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Duque CM, Hall DM, Tyukodi B, Hagan MF, Santangelo CD, Grason GM. Limits of economy and fidelity for programmable assembly of size-controlled triply periodic polyhedra. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315648121. [PMID: 38669182 PMCID: PMC11067059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315648121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose and investigate an extension of the Caspar-Klug symmetry principles for viral capsid assembly to the programmable assembly of size-controlled triply periodic polyhedra, discrete variants of the Primitive, Diamond, and Gyroid cubic minimal surfaces. Inspired by a recent class of programmable DNA origami colloids, we demonstrate that the economy of design in these crystalline assemblies-in terms of the growth of the number of distinct particle species required with the increased size-scale (e.g., periodicity)-is comparable to viral shells. We further test the role of geometric specificity in these assemblies via dynamical assembly simulations, which show that conditions for simultaneously efficient and high-fidelity assembly require an intermediate degree of flexibility of local angles and lengths in programmed assembly. Off-target misassembly occurs via incorporation of a variant of disclination defects, generalized to the case of hyperbolic crystals. The possibility of these topological defects is a direct consequence of the very same symmetry principles that underlie the economical design, exposing a basic tradeoff between design economy and fidelity of programmable, size controlled assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Duque
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden01307, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden01307, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Douglas M. Hall
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Botond Tyukodi
- Department of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca400084, Romania
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA02453
| | - Michael F. Hagan
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA02453
| | - Christian D. Santangelo
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY13210
| | - Gregory M. Grason
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
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2
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Grandes Reyes CF, Ha S, Kim KT. Synthesis and applications of polymer cubosomes and hexosomes. Journal of Polymer Science 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20230053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sungmin Ha
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
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3
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Liu R, Wang L, Meng Y, Li F, Nie H, Lu H. Role of Thylakoid Lipids in Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase Activation: Allosteric Mechanism Elucidated by a Computational Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010307. [PMID: 36613752 PMCID: PMC9820216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) is a chlorophyll synthetase that catalyzes the reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) with indispensable roles in regulating photosynthesis processes. A recent study confirmed that thylakoid lipids (TL) were able to allosterically enhance modulator-induced LPOR activation. However, the allosteric modulation mechanism of LPOR by these compounds remains unclear. Herein, we integrated multiple computational approaches to explore the potential cavities in the Arabidopsis thaliana LPOR and an allosteric site around the helix-G region where high affinity for phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) was identified. Adopting accelerated molecular dynamics simulation for different LPOR states, we rigorously analyzed binary LPOR/PG and ternary LPOR/NADPH/PG complexes in terms of their dynamics, energetics, and attainable allosteric regulation. Our findings clarify the experimental observation of increased NADPH binding affinity for LPOR with PGs. Moreover, the simulations indicated that allosteric regulators targeting LPOR favor a mechanism involving lid opening upon binding to an allosteric hinge pocket mechanism. This understanding paves the way for designing novel LPOR activators and expanding the applications of LPOR.
