GL. Challenges and Promise for Glioblastoma Treatment through Extracellular Vesicle Inquiry. Cells 2024; 13:336. [PMID: 38391949 PMCID: PMC10886570 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a rare but extremely aggressive brain tumor that significantly impacts patient outcomes, affecting both duration and quality of life. The protocol established by Stupp and colleagues in 2005, based on radiotherapy and chemotherapy with Temozolomide, following maximum safe surgical resection remains the gold standard for GB treatment; however, it is evident nowadays that the extreme intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, as well as the invasiveness and tendency to recur, of GB are not compatible with a routine and unfortunately ineffective treatment. This review article summarizes the main challenges in the search for new valuable therapies for GB and focuses on the impact that extracellular vesicle (EV) research and exploitation may have in the field. EVs are natural particles delimited by a lipidic bilayer and filled with functional cellular content that are released and uptaken by cells as key means of cell communication. Furthermore, EVs are stable in body fluids and well tolerated by the immune system, and are able to cross physiological, interspecies, and interkingdom barriers and to target specific cells, releasing inherent or externally loaded functionally active molecules. Therefore, EVs have the potential to be ideal allies in the fight against GB and to improve the prognosis for GB patients. The present work describes the main preclinical results obtained so far on the use of EVs for GB treatment, focusing on both the EV sources and molecular cargo used in the various functional studies, primarily in vivo. Finally, a SWOT analysis is performed, highlighting the main advantages and pitfalls of developing EV-based GB therapeutic strategies. The analysis also suggests the main directions to explore to realize the possibility of exploiting EVs for the treatment of GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L Liguori
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy
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4
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Dasram MH, Naidoo P, Walker RB, Khamanga SM. Targeting the Endocannabinoid System Present in the Glioblastoma Tumour Microenvironment as a Potential Anti-Cancer Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1371. [PMID: 38338649 PMCID: PMC10855826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The highly aggressive and invasive glioblastoma (GBM) tumour is the most malignant lesion among adult-type diffuse gliomas, representing the most common primary brain tumour in the neuro-oncology practice of adults. With a poor overall prognosis and strong resistance to treatment, this nervous system tumour requires new innovative treatment. GBM is a polymorphic tumour consisting of an array of stromal cells and various malignant cells contributing to tumour initiation, progression, and treatment response. Cannabinoids possess anti-cancer potencies against glioma cell lines and in animal models. To improve existing treatment, cannabinoids as functionalised ligands on nanocarriers were investigated as potential anti-cancer agents. The GBM tumour microenvironment is a multifaceted system consisting of resident or recruited immune cells, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cells, and soluble factors. The immune microenvironment accounts for a substantial volume of GBM tumours. The barriers to the treatment of glioblastoma with cannabinoids, such as crossing the blood-brain barrier and psychoactive and off-target side effects, can be alleviated with the use of nanocarrier drug delivery systems and functionalised ligands for improved specificity and targeting of pharmacological receptors and anti-cancer signalling pathways. This review has shown the presence of endocannabinoid receptors in the tumour microenvironment, which can be used as a potential unique target for specific drug delivery. Existing cannabinoid agents, studied previously, show anti-cancer potencies via signalling pathways associated with the hallmarks of cancer. The results of the review can be used to provide guidance in the design of future drug therapy for glioblastoma tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandile M. Khamanga
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa (R.B.W.)
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5
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Zanganeh S, Abbasgholinejad E, Doroudian M, Esmaelizad N, Farjadian F, Benhabbour SR. The Current Landscape of Glioblastoma Biomarkers in Body Fluids. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3804. [PMID: 37568620 PMCID: PMC10416862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal primary brain cancer that necessitates early detection and accurate diagnosis for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as imaging techniques and tissue biopsies, have limitations in providing real-time information and distinguishing treatment-related changes from tumor progression. Liquid biopsies, used to analyze biomarkers in body fluids, offer a non-invasive and dynamic approach to detecting and monitoring GBM. This article provides an overview of GBM biomarkers in body fluids, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), cell-free RNA (cfRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and extracellular vesicles. It explores the clinical utility of these biomarkers for GBM detection, monitoring, and prognosis. Challenges and limitations in implementing liquid biopsy strategies in clinical practice are also discussed. The article highlights the potential of liquid biopsies as valuable tools for personalized GBM management but underscores the need for standardized protocols and further research to optimize their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Zanganeh
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Elham Abbasgholinejad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; (E.A.); (N.E.)
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; (E.A.); (N.E.)
| | - Nazanin Esmaelizad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran; (E.A.); (N.E.)
