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Saladin S, D'Aronco S, Ingram G, Giorio C. Direct surface analysis mass spectrometry uncovers the vertical distribution of cuticle-associated metabolites in plants. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8487-8495. [PMID: 36926302 PMCID: PMC10012332 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07166e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cuticle covers the plant's entire aerial surface and acts as the outermost protective layer. Despite being crucial for the survival of plants, surprisingly little is known about its biosynthesis. Conventional analytical techniques are limited to the isolation and depolymerization of the polyester cutin, which forms the cuticular scaffold. Although this approach allows the elucidation of incorporated cutin monomers, it neglects unincorporated metabolites participating in cutin polymerization. The feasibility of a novel approach is tested for in situ analysis of unpolymerized cuticular metabolites to enhance the understanding of cuticle biology. Intact cotyledons of Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings are immersed in organic solvents for 60 seconds. Extracts are analyzed using high-resolution direct infusion mass spectrometry. A variety of different diffusion routes of plant metabolites across the cuticle are discussed. The results reveal different feasibilities depending on the research question and cuticle permeabilities in combination with the analyte's polarity. Especially hydrophilic analytes are expected to be co-located in the cell wall beneath the cuticle causing systematic interferences when comparing plants with different cuticle permeabilities. These interferences limit data interpretation to qualitative rather than quantitative comparison. In contrast, quantitative data evaluation is facilitated when analyzing cuticle-specific metabolites or plants with similar cuticle permeabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriel Saladin
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Sara D'Aronco
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, UCBL F-69342 Lyon France
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Grünhofer P, Schreiber L. Cutinized and suberized barriers in leaves and roots: Similarities and differences. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153921. [PMID: 36780757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical, histochemical, chemical, and biosynthetic similarities and differences of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls are presented and reviewed in brief. Based on this, the functional properties of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls acting as transport barriers are compared and discussed in more detail. This is of general importance because fundamental misconceptions about relationships in plant-environment water relations are commonly encountered in the scientific literature. It will be shown here, that cuticles represent highly efficient apoplastic transport barriers significantly reducing the diffusion of water and dissolved compounds. The transport barrier of cuticles is mainly established by the deposition of cuticular waxes. Upon wax extraction, with the cutin polymer remaining, cuticular permeability for water and dissolved non-ionized and lipophilic solutes are increasing by 2-3 orders of magnitude, whereas polar and charged substances (e.g., nutrient ions) are only weakly affected (2- to 3-fold increases in permeability). Suberized apoplastic barriers without the deposition of wax are at least as permeable as the cutin polymer matrix without waxes and hardly offer any resistance to the free movement of water. Only upon the deposition of significant amounts of wax, as it is the case with suberized periderms exposed to the atmosphere, an efficient transport barrier for water can be established by suberized cell walls. Comparing the driving forces (gradients between water potentials inside leaves and roots and the surrounding environment) for water loss acting on leaves and roots, it is shown that leaves must have a genetically pre-defined highly efficient transpiration barrier fairly independent from rapidly changing environmental influences. Roots, in most conditions facing a soil environment with relative humidities very close to 100%, are orders of magnitude more permeable to water than leaf cuticles. Upon desiccation, the permanent wilting point of plants is defined as -1.5 MPa, which still corresponds to nearly 99% relative humidity in soil. Thus, the main reason for plant water stress leading to dehydration is the inability of root tissues to decrease their internal water potential to values more negative than -1.5 MPa and not the lack of a transport barrier for water in roots and leaves. Taken together, the commonly mentioned concepts that a drought-induced increase of cuticular wax or root suberin considerably strengthens the apoplastic leaf or root transport barriers and thus aids in water conservation appears highly questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Huo Z, Xu Y, Yuan S, Chang J, Li S, Wang J, Zhao H, Xu R, Zhong F. The AP2 Transcription Factor BrSHINE3 Regulates Wax Accumulation in Nonheading Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113454. [PMID: 36362247 PMCID: PMC9656708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Wax is an acellular structural substance attached to the surface of plant tissues. It forms a protective barrier on the epidermis of plants and plays an important role in resisting abiotic and biotic stresses. In this paper, nonheading Chinese cabbage varieties with and without wax powder were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the surface of waxy plants was covered with a layer of densely arranged waxy crystals, thus differentiating them from the surface of waxless plants. A genetic analysis showed that wax powder formation in nonheading Chinese cabbage was controlled by a pair of dominant genes. A preliminary bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) assay showed that one gene was located at the end of chromosome A09. Within this interval, we identified BraA09000626, encoding an AP2 transcription factor homologous to Arabidopsis AtSHINE3, and we named it BrSHINE3. By comparing the CDS of the gene in the two parental plants, a 35 bp deletion in the BrSHINE3 gene of waxless plants resulted in a frameshift mutation. Tissue analysis showed that BrSHINE3 was expressed at significantly higher levels in waxy plant rosette stage petioles and bolting stage stems than in the tissues of waxless plants. We speculate that this deletion in BrSHINE3 bases in the waxless material may inhibit wax synthesis. The overexpression of BrSHINE3 in Arabidopsis induced the accumulation of wax on the stem surface, indicating that BrSHINE3 is a key gene that regulates the formation of wax powder in nonheading Chinese cabbage. The analysis of the subcellular localization showed that BrSHINE3 is mainly located in the nucleus and chloroplast of tobacco leaves, suggesting that the gene may function as a transcription factor. Subsequent transcriptome analysis of the homology of BrSHINE3 downstream genes in nonheading Chinese cabbage showed that these genes were downregulated in waxless materials. These findings provide a basis for a better understanding of the nonheading Chinese cabbage epidermal wax synthesis pathway and provide important information for the molecular-assisted breeding of nonheading Chinese cabbage.
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Lin M, Qiao P, Matschi S, Vasquez M, Ramstein GP, Bourgault R, Mohammadi M, Scanlon MJ, Molina I, Smith LG, Gore MA. Integrating GWAS and TWAS to elucidate the genetic architecture of maize leaf cuticular conductance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2144-2158. [PMID: 35512195 PMCID: PMC9342973 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle, a hydrophobic layer of cutin and waxes synthesized by plant epidermal cells, is the major barrier to water loss when stomata are closed. Dissecting the genetic architecture of natural variation for maize (Zea mays L.) leaf cuticular conductance (gc) is important for identifying genes relevant to improving crop productivity in drought-prone environments. To this end, we performed an integrated genome- and transcriptome-wide association studies (GWAS and TWAS) to identify candidate genes putatively regulating variation in leaf gc. Of the 22 plausible candidate genes identified, 4 were predicted to be involved in cuticle precursor biosynthesis and export, 2 in cell wall modification, 9 in intracellular membrane trafficking, and 7 in the regulation of cuticle development. A gene encoding an INCREASED SALT TOLERANCE1-LIKE1 (ISTL1) protein putatively involved in intracellular protein and membrane trafficking was identified in GWAS and TWAS as the strongest candidate causal gene. A set of maize nested near-isogenic lines that harbor the ISTL1 genomic region from eight donor parents were evaluated for gc, confirming the association between gc and ISTL1 in a haplotype-based association analysis. The findings of this study provide insights into the role of regulatory variation in the development of the maize leaf cuticle and will ultimately assist breeders to develop drought-tolerant maize for target environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lin
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Pengfei Qiao
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Miguel Vasquez
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Richard Bourgault
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Marc Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Laurie G Smith
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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5
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Grünhofer P, Herzig L, Sent S, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Schreiber L. Increased cuticular wax deposition does not change residual foliar transpiration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1157-1171. [PMID: 35102563 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of contrasting environmental growth conditions (in vitro tissue culture, ex vitro acclimatisation, climate chamber, greenhouse and outdoor) on leaf development, cuticular wax composition, and foliar transpiration of detached leaves of the Populus × canescens clone 84 K were investigated. Our results show that total amounts of cuticular wax increased more than 10-fold when cultivated in different growth conditions, whereas qualitative wax composition did not change. With exception of plants directly taken from tissue culture showing rapid dehydration, rates of water loss (residual foliar transpiration) of intact but detached leaves were constant and independent from growth conditions and thus independent from increasing wax amounts. Since cuticular transpiration measured with isolated astomatous P. × canescens cuticles was identical to residual foliar transpiration rates of detached leaves, our results confirm that cuticular transpiration of P. × canescens leaves can be predicted with high accuracy from residual transpiration of detached leaves after stomatal closure. Our results convincingly show that more than 10-fold increased wax amounts in P. × canescens cuticles do not lead to decreased rates of residual (cuticular) transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Herzig
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophie Sent