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4
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Schönhöfer PWA, Glotzer SC. Curvature-controlled geometrical lensing behavior in self-propelled colloidal particle systems. Soft Matter 2022; 18:8561-8571. [PMID: 36200373 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In many biological systems, the curvature of the surfaces cells live on influences their collective properties. Curvature should likewise influence the behavior of active colloidal particles. We show using molecular simulation of self-propelled active particles on surfaces of Gaussian curvature (both positive and negative) how curvature sign and magnitude can alter the system's collective behavior. Curvature acts as a geometrical lens and shifts the critical density of motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) to lower values for positive curvature and higher values for negative curvature, which we explain theoretically by the nature of parallel lines in spherical and hyperbolic space. Curvature also fluidizes dense MIPS clusters due to the emergence of defect patterns disrupting the crystalline order inside the clusters. Using our findings, we engineer three confining surfaces that strategically combine regions of different curvature to produce a host of novel dynamical behaviors, including cyclic MIPS on spherocylinders, directionally biased cyclic MIPS on spherocones, and position dependent cluster fluctuations on metaballs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon C Glotzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Liang Z, Yeung WT, Ma J, Mai KKK, Liu Z, Chong YLF, Cai X, Kang BH. Electron tomography of prolamellar bodies and their transformation into grana thylakoids in cryofixed Arabidopsis cotyledons. Plant Cell 2022; 34:3830-3843. [PMID: 35876816 PMCID: PMC9516191 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The para-crystalline structures of prolamellar bodies (PLBs) and light-induced etioplast-to-chloroplast transformation have been investigated via electron microscopy. However, such studies suffer from chemical fixation artifacts and limited volumes of 3D reconstruction. Here, we examined Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledon cells by electron tomography (ET) to visualize etioplasts and their conversion into chloroplasts. We employed scanning transmission ET to image large volumes and high-pressure freezing to improve sample preservation. PLB tubules were arranged in a zinc blende-type lattice-like carbon atoms in diamonds. Within 2 h after illumination, the lattice collapsed from the PLB exterior and the disorganized tubules merged to form thylakoid sheets (pre-granal thylakoids), which folded and overlapped with each other to create grana stacks. Since the nascent pre-granal thylakoids contained curved membranes in their tips, we examined the expression and localization of CURT1 (CURVATURE THYLAKOID1) proteins. CURT1A transcripts were most abundant in de-etiolating cotyledon samples, and CURT1A was concentrated at the PLB periphery. In curt1a etioplasts, PLB-associated thylakoids were swollen and failed to form grana stacks. In contrast, PLBs had cracks in their lattices in curt1c etioplasts. Our data provide evidence that CURT1A is required for pre-granal thylakoid assembly from PLB tubules during de-etiolation, while CURT1C contributes to cubic crystal growth in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai-Tsun Yeung
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juncai Ma
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keith Ka Ki Mai
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yau-Lun Felix Chong
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohao Cai
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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6
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Jakubauskas D, Mortensen K, Jensen PE, Kirkensgaard JJK. Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering on Photosynthetic Membranes. Front Chem 2021; 9:631370. [PMID: 33954157 PMCID: PMC8090863 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.631370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrastructural membrane arrangements in living cells and their dynamic remodeling in response to environmental changes remain an area of active research but are also subject to large uncertainty. The use of noninvasive methods such as X-ray and neutron scattering provides an attractive complimentary source of information to direct imaging because in vivo systems can be probed in near-natural conditions. However, without solid underlying structural modeling to properly interpret the indirect information extracted, scattering provides at best qualitative information and at worst direct misinterpretations. Here we review the current state of small-angle scattering applied to photosynthetic membrane systems with particular focus on data interpretation and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainius Jakubauskas
- X-ray and Neutron Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kell Mortensen
- X-ray and Neutron Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob J. K. Kirkensgaard
- X-ray and Neutron Science, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Nguyen HC, Melo AA, Kruk J, Frost A, Gabruk M. Photocatalytic LPOR forms helical lattices that shape membranes for chlorophyll synthesis. Nat Plants 2021; 7:437-444. [PMID: 33875834 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll biosynthesis, crucial to life on Earth, is tightly regulated because its precursors are phototoxic1. In flowering plants, the enzyme light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) captures photons to catalyse the penultimate reaction: the reduction of a double bond within protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to generate chlorophyllide (Chlide)2,3. In darkness, LPOR oligomerizes to facilitate photon energy transfer and catalysis4,5. However, the complete three-dimensional structure of LPOR, the higher-order architecture of LPOR oligomers and the implications of these self-assembled states for catalysis, including how LPOR positions Pchlide and the co-factor NADPH, remain unknown. Here, we report the atomic structure of LPOR assemblies by electron cryo-microscopy. LPOR polymerizes with its substrates into helical filaments around constricted lipid bilayer tubes. Portions of LPOR and Pchlide insert into the outer membrane leaflet, targeting the product, Chlide, to the membrane for the final reaction site of chlorophyll biosynthesis. In addition to its crucial photocatalytic role, we show that in darkness LPOR filaments directly shape membranes into high-curvature tubules with the spectral properties of the prolamellar body, whose light-triggered disassembly provides lipids for thylakoid assembly. Moreover, our structure of the catalytic site challenges previously proposed reaction mechanisms6. Together, our results reveal a new and unexpected synergy between photosynthetic membrane biogenesis and chlorophyll synthesis in plants, orchestrated by LPOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry C Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Asher Biotherapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Arthur A Melo