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
| | - Soumya Rahima Benhabbour
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Fernandez de Larrinoa P, Parmentier J, Kichler A, Achard T, Dontenwill M, Herold-Mende C, Fournel S, Frisch B, Heurtault B, Bellemin-Laponnaz S. Triphenylphosphonium-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene platinum complexes [(NHC-TPP +)Pt] induce cell death of human glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Int J Pharm 2023:123071. [PMID: 37244463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of experimental and clinical evidence suggests that rare cell populations, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), play an important role in the development and therapeutic resistance of several cancers, including glioblastoma. Elimination of these cells is therefore of paramount importance. Interestingly, recent results have shown that the use of drugs that specifically disrupt mitochondria or induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis can efficiently kill cancer stem cells. In this context, a novel series of platinum(II) complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) of the type [(NHC)PtI2(L)] modified with the mitochondria targeting group triphenylphosphonium were synthesized. After a complete characterization of the platinum complexes, the cytotoxicity against two different cancer cell lines, including a cancer stem cell line, was investigated. The best compound reduced the cell viability of both cell lines by 50% in the mM range, with an approximately 300-fold higher anticancer activity on the CSC line compared to oxaliplatin. Finally, mechanistic studies showed that the triphenylphosphonium functionalized platinum complexes significantly altered mitochondrial function and also induced atypical cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fernandez de Larrinoa
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 Rue du Loess, F-67083 Strasbourg, France; 3Bio Team, LCAMB, UMR7199 Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jordan Parmentier
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 Rue du Loess, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Kichler
- 3Bio Team, LCAMB, UMR7199 Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Achard
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 Rue du Loess, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- UMR7021 Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route de Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Research, Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvie Fournel
- 3Bio Team, LCAMB, UMR7199 Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Frisch
- 3Bio Team, LCAMB, UMR7199 Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Heurtault
- 3Bio Team, LCAMB, UMR7199 Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
| | - Stéphane Bellemin-Laponnaz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR7504, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 Rue du Loess, F-67083 Strasbourg, France.
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7
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Mukherjee S, Kundu U, Desai D, Pillai PP. Particulate Matters Affecting lncRNA Dysregulation and Glioblastoma Invasiveness: In Silico Applications and Current Insights. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2188-2206. [PMID: 36370303 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With a reported rise in global air pollution, more than 50% of the population remains exposed to toxic air pollutants in the form of particulate matters (PMs). PMs, from various sources and of varying sizes, have a significant impact on health as long-time exposure to them has seen a correlation with various health hazards and have also been determined to be carcinogenic. In addition to disrupting known cellular pathways, PMs have also been associated with lncRNA dysregulation-a factor that increases predisposition towards the onset or progression of cancer. lncRNA dysregulation is further seen to mediate glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) progression. The vast array of information regarding cancer types including GBM and its various precursors can easily be obtained via innovative in silico approaches in the form of databases such as GEO and TCGA; however, a need to obtain selective and specific information correlating anthropogenic factors and disease progression-in the case of GBM-can serve as a critical tool to filter down and target specific PMs and lncRNAs responsible for regulating key cancer hallmarks in glioblastoma. The current review article proposes an in silico approach in the form of a database that reviews current updates on correlation of PMs with lncRNA dysregulation leading to GBM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatama Mukherjee
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Uma Kundu
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhwani Desai
- Integrated Microbiome Resource, Department of Pharmacology and Marine Microbial Genomics and Biogeochemistry lab, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifix, Canada
| | - Prakash P Pillai
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India.
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Development of WRAP5 Peptide Complexes for Targeted Drug/Gene Co-Delivery toward Glioblastoma Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102213. [PMID: 36297647 PMCID: PMC9607428 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great progress over the past few decades in both the diagnosis and treatment of a great variety of human cancers, glioblastoma remains the most lethal brain tumor. In recent years, cancer gene therapy focused on non-viral vectors which emerged as a promising approach to glioblastoma treatment. Transferrin (Tf) easily penetrates brain cells of the blood–brain barrier, and its receptor is highly expressed in this barrier and glioblastoma cells. Therefore, the development of delivery systems containing Tf appears as a reliable strategy to improve their brain cells targeting ability and cellular uptake. In this work, a cell-penetrating peptide (WRAP5), bearing a Tf-targeting sequence, has been exploited to condense tumor suppressor p53-encoding plasmid DNA (pDNA) for the development of nanocomplexes. To increase the functionality of developed nanocomplexes, the drug Temozolomide (TMZ) was also incorporated into the formulations. The physicochemical properties of peptide/pDNA complexes were revealed to be dependent on the nitrogen to phosphate groups ratio and can be optimized to promote efficient cellular internalization. A confocal microscopy study showed the capacity of developed complexes for efficient glioblastoma cell transfection and consequent pDNA delivery into the nucleus, where efficient gene expression took place, followed by p53 protein production. Of promise, these peptide/pDNA complexes induced a significant decrease in the viability of glioblastoma cells. The set of data reported significantly support further in vitro research to evaluate the therapeutic potential of developed complexes against glioblastoma.