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Viktoria V Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Chen M. The Tea Plant Leaf Cuticle: From Plant Protection to Tea Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751547. [PMID: 34659320 PMCID: PMC8519587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis (tea tree) is a perennial evergreen woody crop that has been planted in more than 50 countries worldwide; its leaves are harvested to make tea, which is one of the most popular nonalcoholic beverages. The cuticle is the major transpiration barrier to restrict nonstomatal water loss and it affects the drought tolerance of tea plants. The cuticle may also provide molecular cues for the interaction with herbivores and pathogens. The tea-making process almost always includes a postharvest withering treatment to reduce leaf water content, and many studies have demonstrated that withering treatment-induced metabolite transformation is essential to shape the quality of the tea made. Tea leaf cuticle is expected to affect its withering properties and the dynamics of postharvest metabolome remodeling. In addition, it has long been speculated that the cuticle may contribute to the aroma quality of tea. However, concrete experimental evidence is lacking to prove or refute this hypothesis. Even though its relevance to the abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and postharvest processing properties of tea tree, tea cuticle has long been neglected. Recently, there are several studies on the tea cuticle regarding its structure, wax composition, transpiration barrier organization, environmental stresses-induced wax modification, and structure-function relations. This review is devoted to tea cuticle, the recent research progresses were summarized and unresolved questions and future research directions were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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7
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Arya GC, Sarkar S, Manasherova E, Aharoni A, Cohen H. The Plant Cuticle: An Ancient Guardian Barrier Set Against Long-Standing Rivals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:663165. [PMID: 34249035 PMCID: PMC8267416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.663165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial surfaces of plants are covered by a protective barrier formed by the cutin polyester and waxes, collectively referred to as the cuticle. Plant cuticles prevent the loss of water, regulate transpiration, and facilitate the transport of gases and solutes. As the cuticle covers the outermost epidermal cell layer, it also acts as the first line of defense against environmental cues and biotic stresses triggered by a large array of pathogens and pests, such as fungi, bacteria, and insects. Numerous studies highlight the cuticle interface as the site of complex molecular interactions between plants and pathogens. Here, we outline the multidimensional roles of cuticle-derived components, namely, epicuticular waxes and cutin monomers, during plant interactions with pathogenic fungi. We describe how certain wax components affect various pre-penetration and infection processes of fungi with different lifestyles, and then shift our focus to the roles played by the cutin monomers that are released from the cuticle owing to the activity of fungal cutinases during the early stages of infection. We discuss how cutin monomers can activate fungal cutinases and initiate the formation of infection organs, the significant impacts of cuticle defects on the nature of plant-fungal interactions, along with the possible mechanisms raised thus far in the debate on how host plants perceive cutin monomers and/or cuticle defects to elicit defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sutanni Sarkar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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8
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Matschi S, Vasquez MF, Bourgault R, Steinbach P, Chamness J, Kaczmar N, Gore MA, Molina I, Smith LG. Structure-function analysis of the maize bulliform cell cuticle and its potential role in dehydration and leaf rolling. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00282. [PMID: 33163853 PMCID: PMC7598327 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cuticle of plant shoots serves as an important interaction interface with the environment. It consists of the lipid polymer cutin, embedded with and covered by waxes, and provides protection against stresses including desiccation, UV radiation, and pathogen attack. Bulliform cells form in longitudinal strips on the adaxial leaf surface, and have been implicated in the leaf rolling response observed in drought-stressed grass leaves. In this study, we show that bulliform cells of the adult maize leaf epidermis have a specialized cuticle, and we investigate its function along with that of bulliform cells themselves. Bulliform cells displayed increased shrinkage compared to other epidermal cell types during dehydration of the leaf, providing a potential mechanism to facilitate leaf rolling. Analysis of natural variation was used to relate bulliform strip patterning to leaf rolling rate, providing further evidence of a role for bulliform cells in leaf rolling. Bulliform cell cuticles showed a distinct ultrastructure with increased cuticle thickness compared to other leaf epidermal cells. Comparisons of cuticular conductance between adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, and between bulliform-enriched mutants versus wild-type siblings, showed a correlation between elevated water loss rates and presence or increased density of bulliform cells, suggesting that bulliform cuticles are more water-permeable. Biochemical analysis revealed altered cutin composition and increased cutin monomer content in bulliform-enriched tissues. In particular, our findings suggest that an increase in 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid content, and a lower proportion of ferulate, are characteristics of bulliform cuticles. We hypothesize that elevated water permeability of the bulliform cell cuticle contributes to the differential shrinkage of these cells during leaf dehydration, thereby facilitating the function of bulliform cells in stress-induced leaf rolling observed in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Matschi