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Michal Gabruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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8
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Abstract
Etioplasts are photosynthetically inactive plastids that accumulate when light levels are too low for chloroplast maturation. The etioplast inner membrane consists of a paracrystalline tubular lattice and peripheral, disk-shaped membranes, respectively known as the prolamellar body and prothylakoids. These distinct membrane regions are connected into one continuous compartment. To date, no structures of protein complexes in or at etioplast membranes have been reported. Here, we used electron cryo-tomography to explore the molecular membrane landscape of pea and maize etioplasts. Our tomographic reconstructions show that ATP synthase monomers are enriched in the prothylakoids, and plastid ribosomes in the tubular lattice. The entire tubular lattice is covered by regular helical arrays of a membrane-associated protein, which we identified as the 37-kDa enzyme, light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR). LPOR is the most abundant protein in the etioplast, where it is responsible for chlorophyll biosynthesis, photoprotection and defining the membrane geometry of the prolamellar body. Based on the 9-Å-resolution volume of the subtomogram average, we propose a structural model of membrane-associated LPOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Floris
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Werner Kühlbrandt
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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9
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Bao C, Che S, Han L. Discovery of single gyroid structure in self-assembly of block copolymer with inorganic precursors. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123538. [PMID: 33254739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triply periodic hyperbolic surfaces have attracted great attention due to their unique geometries and physical properties. Among them, the single gyroid (SG) is of significant interest due to its inherent chirality as well as the potential applications in energy and environmental science. However, the formation of the thermodynamically unstable structure is still unclear. In this work, we show the formation of SG structure in the structural transformation from the cylindrical to shifted double diamond (SDD) scaffold in a self-assembly system of diblock copolymer and silica precursors in solution. It has been found that the cylindrical tubes with zero Gaussian curvature were split and curved into hyperbolic surfaces and extruded to form SG structures and further evolved into the SDD networks. This growth or extrusion process suggests the SG structure is an intermediate phase of the cylindrical and SDD, and this transformation is found similar to the formation of butterfly wing scales (Thecla opisena), which has not been observed in neither the theoretical calculation nor the experimental self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules. We hope the structural relationship may bring new insights in understanding the formation of single networks in the biological system and the creation of new functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shunai Che
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Lu Han
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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10
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Bykowski M, Mazur R, Buszewicz D, Szach J, Mostowska A, Kowalewska Ł. Spatial Nano-Morphology of the Prolamellar Body in Etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Disturbed Pigment and Polyprenol Composition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586628. [PMID: 33117813 PMCID: PMC7578251 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolamellar body (PLB) is a periodic bicontinuous membrane structure based on tubular tetrahedral units. PLBs are present in plant etioplasts and, upon illumination, directly transform into the lamellar thylakoid networks within chloroplasts. Efficient tubular-lamellar rearrangement and later formation of the photosynthetically active thylakoid membranes are crucial steps in the development of plant autotrophy. PLB membranes are mainly composed of galactolipids, carotenoids, and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), the chlorophyll precursor, bound in a complex with NADPH and Pchlide oxidoreductase. Although the PLB structure has been studied for over 50 years, the direct role of particular membrane components in the formation of the PLB paracrystalline network remains elusive. Moreover, despite the numerous literature data regarding the PLB geometry, their reliable comparative analysis is complicated due to variable experimental conditions. Therefore, we performed comprehensive ultrastructural and low-temperature fluorescence analysis of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings grown in different conditions typical for studies on etiolated seedlings. We established that the addition of sucrose to the growing media significantly affected the size and compactness of the PLB. The etiolation period was also an important factor influencing the PLB structural parameters and the ratio of free to complex-bound Pchlide. Thus, a reliable PLB structural and spectral analysis requires particular attention to the applied experimental conditions. We investigated the influence of the pigment and polyprenol components of the etioplast membranes on the formation of the PLB spatial structure. The PLB 3D structure in several Arabidopsis mutants (ccr1-1, lut5-1, szl1-1npq1-2, aba1-6, pif1, cpt7) with disturbed levels of particular pigments and polyprenols using electron tomography technique was studied. We found that the PLB nano-morphology was mainly affected in the pif1 and aba1-6 mutants. An increased level of Pchlide (pif1) resulted in the substantial shift of the structural balance between outer and inner PLB water channels and overall PLB compactness compared to wild type plants. The decrease in the relative content of β-branch xanthophylls in aba1-6 plants was manifested by local disturbances in the paracrystalline structure of the PLB network. Therefore, proper levels of particular etioplast pigments are essential for the formation of stable and regular PLB structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Buszewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Szach
