1
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Antunes M, Kale D, Sychrová H, Sá-Correia I. The Hrk1 kinase is a determinant of acetic acid tolerance in yeast by modulating H + and K + homeostasis. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:261-276. [PMID: 38053573 PMCID: PMC10695635 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.12.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetic acid-induced stress is a common challenge in natural environments and industrial bioprocesses, significantly affecting the growth and metabolic performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The adaptive response and tolerance to this stress involves the activation of a complex network of molecular pathways. This study aims to delve deeper into these mechanisms in S. cerevisiae, particularly focusing on the role of the Hrk1 kinase. Hrk1 is a key determinant of acetic acid tolerance, belonging to the NPR/Hal family, whose members are implicated in the modulation of the activity of plasma membrane transporters that orchestrate nutrient uptake and ion homeostasis. The influence of Hrk1 on S. cerevisiae adaptation to acetic acid-induced stress was explored by employing a physiological approach based on previous phosphoproteomics analyses. The results from this study reflect the multifunctional roles of Hrk1 in maintaining proton and potassium homeostasis during different phases of acetic acid-stressed cultivation. Hrk1 is shown to play a role in the activation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase, maintaining pH homeostasis, and in the modulation of plasma membrane potential under acetic acid stressed cultivation. Potassium (K+) supplementation of the growth medium, particularly when provided at limiting concentrations, led to a notable improvement in acetic acid stress tolerance of the hrk1Δ strain. Moreover, abrogation of this kinase expression is shown to confer a physiological advantage to growth under K+ limitation also in the absence of acetic acid stress. The involvement of the alkali metal cation/H+ exchanger Nha1, another proposed molecular target of Hrk1, in improving yeast growth under K+ limitation or acetic acid stress, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Antunes
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deepika Kale
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Popova LG, Khramov DE, Nedelyaeva OI, Volkov VS. Yeast Heterologous Expression Systems for the Study of Plant Membrane Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10768. [PMID: 37445944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers are often interested in proteins that are present in cells in small ratios compared to the total amount of proteins. These proteins include transcription factors, hormones and specific membrane proteins. However, sufficient amounts of well-purified protein preparations are required for functional and structural studies of these proteins, including the creation of artificial proteoliposomes and the growth of protein 2D and 3D crystals. This aim can be achieved by the expression of the target protein in a heterologous system. This review describes the applications of yeast heterologous expression systems in studies of plant membrane proteins. An initial brief description introduces the widely used heterologous expression systems of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. S. cerevisiae is further considered a convenient model system for functional studies of heterologously expressed proteins, while P. pastoris has the advantage of using these yeast cells as factories for producing large quantities of proteins of interest. The application of both expression systems is described for functional and structural studies of membrane proteins from plants, namely, K+- and Na+-transporters, various ATPases and anion transporters, and other transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa G Popova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Khramov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Nedelyaeva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim S Volkov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Ruiz-Castilla FJ, Ruiz Pérez FS, Ramos-Moreno L, Ramos J. Candida albicans Potassium Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094884. [PMID: 35563275 PMCID: PMC9105532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium is basic for life. All living organisms require high amounts of intracellular potassium, which fulfils multiple functions. To reach efficient potassium homeostasis, eukaryotic cells have developed a complex and tightly regulated system of transporters present both in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of internal organelles that allow correct intracellular potassium content and distribution. We review the information available on the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. While some of the plasma membrane potassium transporters are relatively well known and experimental data about their nature, function or regulation have been published, in the case of most of the transporters present in intracellular membranes, their existence and even function have just been deduced because of their homology with those present in other yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, we analyse the possible links between pathogenicity and potassium homeostasis. We comment on the possibility of using some of these transporters as tentative targets in the search for new antifungal drugs.
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4
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Yang YS, Ning SK, Lyu XH, Suo F, Jia GS, Li W, Du LL. Canavanine resistance mutation can1-1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a missense mutation in the ubiquitin ligase adaptor gene any1. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000538. [PMID: 35300005 PMCID: PMC8922049 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the can1-1 mutation confers resistance to the toxic arginine analog canavanine. This mutation has been assumed to disrupt a gene encoding an arginine transporter. In PomBase, the gene SPBC18H10.16 is currently designated can1. Here, we sequenced the genomes of three can1-1 strains. No mutations were found in SPBC18H10.16. Instead, these strains harbor an R175C mutation in the gene any1 (SPBC18H10.20c). any1 encodes an α-arrestin that acts as a ubiquitin ligase adaptor to downregulate plasma membrane amino acid transporters. Our findings indicate that can1-1 is not a loss-of-function mutation in an amino acid transporter gene, but a possible gain-of-function mutation in a gene encoding a negative regulator of amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Kai Ning
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Lyu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Suo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Song Jia
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
,
Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
,
Correspondence to: Li-Lin Du (
)
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5
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McKay DW, McFarlane HE, Qu Y, Situmorang A, Gilliham M, Wege S. Plant Trans-Golgi Network/Early Endosome pH regulation requires Cation Chloride Cotransporter (CCC1). eLife 2022; 11:70701. [PMID: 34989335 PMCID: PMC8791640 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cells maintain a low luminal pH in the trans-Golgi-network/early endosome (TGN/EE), the organelle in which the secretory and endocytic pathways intersect. Impaired TGN/EE pH regulation translates into severe plant growth defects. The identity of the proton pump and proton/ion antiporters that regulate TGN/EE pH have been determined, but an essential component required to complete the TGN/EE membrane transport circuit remains unidentified − a pathway for cation and anion efflux. Here, we have used complementation, genetically encoded fluorescent sensors, and pharmacological treatments to demonstrate that Arabidopsis cation chloride cotransporter (CCC1) is this missing component necessary for regulating TGN/EE pH and function. Loss of CCC1 function leads to alterations in TGN/EE-mediated processes including endocytic trafficking, exocytosis, and response to abiotic stress, consistent with the multitude of phenotypic defects observed in ccc1 knockout plants. This discovery places CCC1 as a central component of plant cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W McKay
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yue Qu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Apriadi Situmorang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stefanie Wege
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Su L, Xie Y, He Z, Zhang J, Tang Y, Zhou X. Network response of two cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivars to Cadmium stress as revealed by transcriptome analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112473. [PMID: 34224970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination severely threatens human health. Therefore, screening and breeding low-Cd absorption cultivars of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is essential to restrict human Cd intake. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to perform a comparative transcriptome analysis of the leaves of two cherry tomato cultivars with different Cd contents under different Cd stress (0, 10, and 50 μM), for the purpose of exploring the differences in the transcriptional responses to Cd stress between the two cultivars. Our results revealed that the Cd content in the leaves of HLZ (Hanluzhe; a low-Cd accumulation cultivar) was significantly lower than that in the leaves of LFC (Lvfeicui; a high-Cd accumulation cultivar). Transcriptome analysis showed that the different expression genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, antioxidant enzymes, cell wall biosynthesis, and metal transportation. In the LFC leaves, DEGs in the IAA signal transduction and antioxidant enzymes exhibited higher transcription levels. However, the DEGs in the ETH signal transduction demonstrated a lower transcription level compared to that of HLZ. Over-expressed genes in the pectin biosynthesis and pectin methylesterase (PME) of the LFC leaves might result in the trapping of Cd by increased levels of low-methylated pectin around the cell wall. Furthermore, Cd transporter genes, such as HMA5, NRAMP6, CAX3, ABCC3, and PDR1, were up-regulated in the HLZ leaves, indicating that the HLZ cultivar comprised an active Cd transport capacity from apoplast to vacuolar. This may contribute to the low Cd concentration observed in the HLZ leaves. Overall, our study provides a molecular basis for tomato screening and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Su
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yongdong Xie
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Institute for Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zhongqun He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yi Tang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
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7
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Zimmermannova O, Felcmanova K, Sacka L, Colinet AS, Morsomme P, Sychrova H. K+-specific importers Trk1 and Trk2 play different roles in Ca2+ homeostasis and signalling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6152291. [PMID: 33640956 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of K+ and Ca2+ homeostasis is crucial for many cellular functions. Potassium is accumulated in cells at high concentrations, while the cytosolic level of calcium, to ensure its signalling function, is kept at low levels and transiently increases in response to stresses. We examined Ca2+ homeostasis and Ca2+ signalling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains lacking plasma-membrane K+ influx (Trk1 and Trk2) or efflux (Tok1, Nha1 and Ena1-5) systems. The lack of K+ exporters slightly increased the cytosolic Ca2+, but did not alter the Ca2+ tolerance or Ca2+-stress response. In contrast, the K+-importers Trk1 and Trk2 play important and distinct roles in the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis. The presence of Trk1 was vital mainly for the growth of cells in the presence of high extracellular Ca2+, whilst the lack of Trk2 doubled steady-state intracellular Ca2+ levels. The absence of both K+ importers highly increased the Ca2+ response to osmotic or CaCl2 stresses and altered the balance between Ca2+ flux from external media and intracellular compartments. In addition, we found Trk2 to be important for the tolerance to high KCl and hygromycin B in cells growing on minimal media. All the data describe new interconnections between potassium and calcium homeostasis in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zimmermannova
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 - Krc, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Felcmanova
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 - Krc, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sacka
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 - Krc, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Anne-Sophie Colinet
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, B 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pierre Morsomme
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, B 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hana Sychrova
- Laboratory of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4 - Krc, 142 20, Czech Republic
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8
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Al-Harrasi I, Jana GA, Patankar HV, Al-Yahyai R, Rajappa S, Kumar PP, Yaish MW. A novel tonoplast Na +/H + antiporter gene from date palm (PdNHX6) confers enhanced salt tolerance response in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1079-1093. [PMID: 32382811 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHX) gene from the date palm enhances tolerance to salinity in Arabidopsis plants. Plant sodium hydrogen exchangers/antiporters (NHXs) are pivotal regulators of intracellular Na+/K+ and pH homeostasis, which is essential for salt stress adaptation. In this study, a novel orthologue of Na+/H+ antiporter was isolated from date palm (PdNHX6) and functionally characterized in mutant yeast cells and Arabidopsis plants to assess the behavior of the transgenic organisms in response to salinity. Genetically transformed yeast cells with PdNHX6 were sensitive to salt stress when compared to the empty vector (EV) yeast cells. Besides, the acidity value of the vacuoles of the transformant yeast cells has significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased, as indicated by the calibrated fluorescence intensity measurements and the fluorescence imagining analyses. This observation supports the notion that PdNHX6 might regulate proton pumping into the vacuole, a crucial salt tolerance mechanism in the plants. Consistently, the transient overexpression and subcellular localization revealed the accumulation of PdNHX6 in the tonoplast surrounding the central vacuole of Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Stable overexpression of PdNHX6 in Arabidopsis plants enhanced tolerance to salt stress and retained significantly higher chlorophyll, water contents, and increased seed germination under salinity when compared to the wild-type plants. Despite the significant increase of Na+, transgenic Arabidopsis lines maintained a balanced Na+/K+ ratio under salt stress conditions. Together, the results obtained from this study imply that PdNHX6 is involved in the salt tolerance mechanism in plants by controlling K+ and pH homeostasis of the vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtisam Al-Harrasi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gerry Aplang Jana
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Himanshu V Patankar
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Rashid Al-Yahyai
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 34, 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sivamathini Rajappa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Prakash P Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Mahmoud W Yaish
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, 123, Muscat, Oman.
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9
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Molecular Characterization of a Date Palm Vascular Highway 1-Interacting Kinase ( PdVIK) Under Abiotic Stresses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050568. [PMID: 32438658 PMCID: PMC7288329 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The date palm (Khalas) is an extremophile plant that can adapt to various abiotic stresses including drought and salinity. Salinity tolerance is a complex trait controlled by numerous genes. Identification and functional characterization of salt-responsive genes from the date palm is fundamental to understand salinity tolerance at the molecular level in this plant species. In this study, a salt-inducible vascular highway 1-interacting kinase (PdVIK) that is a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) gene from the date palm, was functionally characterized using in vitro and in vivo strategies. PdVIK, one of the 597 kinases encoded by the date palm genome possesses an ankyrin repeat domain and a kinase domain. The recombinant PdVIK protein exhibited phosphotyrosine activity against myelin basic protein (MBP) substrate. Overexpression of PdVIK in yeast significantly improved its tolerance to salinity, LiCl, and oxidative stresses. Transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings overexpressing PdVIK displayed improved tolerance to salinity, osmotic, and oxidative stresses as assessed by root growth assay. The transgenic lines grown in the soil also displayed modulated salt response, compared to wild-type controls as evaluated by the overall plant growth and proline levels. Likewise, the transgenic lines exhibited drought tolerance by maintaining better relative water content (RWC) compared to non-transgenic control plants. Collectively, these results implicate the involvement of PdVIK in modulating the abiotic stress response of the date palm.
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10
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Weber RA, Yen FS, Nicholson SPV, Alwaseem H, Bayraktar EC, