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Herath D, Even B, Oranger M, Foresti R, Papy D, Boyer L, Boczkowski J, Dagouassat M. Secreted phospholipase A2 XIIA triggers a mitochondrial damage-induced senescence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 205:129-140. [PMID: 37257701 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lung fibroblast senescence is involved in the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the mechanisms underlining this phenomenon are still poorly understood. Secreted phospholipases (sPLA2, a subclass of phospholipases) are secreted by senescent cells and can in turn induce senescence. However, their role in fibroblasts senescence in COPD is unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the role of sPLA2 in pulmonary fibroblast senescence. METHODS Fibroblasts were isolated from patients with COPD and control subjects, and senescence markers and inflammatory profile was analyzed. sPLA2 levels were quantified in serum of COPD and controls. MAIN RESULTS In comparison with non-smokers and smoker controls, senescent lung COPD fibroblasts exhibited a higher mRNA and protein expression of the sPLA2 isoform XIIA and of syndecan 4 (one of its receptors). sPLA2 XIIA induced in turn senescence of non-senescent pulmonary fibroblasts via a pathway involving consecutively syndecan 4, activation of MAPK and p-serine 727 STAT-3, increased mitochondrial ROS production, and activation of AMPK/p53. This pathway was associated with a specific inflammatory secretome (IL-10, IL-12 and TNFα), globally suggesting occurrence of a mitochondrial damage-induced senescence. COPD fibroblasts were more susceptible to this sPLA2 XIIA effect than cells from controls subjects. sPLA2 XIIA levels were significantly higher in serum from COPD patients as compared to controls. CONCLUSION sPLA2 XIIA is involved in senescence in COPD and could be a potential target to dampen this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danushki Herath
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France.
| | - Benjamin Even
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France.
| | | | - Roberta Foresti
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France.
| | | | - Laurent Boyer
- AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Service de Physiologie Explorations Fonctionnelles, F-94010, Creteil, France.
| | - Jorge Boczkowski
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France; AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Antenne de Pneumologie, F-94010, Creteil, France.
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2
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Urazov S, Chernov A, Popov O, Klenkova N, Sushentseva N, Polkovnikova I, Apalko S, Kislyuk K, Pavlovich D, Ivanov A, Shcherbak S. Secretory Phospholipase A2 and Interleukin-6 Levels as Predictive Markers of the Severity and Outcome of Patients with COVID-19 Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5540. [PMID: 36982611 PMCID: PMC10059025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. COVID-19 patients need immediate diagnosis and rehabilitation, which makes it urgent to identify new protein markers for a prognosis of the severity and outcome of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and secretory phospholipase (sPLA2) in the blood of patients regarding the severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection. The study included clinical and biochemical data obtained from 158 patients with COVID-19 treated at St. Petersburg City Hospital No. 40. A detailed clinical blood test was performed on all patients, as well as an assessment of IL-6, sPLA2, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), APTT, fibrinogen, procalcitonin, D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRB), ferritin, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) levels. It was found that the levels of PLA2, IL-6, APTV, AST, CRP, LDH, IL-6, D-dimer, and ferritin, as well as the number of neutrophils, significantly increased in patients with mild to severe COVID-19 infections. The levels of IL-6 were positively correlated with APTT; the levels of AST, LDH, CRP, D-dimer, and ferritin; and the number of neutrophils. The increase in the level of sPLA2 was positively correlated with the levels of CRP, LDH, D-dimer, and ferritin, the number of neutrophils, and APTT, and negatively correlated with the levels of GFR and lymphocytes. High levels of IL-6 and PLA2 significantly increase the risk of a severe course by 13.7 and 2.24 times, and increase the risk of death from COVID-19 infection by 14.82 and 5.32 times, respectively. We have shown that the blood levels of sPLA2 and IL-6 increase in cases which eventually result in death and when patients are transferred to the ICU (as the severity of COVID-19 infection increases), showing that IL-6 and sPLA2 can be considered as early predictors of aggravation of COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Urazov
- City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr Chernov
- Bioenergetics Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science “Institute of Experimental Medicine”, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg Popov
- City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalya Klenkova
- City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Svetlana Apalko
- City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kseniya Kislyuk
- City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Andrey Ivanov
- Center for Clinical and Laboratory Diagnostics, Federal State Budgetary Military Educational Institution of Higher Education “Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov”, 194044 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Shcherbak
- City Hospital 40 of Saint Petersburg, 197706 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “Saint-Petersburg State University”, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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3