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Mezzenga R, Seddon JM, Drummond CJ, Boyd BJ, Schröder-Turk GE, Sagalowicz L. Nature-Inspired Design and Application of Lipidic Lyotropic Liquid Crystals. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1900818. [PMID: 31222858 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic lipids aggregate in aqueous solution into a variety of structural arrangements. Among the plethora of ordered structures that have been reported, many have also been observed in nature. In addition, due to their unique morphologies, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, very high internal interfacial surface area, and the multitude of possible order-order transitions depending on environmental changes, very promising applications have been developed for these systems in recent years. These include crystallization in inverse bicontinuous cubic phases for membrane protein structure determination, generation of advanced materials, sustained release of bioactive molecules, and control of chemical reactions. The outstanding diverse functionalities of lyotropic liquid crystalline phases found in nature and industry are closely related to the topology, including how their nanoscopic domains are organized. This leads to notable examples of correlation between structure and macroscopic properties, which is itself central to the performance of materials in general. The physical origin of the formation of the known classes of lipidic lyotropic liquid crystalline phases, their structure, and their occurrence in nature are described, and their application in materials science and engineering, biology, medical, and pharmaceutical products, and food science and technology are exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Mezzenga
- ETH Zurich Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, LFO E23, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich Department of Materials, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - John M Seddon
- Chemistry Department, Imperial College London, MSRH, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Calum J Drummond
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Gerd E Schröder-Turk
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
| | - Laurent Sagalowicz
- Institute of Materials Science, Nestlé Research Center, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Solovchenko A, Baulina O, Ptushenko O, Gorelova O. Ultrastructural patterns of photoacclimation and photodamage to photosynthetic algae cell under environmental stress. Physiol Plant 2019; 166:251-263. [PMID: 30561763 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In oxygenic phototrophs including unicellular algae, acclimation to and damage by diverse environmental stresses induce profound changes in the ultrastructural organization of the cell. These alterations reflect acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to unfavorable conditions (mainly reduction of the chloroplast and its membranal system) and rewiring of the photo-fixed carbon fluxes in the cell. These changes, eventually pursuing mitigation of the photooxidative damage risk, are manifested by the formation of diverse carbon-rich inclusions. Although the physiological and molecular basis of these processes are well understood, the ultrastructural manifestations of the stress responses are often fragmented and frequently controversial. This minireview attempts to generalize on the ultrastructural patterns accompanying stresses in the photosynthetic cell, involving the concerted rearrangements of its assimilatory and storage compartments. The changes characteristic of normal functioning and emergency reduction of the chloroplast thylakoids under harsh stress are also addressed. Special attention is paid to the manifestations of the engagement of photoprotection via active (energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching) and passive mechanisms (e.g. optical shielding by secondary carotenoids). We also underline the potentially important role of autophagy-like processes and provide a more integral view of ultrastructural rearrangements under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Institute of Agriculture and Technolgy, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Olga Baulina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Oksana Ptushenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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14
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Gorelova O, Baulina O, Ismagulova T, Kokabi K, Lobakova E, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Chivkunova O, Karpova O, Scherbakov P, Khozin-Goldberg I, Solovchenko A. Stress-induced changes in the ultrastructure of the photosynthetic apparatus of green microalgae. Protoplasma 2019; 256:261-277. [PMID: 30083788 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms including unicellular algae, acclimation to and damage by environmental stresses are readily apparent at the level of the photosynthetic apparatus. Phenotypic manifestations of the stress responses include rapid and dramatic reduction of photosynthetic activity and pigment content aimed at mitigating the risk of photooxidative damage. Although the physiological and molecular mechanisms of these events are well known, the ultrastructural picture of the stress responses is often elusive and frequently controversial. We analyzed an extensive set of transmission electron microscopy images of the microalgal cells obtained across species of Chlorophyta and in a wide range of growth conditions. The results of the analysis allowed us to pinpoint distinct ultrastructural changes typical of normal functioning and emergency reduction of the chloroplast membrane system under high light exposure and/or mineral nutrient starvation. We demonstrate the patterns of the stress-related ultrastructural changes including peculiar thylakoid rearrangements and autophagy-like processes and provide an outlook on their significance for implementation of the stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Baulina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ismagulova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Kamilya Kokabi
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Elena Lobakova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Irina Selyakh
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Larisa Semenova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Chivkunova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Olga Karpova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Pavel Scherbakov
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, 117198, Russia.