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Present address:
Department Biochemistry of Plant InteractionsLeibniz Institute of Plant BiochemistryWeinberg 3Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Miguel F. Vasquez
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | - Paul Steinbach
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - James Chamness
- Plant Breeding and Genetics SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and DevelopmentUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN55108USA
| | - Nicholas Kaczmar
- Plant Breeding and Genetics SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Michael A. Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of BiologyAlgoma UniversitySault Ste. MarieONCanada
| | - Laurie G. Smith
- Section of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
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Yadav AN, Singh J, Rastegari AA, Yadav N. Phyllospheric Microbiomes: Diversity, Ecological Significance, and Biotechnological Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [PMCID: PMC7123684 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38453-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phyllosphere referred to the total aerial plant surfaces (above-ground portions), as habitat for microorganisms. Microorganisms establish compositionally complex communities on the leaf surface. The microbiome of phyllosphere is rich in diversity of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, and viruses. The diversity, dispersal, and community development on the leaf surface are based on the physiochemistry, environment, and also the immunity of the host plant. A colonization process is an important event where both the microbe and the host plant have been benefited. Microbes commonly established either epiphytic or endophytic mode of life cycle on phyllosphere environment, which helps the host plant and functional communication with the surrounding environment. To the scientific advancement, several molecular techniques like metagenomics and metaproteomics have been used to study and understand the physiology and functional relationship of microbes to the host and its environment. Based on the available information, this chapter describes the basic understanding of microbiome in leaf structure and physiology, microbial interactions, especially bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, and their adaptation in the phyllosphere environment. Further, the detailed information related to the importance of the microbiome in phyllosphere to the host plant and their environment has been analyzed. Besides, biopotentials of the phyllosphere microbiome have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab India
| | | | - Neelam Yadav
- Gopi Nath PG College, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh India
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10
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Patwari P, Salewski V, Gutbrod K, Kreszies T, Dresen-Scholz B, Peisker H, Steiner U, Meyer AJ, Schreiber L, Dörmann P. Surface wax esters contribute to drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:727-744. [PMID: 30729606 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Waxes are components of the cuticle covering the aerial organs of plants. Accumulation of waxes has previously been associated with protection against water loss, therefore contributing to drought tolerance. However, not much information is known about the function of individual wax components during water deficit. We studied the role of wax ester synthesis during drought. The wax ester load on Arabidopsis leaves and stems was increased during water deficiency. Expression of three genes, WSD1, WSD6 and WSD7 of the wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT or WSD) family was induced during drought, salt stress and abscisic acid treatment. WSD1 has previously been identified as the major wax ester synthase of stems. wsd1 mutants have shown reduced wax ester coverage on leaves and stems during normal or drought condition, while wax ester loads of wsd6, wsd7 and of the wsd6wsd7 double mutant were unchanged. The growth and relative water content of wsd1 plants were compromised during drought, while leaf water loss of wsd1 was increased. Enzyme assays with recombinant proteins expressed in insect cells revealed that WSD6 and WSD7 contain wax ester synthase activity, albeit with different substrate specificity compared with WSD1. WSD6 and WSD7 localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi. These results demonstrated that WSD1 is involved in the accumulation of wax esters during drought, while WSD6 and WSD7 might play other specific roles in wax ester metabolism during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Patwari
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Veronika Salewski
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tino Kreszies
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Brigitte Dresen-Scholz
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steiner
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Schlechter RO, Miebach M, Remus-Emsermann MNP. Driving factors of epiphytic bacterial communities: A review. J Adv Res 2019; 19:57-65. [PMID: 31341670 PMCID: PMC6630024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemistry of leaves is unique and is a major driver of leaf colonisation. Competition and cooperation may be major drivers of bacterial colonisation. Leaves respond to bacterial colonisation locally and systemically. How leaf responses shape bacterial colonisation patterns is unclear. Plant-microbe interaction should be studied at the micrometer resolution.
Bacteria establish complex, compositionally consistent communities on healthy leaves. Ecological processes such as dispersal, diversification, ecological drift, and selection as well as leaf surface physicochemistry and topology impact community assembly. Since the leaf surface is an oligotrophic environment, species interactions such as competition and cooperation may be major contributors to shape community structure. Furthermore, the plant immune system impacts on microbial community composition, as plant cells respond to bacterial molecules and shape their responses according to the mixture of molecules present. Such tunability of the plant immune network likely enables the plant host to differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic colonisers, avoiding costly immune responses to non-pathogenic colonisers. Plant immune responses are either systemically distributed or locally confined, which in turn affects the colonisation pattern of the associated microbiota. However, how each of these factors impacts the bacterial community is unclear. To better understand this impact, bacterial communities need to be studied at a micrometre resolution, which is the scale that is relevant to the members of the community. Here, current insights into the driving factors influencing the assembly of leaf surface-colonising bacterial communities are discussed, with a special focus on plant host immunity as an emerging factor contributing to bacterial leaf colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf O Schlechter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Moritz Miebach
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mitja N P Remus-Emsermann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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12
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Li C, Wang P, van der Ent A, Cheng M, Jiang H, Lund Read T, Lombi E, Tang C, de Jonge MD, Menzies NW, Kopittke PM. Absorption of foliar-applied Zn in sunflower (Helianthus annuus): importance of the cuticle, stomata and trichomes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:57-68. [PMID: 30020418 PMCID: PMC6344099 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The pathways whereby foliar-applied nutrients move across the leaf surface remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the pathways by which foliar-applied Zn moves across the sunflower (Helianthus annuus) leaf surface, considering the potential importance of the cuticle, stomata and trichomes. Methods Using synchrotron-based X-ray florescence microscopy and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), the absorption of foliar-applied ZnSO4 and nano-ZnO were studied in sunflower. The speciation of Zn was also examined using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Key Results Non-glandular trichomes (NGTs) were particularly important for foliar Zn absorption, with Zn preferentially accumulating within trichomes in ≤15 min. The cuticle was also found to have a role, with Zn appearing to move across the cuticle before accumulating in the walls of the epidermal cells. After 6 h, the total Zn that accumulated in the NGTs was approx. 1.9 times higher than in the cuticular tissues. No marked accumulation of Zn was found within the stomatal cavity, probably indicating a limited contribution of the stomatal pathway. Once absorbed, the Zn accumulated in the walls of the epidermal and the vascular cells, and trichome bases of both leaf sides, with the bundle sheath extensions that connected to the trichomes seemingly facilitating this translocation. Finally, the absorption of nano-ZnO was substantially lower than for ZnSO4, with Zn probably moving across the leaf surface as soluble Zn rather than nanoparticles. Conclusions In sunflower, both the trichomes and cuticle appear to be important for foliar Zn absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peng Wang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Soil and Environmental Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antony van der Ent
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, Université de Lorraine, France
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- La Trobe University, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haibo Jiang
- University of Western Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterization and Analysis, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Thea Lund Read
- University of South Australia, Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Enzo Lombi
- University of South Australia, Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caixian Tang
- La Trobe University, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Neal W Menzies
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter M Kopittke
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Bi H, Shi J, Kovalchuk N, Luang S, Bazanova N, Chirkova L, Zhang D, Shavrukov Y, Stepanenko A, Tricker P, Langridge P, Hrmova M, Lopato S, Borisjuk N. Overexpression of the TaSHN1 transcription factor in bread wheat leads to leaf surface modifications, improved drought tolerance, and no yield penalty under controlled growth conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2549-2566. [PMID: 29761511 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors regulate multiple networks, mediating the responses of organisms to stresses, including drought. Here, we investigated the role of the wheat transcription factor TaSHN1 in crop growth and drought tolerance. TaSHN1, isolated from bread wheat, was characterized for molecular interactions and functionality. The overexpression of TaSHN1 in wheat was followed by the evaluation of T2 and T3 transgenic lines for drought tolerance, growth, and yield components. Leaf surface changes were analysed by light microscopy, SEM, TEM, and