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Javeed A, Jian C, Sun J, Wu S, Han B. Treatment of allergy: Overview of synthetic anti-allergy small molecules in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115151. [PMID: 36731273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has been continuously increasing over the past few decades, affecting approximately 20-30% of the global population. Allergic reactions to infection of respiratory tract, digestive tract, and skin system involve multiple different targets. The main difficulty of anti-allergy research is how to develop drugs with good curative effect and less side effects by adopting new multi-targets and mechanisms according to the clinical characteristics of different allergic populations and different allergens. This review focuses on information concerning potential therapeutic targets as well as the synthetic anti-allergy small molecules with respect to their medicinal chemistry. The structure-activity relationship and the mechanism of compound-target interaction were highlighted with perspective to histamine-1/4 receptor antagonists, leukotriene biosynthesis, Th2 cytokines inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. We hope that the study of chemical scaffold modification and optimization for different lead compounds summarized in this review not only lays the foundation for improvement of success rate and efficiency of virtual screening of antiallergic drugs, but also can provide valuable reference for the drug design of related promising research such as allergy, inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergy Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co., LTD., Hangzhou, China
| | - Ansar Javeed
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergy Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Cuiqin Jian
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergy Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jinlyu Sun
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shandong Wu
- Hangzhou Zheda Dixun Biological Gene Engineering Co., LTD., Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingnan Han
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergy Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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4
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Secretory Phospholipases A2, from Snakebite Envenoming to a Myriad of Inflammation Associated Human Diseases-What Is the Secret of Their Activity? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021579. [PMID: 36675102 PMCID: PMC9863470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases of type A2 (sPLA2s) are proteins of 14-16 kDa present in mammals in different forms and at different body sites. They are involved in lipid transformation processes, and consequently in various immune, inflammatory, and metabolic processes. sPLA2s are also major components of snake venoms, endowed with various toxic and pharmacological properties. The activity of sPLA2s is not limited to the enzymatic one but, through interaction with different types of molecules, they exert other activities that are still little known and explored, both outside and inside the cells, as they can be endocytosed. The aim of this review is to analyze three features of sPLA2s, yet under-explored, knowledge of which could be crucial to understanding the activity of these proteins. The first feature is their disulphide bridge pattern, which has always been considered immutable and necessary for their stability, but which might instead be modulable. The second characteristic is their ability to undergo various post-translational modifications that would control their interaction with other molecules. The third feature is their ability to participate in active molecular condensates both on the surface and within the cell. Finally, the implications of these features in the design of anti-inflammatory drugs are discussed.
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5
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Shi D, Feng C, Xie J, Zhang X, Dai H, Yan L. Recent Progress of Nanomedicine on Secreted Phospholipase A2 as a Potential Therapeutic Target. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7349-7360. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00608a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Overexpressed secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is found in many inflammatory diseases and various types of cancer. sPLA2 can catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipid sn-2 ester bond to lysophosphatidylcholine and free...
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6
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Abstract
The secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) group of secreted enzymes hydrolyze phospholipids and lead to the production of multiple biologically active lipid mediators. sPLA2s and their products (e.g., eicosanoids) play a significant role in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory diseases, including life-threatening lung disorders such as acute lung injury (ALI) and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The ALI/ARDS spectrum of severe inflammatory conditions is caused by direct (such as bacterial or viral pneumonia) or indirect insults (sepsis) that are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Several sPLA2 isoforms are upregulated in patients with ARDS as well as in multiple ALI preclinical models, and individual sPLA2s exert unique roles in regulating ALI pathophysiology. This brief review will summarize the contributions of specific sPLA2 isoforms as markers and mediators in ALI, supporting a potential therapeutic role for targeting them in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Letsiou
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu Maw Htwe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Batsika CS, Gerogiannopoulou ADD, Mantzourani C, Vasilakaki S, Kokotos G. The design and discovery of phospholipase A 2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1287-1305. [PMID: 34143707 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1942835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AREAS COVERED This review article summarizes the most important synthetic PLA2 inhibitors developed to target each one of the four major types of human PLA2 (cytosolic cPLA2, calcium-independent iPLA2, secreted sPLA2, and lipoprotein-associated Lp-PLA2), discussing their in vitro and in vivo activities as well as their recent applications and therapeutic properties. Recent findings on the role of PLA2 in the pathobiology of COVID-19 are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although a number of PLA2 inhibitors have entered clinical trials, none has reached the market yet. Lipoprotein-associated PLA2 is now considered a biomarker of vascular inflammation rather than a therapeutic target for inhibitors like darapladib. Inhibitors of cytosolic PLA2 may find topical applications for diseases like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Inhibitors of secreted PLA2, varespladib and varespladib methyl, are under investigation for repositioning in snakebite envenoming. A deeper understanding of PLA2 enzymes is needed for the development of novel selective inhibitors. Lipidomic technologies combined with medicinal chemistry approaches may be useful tools toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