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15
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Zhan T, Lv W, Deng Y. Multilayer gyroid cubic membrane organization in green alga Zygnema. Protoplasma 2017; 254:1923-1930. [PMID: 28176001 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biological cubic membranes (CM), which are fluid membranes draped onto the 3D periodic parallel surface geometries with cubic symmetry, have been observed within subcellular organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and thylakoids. CM transition tends to occur under various stress conditions; however, multilayer CM organizations often appear associated with light stress conditions. This report is about the characterization of a projected gyroid CM in a transmission electron microscopy study of the chloroplast membranes within green alga Zygnema (LB923) whose lamellar form of thylakoid membrane started to fold into multilayer gyroid CM in the culture at the end of log phase of cell growth. Using the techniques of computer simulation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a direct template matching method, we show that these CM are based on the gyroid parallel surfaces. The single, double, and multilayer gyroid CM morphologies are observed in which space is continuously divided into two, three, and more subvolumes by either one, two, or several parallel membranes. The gyroid CM are continuous with varying amount of pseudo-grana with lamellar-like morphology. The relative amount and order of these two membrane morphologies seem to vary with the age of cell culture and are insensitive to ambient light condition. In addition, thylakoid gyroid CM continuously interpenetrates the pyrenoid body through stalk, bundle-like, morphologies. Inside the pyrenoid body, the membranes re-folded into gyroid CM. The appearance of these CM rearrangements due to the consequence of Zygnema cell response to various types of environmental stresses will be discussed. These stresses include nutrient limitation, temperature fluctuation, and ultraviolet (UV) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CNITECH, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, 325001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Lv
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CNITECH, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, 325001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuru Deng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China.
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CNITECH, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang, 325001, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Gabruk M, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B, Kruk J. MGDG, PG and SQDG regulate the activity of light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Biochem J 2017; 474:1307-20. [PMID: 28188256 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) is a plant enzyme involved in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. POR reduces one of the double bonds of the protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) using NADPH and light. In the present study, we found out that phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol are allosteric regulators of the nucleotide binding, which increase the affinity towards NADPH a 100-fold. Moreover, we showed for the first time that NADH can, like NADPH, form active complexes with Pchlide and POR, however, at much higher concentrations. Additionally, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) was shown to be the main factor responsible for the red shift of the fluorescence emission maximum of Pchlide:POR:NADPH complexes. Importantly, the emission maximum at 654 nm was obtained only for the reaction mixtures supplemented with MGDG and at least one of the negatively charged plant lipids. Moreover, the site-directed mutagenesis allowed us to identify amino acid residues that may be responsible for lipid binding and Pchlide coordination. Our experiments allowed us to identify six different Pchlide:POR complexes that differ in the fluorescence emission maxima of the pigment. The results presented here reveal the contribution of thylakoid lipids in the regulation of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway; however, the molecular mechanisms of this process are to be clarified.