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Applications of Exosomes in Diagnosing Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102027. [PMID: 36297462 PMCID: PMC9607910 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) is a subset of bladder cancer with a significant risk for metastases and death. It accounts for nearly 25% of bladder cancer diagnoses. A diagnostic work-up for MIBC is inclusive of urologic evaluation, radiographic imaging with a CT scan, urinalysis, and cystoscopy. These evaluations, especially cystoscopy, are invasive and carry the risk of secondary health concerns. Non-invasive diagnostics such as urine cytology are an attractive alternative currently being investigated to mitigate the requirement for cystoscopy. A pitfall in urine cytology is the lack of available options with high reliability, specificity, and sensitivity to malignant bladder cells. Exosomes are a novel biomarker source which could resolve some of the concerns with urine cytology, due to the high specificity as the surrogates of tumor cells. This review serves to define muscle invasive bladder cancer, current urine cytology methods, the role of exosomes in MIBC, and exosomes application as a diagnostic tool in MIBC. Urinary exosomes as the specific populations of extracellular vesicles could provide additional biomarkers with specificity and sensitivity to bladder malignancies, which are a consistent source of cellular information to direct clinicians for developing treatment strategies. Given its strong presence and differentiation ability between normal and cancerous cells, exosome-based urine cytology is highly promising in providing a perspective of a patient’s bladder cancer.
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Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Glioma Stem Cells Are Involved in Radiation Resistance and Glioma Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052770. [PMID: 35269915 PMCID: PMC8911495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumour with short survival, partly due to resistance to conventional therapy. Glioma stem cells (GSC) are likely to be involved in treatment resistance, by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing specific molecular cargoes. Here, we studied the EVs secreted by glioma stem cells (GSC-EVs) and their effects on radiation resistance and glioma progression. EVs were isolated from 3 GSCs by serial centrifugation. NanoSight measurement, cryo-electron microscopy and live imaging were used to study the EVs size, morphology and uptake, respectively. The non-GSC glioma cell lines LN229 and U118 were utilised as a recipient cell model. Wound healing assays were performed to detect cell migration. Colony formation, cell viability and invadopodium assays were conducted to detect cell survival of irradiated recipient cells and cell invasion post GSC-EV treatment. NanoString miRNA global profiling was used to select for the GSC-EVs’ specific miRNAs. All three GSC cell lines secreted different amounts of EVs, and all expressed consistent levels of CD9 but different level of Alix, TSG101 and CD81. EVs were taken up by both LN229 and U118 recipient cells. In the presence of GSC-EVs, these recipient cells survived radiation exposure and initiated colony formation. After GSC-EVs exposure, LN229 and U118 cells exhibited an invasive phenotype, as indicated by an increase in cell migration. We also identified 25 highly expressed miRNAs in the GSC-EVs examined, and 8 of these miRNAs can target PTEN. It is likely that GSC-EVs and their specific miRNAs induced the phenotypic changes in the recipient cells due to the activation of the PTEN/Akt pathway. This study demonstrated that GSC-EVs have the potential to induce radiation resistance and modulate the tumour microenvironment to promote glioma progression. Future therapeutic studies should be designed to interfere with these GSC-EVs and their specific miRNAs.
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Krapež G, Kouter K, Jovčevska I, Videtič Paska A. Dynamic Intercell Communication between Glioblastoma and Microenvironment through Extracellular Vesicles. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010151. [PMID: 35052830 PMCID: PMC8773537 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is simultaneously the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor in the central nervous system, with poor patient survival and scarce treatment options. Most primary glioblastomas reoccur and evolve radio- and chemoresistant properties which make them resistant to further treatments. Based on gene mutations and expression profiles, glioblastoma is relatively well classified; however, research shows that there is more to glioblastoma biology than that defined solely by its genetic component. Specifically, the overall malignancy of the tumor is also influenced by the dynamic communication to its immediate and distant environment, as important messengers to neighboring cells in the tumor microenvironment extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified. EVs and their cargo can modulate the immune microenvironment and other physiological processes, and can interact with the host immune system. They are involved in tumor cell survival and metabolism, tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. However, on the other hand EVs are thought to become an effective treatment alternative, since they can cross the blood–brain barrier, are able of specific cell-targeting and can be loaded with various therapeutic molecules.
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