| | - Sofia Vasilakaki
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
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8
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Murphy RC, Lai Y, Nolin JD, Aguillon Prada RA, Chakrabarti A, Novotny MV, Seeds MC, Altemeier WA, Gelb MH, Hite RD, Hallstrand TS. Exercise-induced alterations in phospholipid hydrolysis, airway surfactant, and eicosanoids and their role in airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L705-L714. [PMID: 33533300 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00546.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for driving endogenous airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in the form of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) are not fully understood. We examined alterations in airway phospholipid hydrolysis, surfactant degradation, and lipid mediator release in relation to AHR severity and changes induced by exercise challenge. Paired induced sputum (n = 18) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (n = 11) were obtained before and after exercise challenge in asthmatic subjects. Samples were analyzed for phospholipid structure, surfactant function, and levels of eicosanoids and secreted phospholipase A2 group 10 (sPLA2-X). A primary epithelial cell culture model was used to model effects of osmotic stress on sPLA2-X. Exercise challenge resulted in increased surfactant degradation, phospholipase activity, and eicosanoid production in sputum samples of all patients. Subjects with EIB had higher levels of surfactant degradation and phospholipase activity in BAL fluid. Higher basal sputum levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) were associated with direct AHR, and both the postexercise and absolute change in CysLTs and PGD2 levels were associated with EIB severity. Surfactant function either was abnormal at baseline or became abnormal after exercise challenge. Baseline levels of sPLA2-X in sputum and the absolute change in amount of sPLA2-X with exercise were positively correlated with EIB severity. Osmotic stress ex vivo resulted in movement of water and release of sPLA2-X to the apical surface. In summary, exercise challenge promotes changes in phospholipid structure and eicosanoid release in asthma, providing two mechanisms that promote bronchoconstriction, particularly in individuals with EIB who have higher basal levels of phospholipid turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ying Lai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James D Nolin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robier A Aguillon Prada
- Department of Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arindam Chakrabarti
- Department of Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael V Novotny
- Department of Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael C Seeds
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - William A Altemeier
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert Duncan Hite
- Division of Pulmonary Disease & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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9
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Sokolowska M, Rovati GE, Diamant Z, Untersmayr E, Schwarze J, Lukasik Z, Sava F, Angelina A, Palomares O, Akdis CA, O’Mahony L, Sanak M, Dahlen S, Woszczek G. Current perspective on eicosanoids in asthma and allergic diseases: EAACI Task Force consensus report, part I. Allergy 2021; 76:114-130. [PMID: 32279330 DOI: 10.1111/all.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are biologically active lipid mediators, comprising prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and lipoxins, involved in several pathophysiological processes relevant to asthma, allergies, and allied diseases. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are the most studied eicosanoids and established inducers of airway pathophysiology including bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. Drugs inhibiting the synthesis of lipid mediators or their effects, such as leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, leukotriene receptors antagonists, and more recently prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists, have been shown to modulate features of asthma and allergic diseases. This review, produced by an European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) task force, highlights our current understanding of eicosanoid biology and its role in mediating human pathology, with a focus on new findings relevant for clinical practice, development of novel therapeutics, and future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology Skane University Hospital Lund Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Thomayer Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Jargen Schwarze
- Child Life and Health and Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Zuzanna Lukasik
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Florentina Sava
- London North Genomic Laboratory Hub Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Sven‐Erik Dahlen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Allergy Research Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Woszczek
- MRC/Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences King's College London London UK
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10
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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y. Updating Phospholipase A 2 Biology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1457. [PMID: 33086624 PMCID: PMC7603386 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily contains more than 50 enzymes in mammals that are subdivided into several distinct families on a structural and biochemical basis. In principle, PLA2 has the capacity to hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to release fatty acids and lysophospholipids, yet several enzymes in this superfamily catalyze other reactions rather than or in addition to the PLA2 reaction. PLA2 enzymes play crucial roles in not only the production of lipid mediators, but also membrane remodeling, bioenergetics, and body surface barrier, thereby participating in a number of biological events. Accordingly, disturbance of PLA2-regulated lipid metabolism is often associated with various diseases. This review updates the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and biological functions of various enzymes belonging to the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the novel roles of PLA2s in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.S.); (Y.T.)
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11
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Ogden HL, Lai Y, Nolin JD, An D, Frevert CW, Gelb MH, Altemeier WA, Hallstrand TS. Secreted Phospholipase A 2 Group X Acts as an Adjuvant for Type 2 Inflammation, Leading to an Allergen-Specific Immune Response in the Lung. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3097-3107. [PMID: 32341057 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) enzymes release free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, and generate lysophospholipids from phospholipids, including membrane phospholipids from cells and bacteria and surfactant phospholipids. We have shown that an endogenous enzyme sPLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) is elevated in the airways of asthmatics and that mice lacking the sPLA2-X gene (Pla2g10) display attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness, innate and adaptive immune responses, and type 2 cytokine production in a model of airway sensitization and challenge using a complete allergen that induces endogenous adjuvant activity. This complete allergen also induces the expression of sPLA2-X/Pla2g10 In the periphery, an sPLA2 found in bee venom (bee venom PLA2) administered with the incomplete Ag OVA leads to an Ag-specific immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that both bee venom PLA2 and murine sPLA2-X have adjuvant activity, leading to a type 2 immune response in the lung with features of airway hyperresponsiveness and Ag-specific type 2 airway inflammation following peripheral sensitization and subsequent airway challenge with OVA. Further, the adjuvant effects of sPLA2-X that result in the type 2-biased OVA-specific adaptive immune response in the lung were dependent upon the catalytic activity of the enzyme, as a catalytically inactive mutant form of sPLA2-X does not elicit the adaptive component of the immune response, although other components of the immune response were induced by the inactive enzyme, suggesting receptor-mediated effects. Our results demonstrate that exogenous and endogenous sPLA2s play an important role in peripheral sensitization, resulting in airway responses to inhaled Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Luke Ogden
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Ying Lai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - James D Nolin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Dowon An
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - William A Altemeier
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109;
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12
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Shi R, Bian X, Feng S, Yang X, Zhao T, Guo M. The Involvement of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Airway Inflammation of Asthma. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2020; 40:188-194. [PMID: 32150691 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway inflammatory response is closely associated with asthma. The purpose of this article was to study the roles of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the process of airway inflammatory response in asthma. We established the asthmatic mice model with intraperitoneal injected ovalbumin medium, then with the flow cytometry analysis, we detected the ILCs and their surface proteins in the mice blood samples, besides, we analyzed the amounts of inflammatory cytokines and secreted proteins in the mice bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood serum. Moreover, Western blot analyzed the proteins in the mice bronchial epithelial tissues. The ILC2 amounts were obviously increased in young asthmatic mice model. And, the proteins CD25 and CCR10 were highly expressed in the sorted ILC2s. Besides, the cytokines interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, IL-33, CCL22, and CCL27 were abundant in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic mice model. And, the secretion of IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, TSLP, and CCL22 in blood serum was much more in asthmatic mice model than in the normal control mice, whereas the secretion of PGD2 was suppressed in asthmatic mice bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood serum. Additionally, the guanine nucleotide-binding proteins Gα12 and Gα13 were upregulated in asthmatic mice bronchial tissues, and the protein SERCA2 was downregulated; moreover, the proteins NFAT, IRF4, and its downstream signal STAT6 were all upregulated in the asthmatic mice bronchial tissues. ILC2s were involved in the response of airway inflammation through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines to dysregulate the Ca2+ homeostasis in airway in the process of asthma. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuhua Bian
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Jarc E, Petan T. A twist of FATe: Lipid droplets and inflammatory lipid mediators. Biochimie 2020; 169:69-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Szymczak-Pajor I, Kleniewska P, Wieczfinska J, Pawliczak R. Wide-Range Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on Group 4A Phospholipases Is Related to Nuclear Factor κ-B and Phospholipase-A2 Activating Protein Activity in Mast Cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 181:56-70. [PMID: 31707382 DOI: 10.1159/000503628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phospholipases are enzymes that occur in many types of human cells, including mast cells, and play an important role in the molecular background of asthma pathogenesis, and the development of inflammation NF-κB activities that affect numerous biological processes has been reported in many inflammatory diseases including asthma. Vitamin D is a widely studied factor that affects many diseases, including asthma. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on regulation of chosen phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) expression-selected inflammation mediators. METHODS LUVA mast cells were stimulated with 1,25(OH)2D3, and inhibitors of NF-κB p65 and ubiquitination. Expression analysis of phospholipases (PLA2G5, PLA2G10, PLA2G12, PLA2G15, PLA2G4A, PLA2G4B, PLA2G4C, PLAA, NF-κB p65, and UBC) was done utilizing real-time PCR and Western blot. Eicosanoid (LTC4, LXA4, 15[S]-HETE, and PGE2) levels and sPLA2 were also measured. RESULTS We found that 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the expression of PLA2G5, PLA2G15, PLA2G5,UBC, and NF-κB p65 but increased expression of PLAA and PLA2G4C (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of PLA2G5 and PLA2G15 decreased after inhibition of NF-κB p65 and UBC. Increased levels of released LXA4 and 15(S)-HETE, decreased levels of LTC4, and sPLA2s enzymatic activity in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 were also observed. Additionally, NF-κB p65 inhibition led to an increase in the LXA4 concentration. CONCLUSION Future investigations will be needed to further clarify the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the context of asthma and the inflammatory process; however, these results confirm a variety of effects which can be caused by this vitamin. 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated action may result in the development of new therapeutic strategies for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szymczak-Pajor
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Kleniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,
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