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17
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Kósa A, Preininger É, Böddi B. Nitrogen deficiency hinders etioplast development in stems of dark-grown pea (Pisum sativum) shoot cultures. Physiol Plant 2015; 155:330-7. [PMID: 25825156 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nitrogen (N) deprivation were studied in etiolated pea plants (Pisum sativum cv. Zsuzsi) grown in shoot cultures. The average shoot lengths decreased and the stems significantly altered considering their pigment contents, 77 K fluorescence spectra and ultrastructural properties. The protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) content and the relative contribution of the 654-655 nm emitting flash-photoactive Pchlide form significantly decreased. The etioplast inner membrane structure characteristically changed: N deprivation correlated with a decrease in the size and number of prolamellar bodies (PLBs). These results show that N deficiency directly hinders the pigment production, as well as the synthesis of other etioplast inner membrane components in etiolated pea stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamária Kósa
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös University, Institute of Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Preininger
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös University, Institute of Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Böddi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös University, Institute of Biology, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Abstract
Possibly the best-characterized cubic membrane transition has been observed in the mitochondrial inner membranes of free-living giant amoeba (Chaos carolinense). In this ancient organism, the cells are able to survive in extreme environments such as lack of food, thermal and osmolarity fluctuations and high levels of reactive oxygen species. Their mitochondrial inner membranes undergo rapid changes in three-dimensional organization upon food depletion, providing a valuable model to study this subcellular adaptation. Our data show that cubic membrane is enriched with unique ether phospholipids, plasmalogens carrying very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here, we propose that these phospholipids may not only facilitate cubic membrane formation but may also provide a protective shelter to RNA. The potential interaction of cubic membrane with RNA may reduce the amount of RNA oxidation and promote more efficient protein translation. Thus, recognizing the role of cubic membranes in RNA antioxidant systems might help us to understand the adaptive mechanisms that have evolved over time in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Deng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences , Changzhou University, Changzhou , Jiangsu 213164 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zakaria A Almsherqi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117597 , Republic of Singapore
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19
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Winter B, Butz B, Dieker C, Schröder-Turk GE, Mecke K, Spiecker E. Coexistence of both gyroid chiralities in individual butterfly wing scales of Callophrys rubi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12911-6. [PMID: 26438839 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511354112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The wing scales of the Green Hairstreak butterfly Callophrys rubi consist of crystalline domains with sizes of a few micrometers, which exhibit a congenitally handed porous chitin microstructure identified as the chiral triply periodic single-gyroid structure. Here, the chirality and crystallographic texture of these domains are investigated by means of electron tomography. The tomograms unambiguously reveal the coexistence of the two enantiomeric forms of opposite handedness: the left- and right-handed gyroids. These two enantiomers appear with nonequal probabilities, implying that molecularly chiral constituents of the biological formation process presumably invoke a chiral symmetry break, resulting in a preferred enantiomeric form of the gyroid structure. Assuming validity of the formation model proposed by Ghiradella H (1989) J Morphol 202(1):69-88 and Saranathan V, et al. (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(26):11676-11681, where the two enantiomeric labyrinthine domains of the gyroid are connected to the extracellular and intra-SER spaces, our findings imply that the structural chirality of the single gyroid is, however, not caused by the molecular chirality of chitin. Furthermore, the wing scales are found to be highly textured, with a substantial fraction of domains exhibiting the <001> directions of the gyroid crystal aligned parallel to the scale surface normal. Both findings are needed to completely understand the photonic purpose of the single gyroid in gyroid-forming butterflies. More importantly, they show the level of control that morphogenesis exerts over secondary features of biological nanostructures, such as chirality or crystallographic texture, providing inspiration for biomimetic replication strategies for synthetic self-assembly mechanisms.