GC-MS/GC-FID. TaSHN1 behaves as a transcriptional activator in a yeast transactivation assay and binds stress-related DNA cis-elements, determinants of which were revealed using 3D molecular modelling. The overexpression of TaSHN1 in transgenic wheat did not result in a yield penalty under the controlled plant growth conditions of a glasshouse. Transgenic lines had significantly lower stomatal density and leaf water loss and exhibited improved recovery after severe drought, compared with control plants. The comparative analysis of cuticular waxes revealed an increased accumulation of alkanes in leaves of transgenic lines. Our data demonstrate that TaSHN1 may operate as a positive modulator of drought stress tolerance. Positive attributes could be mediated through an enhanced accumulation of alkanes and reduced stomatal density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Bi
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Nataliya Kovalchuk
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Sukanya Luang
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Natalia Bazanova
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Larissa Chirkova
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Dabing Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Yuri Shavrukov
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Anton Stepanenko
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Penny Tricker
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Sergiy Lopato
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Nikolai Borisjuk
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
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14
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Blanc C, Coluccia F, L'Haridon F, Torres M, Ortiz-Berrocal M, Stahl E, Reymond P, Schreiber L, Nawrath C, Métraux JP, Serrano M. The Cuticle Mutant eca2 Modifies Plant Defense Responses to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens and Herbivory Insects. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:344-355. [PMID: 29130376 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We isolated previously several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with constitutive expression of the early microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced gene ATL2, named eca (expresión constitutiva de ATL2). Here, we further explored the interaction of eca mutants with pest and pathogens. Of all eca mutants, eca2 was more resistant to a fungal pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) and a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae) as well as to a generalist herbivorous insect (Spodoptera littoralis). Permeability of the cuticle is increased in eca2; chemical characterization shows that eca2 has a significant reduction of both cuticular wax and cutin. Additionally, we determined that eca2 did not display a similar compensatory transcriptional response, compared with a previously characterized cuticular mutant, and that resistance to B. cinerea is mediated by the priming of the early and late induced defense responses, including salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-induced genes. These results suggest that ECA2-dependent responses are involved in the nonhost defense mechanism against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and against a generalist insect by modulation and priming of innate immunity and late defense responses. Making eca2 an interesting model to characterize the molecular basis for plant defenses against different biotic interactions and to study the initial events that take place in the cuticle surface of the aerial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Blanc
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fania Coluccia
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martha Torres
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Marlene Ortiz-Berrocal
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elia Stahl
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- 4 Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Métraux
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mario Serrano
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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15
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Ingram G, Nawrath C. The roles of the cuticle in plant development: organ adhesions and beyond. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5307-5321. [PMID: 28992283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles, which are composed of a variety of aliphatic molecules, impregnate epidermal cell walls forming diffusion barriers that cover almost all the aerial surfaces in higher plants. In addition to revealing important roles for cuticles in protecting plants against water loss and other environmental stresses and aggressions, mutants with permeable cuticles show major defects in plant development, such as abnormal organ formation as well as altered seed germination and viability. However, understanding the mechanistic basis for these developmental defects represents a significant challenge due to the pleiotropic nature of phenotypes and the altered physiological status/viability of some mutant backgrounds. Here we discuss both the basis of developmental phenotypes associated with defects in cuticle function and mechanisms underlying developmental processes that implicate cuticle modification. Developmental abnormalities in cuticle mutants originate at early developmental time points, when cuticle composition and properties are very difficult to measure. Nonetheless, we aim to extract principles from existing data in order to pinpoint the key cuticle components and properties required for normal plant development. Based on our analysis, we will highlight several major questions that need to be addressed and technical hurdles that need to be overcome in order to advance our current understanding of the developmental importance of plant cuticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCB Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Lima DAD, Müller C, Costa AC, Batista PF, Dalvi VC, Domingos M. Morphoanatomical and physiological changes in Bauhinia variegata L. as indicators of herbicide diuron action. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:242-250. [PMID: 28359990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The wide use of the herbicide diuron has compromised surrounding uncultivated areas, resulting in acute and/or chronic damage to non-target plants. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate physiological and morphoanatomical responses in Bauhinia variegata L. plants to different doses of diuron. Seedlings of 90-day-old B. variegata were transplanted into 10liter pots. After an acclimation period (about 30 days), treatments consisting of different diuron doses were applied: 0 (control), 400, 800, 1600, and 2400g ai ha-1. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in a 5×5 factorial scheme with five doses of diuron five evaluation times, and five replicates per treatment. Anatomical and physiological injuries were observed in leaves of Bauhina variegata 10h after diuron application. Disruption of waxes was observed on both sides of the leaves of plants exposed since the lowest dose. Plasmolysis in cells were observed in treated leaves; more severe damage was observed in plants exposed to higher doses, resulting in rupture of epidermis. The diuron herbicide also caused gradual reduction in the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence variables. Among the morphoanatomical and physiological variables analyzed, the non-invasive ones (e.g., ETR, YII, and Fv/Fm) may be used as biomarkers of diuron action in association with visible symptoms. In addition, changes in leaf blade waxes and chlorophyll parenchyma damage may also be considered additional leaf biomarkers of diuron herbicide action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dêmily Andrômeda de Lima
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, 75901-970 Rio Verde, GO, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Müller
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, 75901-970 Rio Verde, GO, Brazil.
| | - Alan Carlos Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, 75901-970 Rio Verde, GO, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Ferreira Batista
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, 75901-970 Rio Verde, GO, Brazil.
| | - Valdnéa Casagrande Dalvi
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, 75901-970 Rio Verde, GO, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, 75901-970 Rio Verde, GO, Brazil; Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Caixa Postal 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Pineau E, Xu L, Renault H, Trolet A, Navrot N, Ullmann P, Légeret B, Verdier G, Beisson F, Pinot F. Arabidopsis thaliana EPOXIDE HYDROLASE1 (AtEH1) is a cytosolic epoxide hydrolase involved in the synthesis of poly-hydroxylated cutin monomers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:173-186. [PMID: 28497532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are present in all living organisms. They have been extensively characterized in mammals; however, their biological functions in plants have not been demonstrated. Based on in silico analysis, we identified AtEH1 (At3g05600), a putative Arabidopsis thaliana epoxide hydrolase possibly involved in cutin monomer synthesis. We expressed AtEH1 in yeast and studied its localization in vivo. We also analyzed the composition of cutin from A. thaliana lines in which this gene was knocked out. Incubation of recombinant AtEH1 with epoxy fatty acids confirmed its capacity to hydrolyze epoxides of C18 fatty acids into vicinal diols. Transfection of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with constructs expressing AtEH1 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) indicated that AtEH1 is localized in the cytosol. Analysis of cutin monomers in loss-of-function Ateh1-1 and Ateh1-2 mutants showed an accumulation of 18-hydroxy-9,10-epoxyoctadecenoic acid and a concomitant decrease in corresponding vicinal diols in leaf and seed cutin. Compared with wild-type seeds, Ateh1 seeds showed delayed germination under osmotic stress conditions and increased seed coat permeability to tetrazolium red. This work reports a physiological role for a plant EH and identifies AtEH1 as a new member of the complex machinery involved in cutin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Pineau
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lin Xu
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, CEA-CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7265, LB3M, F-13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Hugues Renault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Trolet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Navrot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascaline Ullmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, CEA-CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7265, LB3M, F-13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Gaëtan Verdier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fred Beisson
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, CEA-CNRS-Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7265, LB3M, F-13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Franck Pinot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Chapman
- Center for Plant Lipid Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.; Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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