1
|
Elaine Mankge M, Penistacia Maela M, Mark Abrahams A, Hope Serepa-Dlamini M. Screening of Bacillus spp. bacterial endophytes for protease production, and application in feather degradation and bio-detergent additive. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30736. [PMID: 38765083 PMCID: PMC11098850 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on proteases and secondary metabolites from endophytes is an area that requires attention from researchers. In this study, proteases from Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 endophytes were characterised, and their potential biotechnological applications were investigated. Optimum protease production was achieved when isolates were grown in media containing (g/L): glucose 10g, casein 5g, yeast extract 5g, KH2PO4 2g, Na2CO3 10g at pH 9. The crude protease extracts were active in alkaline environments, thus referred to as alkaline proteases with optimal pH of 10. Additionally, Bacillus sp. strain MHSD 16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 proteases were active at high temperatures, with optimum enzyme activity at 50 °C. Thermostability profiles of these proteases showed that the enzymes were highly stable between (40-60 °C), maintaining over 85 % stability after 120 min incubation at 60 °C. Furthermore, the enzymes were stable and compatible with various household and laundry detergents. In the presence of commercial laundry detergent, OMO® 68 % and 72 % activity was retained for Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17, respectively, while 67 % and 68 % activity were retained in the presence of Sunlight®. The potential application for use in detergents was investigated through the removal of blood stains with the crude alkaline extracts displaying efficient stain removal abilities. Feather degradation was also investigated and Bacillus sp. MHSD17 exhibited feather keratin degrading properties more effectively than Bacillus sp. MHSD16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malese Elaine Mankge
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mehabo Penistacia Maela
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Adrian Mark Abrahams
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Scherthan H, Wagner SQ, Grundhöfer J, Matejka N, Müller J, Müller S, Rudigkeit S, Sammer M, Schoof S, Port M, Reindl J. Planar Proton Minibeam Irradiation Elicits Spatially Confined DNA Damage in a Human Epidermis Model. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061545. [PMID: 35326696 PMCID: PMC8946044 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: High doses of ionizing radiation in radiotherapy can elicit undesirable side effects to the skin. Proton minibeam radiotherapy (pMBRT) may circumvent such limitations due to tissue-sparing effects observed at the macro scale. Here, we mapped DNA damage dynamics in a 3D tissue context at the sub-cellular level. Methods: Epidermis models were irradiated with planar proton minibeams of 66 µm, 408 µm and 920 µm widths and inter-beam-distances of 2.5 mm at an average dose of 2 Gy using the scanning-ion-microscope SNAKE in Garching, GER. γ-H2AX + 53BP1 and cleaved-caspase-3 immunostaining revealed dsDNA damage and cell death, respectively, in time courses from 0.5 to 72 h after irradiation. Results: Focused 66 µm pMBRT induced sharply localized severe DNA damage (pan-γ-H2AX) in cells at the dose peaks, while damage in the dose valleys was similar to sham control. pMBRT with 408 µm and 920 µm minibeams induced DSB foci in all cells. At 72 h after irradiation, DNA damage had reached sham levels, indicating successful DNA repair. Increased frequencies of active-caspase-3 and pan-γ-H2AX-positive cells revealed incipient cell death at late time points. Conclusions: The spatially confined distribution of DNA damage appears to underlie the tissue-sparing effect after focused pMBRT. Thus, pMBRT may be the method of choice in radiotherapy to reduce side effects to the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Scherthan
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany; (S.-Q.W.); (J.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Stephanie-Quinta Wagner
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany; (S.-Q.W.); (J.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Jan Grundhöfer
- Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany; (N.M.); (J.G.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Nicole Matejka
- Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany; (N.M.); (J.G.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Jessica Müller
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany; (S.-Q.W.); (J.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Steffen Müller
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany; (S.-Q.W.); (J.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Sarah Rudigkeit
- Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany; (N.M.); (J.G.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Matthias Sammer
- Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany; (N.M.); (J.G.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Sarah Schoof
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany; (S.-Q.W.); (J.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Matthias Port
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Universität Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany; (S.-Q.W.); (J.M.); (S.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Judith Reindl
- Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany; (N.M.); (J.G.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|