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20
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Grzyb JM, Solymosi K, Strzałka K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Visualization and characterization of prolamellar bodies with atomic force microscopy. J Plant Physiol 2013; 170:1217-1227. [PMID: 23777838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Prolamellar bodies (PLBs) isolated from etiolated wheat seedlings were studied with the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence spectroscopy. With AFM, PLBs were seen as spherical structures about 1-2μm in diameter, more elastic than mica and poly-l-lysine substrate. TEM analyses confirmed that PLBs of wheat leaf etioplasts also had an average diameter of appr. 1μm. Illumination induced the photoreduction of photoactive protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), i.e. Pchlide bound to protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, which was shown in fluorescence spectra. The photoreduction was followed by the disruption of PLB structures, which started with the enlargement of PLB spheres and then their fragmentation into small balls as seen with AFM. Light-induced vesicle formation and the outgrowth of lamellar (pro)thylakoid membranes on the PLB surface were also confirmed by TEM analyses, and resulted in the apparent enlargement of the PLB diameter. The blue-shift of the fluorescence emission maximum of chlorophyllide observed for PLBs at room temperature after Pchlide photoreduction was completed within 25min. However, structural changes in PLBs were still observed after the completion of the blue-shift. The incubation of PLBs in darkness with HgCl2 also resulted in PLB enlargement and a loosening of their structure. AFM provides a unique opportunity to observe PLBs at a physiological temperature without the necessity of fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Grzyb
- Laboratory of Biological Physics, Institute of Physics PAS, al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Selstam E, Brain APR, Williams WP. The relationship between different spectral forms of the protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase complex and the structural organisation of prolamellar bodies isolated from Zea mays. Photosynth Res 2011; 108:47-59. [PMID: 21505944 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of prolamellar bodies (PLB) in high-salt media leads to changes in PLB structure and properties of their protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase-protochlorophyllide (POR-PChlide) complex. The paracrystalline organisation typical of PLB is disrupted and NADPH dissociates from photoconvertible POR-PChlide, with absorption maxima at 640 and 650 nm (POR-PChlide (640/650)), and a non-photoconvertible form, with absorption maxima at 635 nm (POR-PChlide (635)), is formed. These effects are strongly dependent on the valence of the cation of the perturbing salt, indicating that they involve surface double layers effects. They are also influenced by the nature of the anion and by high concentrations of non-electrolytes, suggesting the involvement of surface hydration effects. The structural changes are largely, if not entirely, independent of the presence of excess NADPH. Changes to the POR-PChlide complex, however, are strongly inhibited by excess NADPH suggesting that the two sets of changes may not be causally linked. As long as the disruption is not too great, the structural changes seen on incubation of PLB in high salt media lacking excess NADPH are reversed on removal of the high salt perturbation. This reversal is independent of the presence or absence of added NADPH. Reformation of photoconvertible POR-PChlide, however, requires the presence of NADPH. The reformation of paracrystalline PLB in the absence of NADPH strongly indicates that preservation of PLB structure, in isolated PLB preparations at least, is independent of the presence or absence of POR-PChlide (650).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Selstam
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
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22
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Amirjani MR. Protochlorophyllide spectral forms. Pak J Biol Sci 2010; 13:563-576. [PMID: 21061907 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2010.563.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract: This study summarized recent results on POR and plastid development in order to find an explanation for the existence of Pchlide spectral forms. This review has summarized many researches about the Pchlide spectral forms and their phototransformability in different higher plants which have been published. Chlorophyll (Chl) is the most important pigment on the Earth. Each spring millions of tons Chl are formed during bud break and leaf development. The sun light needed for photosynthesis is captured by Chl and transformed to chemical energy. In the Biosynthesis of chlorophyll (Chl) begins with the synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) from glutamic acid. Chl biosynthetic pathway, a light dependent enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) catalyses a key light-driven reaction, trans addition of hydrogen across the C-17-C-18 double bond of the Chl precursor, protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), that triggers a profound transformation in plant development. Pchlide is spectrally heterogeneous and exist in different spectral forms having slightly different absorption and fluorescence peaks. The identified Pchlide spectral forms can be sorted into three groups. The first group is designated as short-wavelength forms. This group with fluorescence in the 625-646 nm spectral region has a heterogeneous nature and is made by four components. The second group includes the long-wavelength Pchlide forms with emission maxima between 652 and 657 nm. The third group is found in the extreme red region (670-730 nm) of the fluorescence emission spectra and includes a number of pigment forms with spectral bands of low intensity. This region is also influenced by vibrational bands of the short-and long-wavelength Pchlide forms.
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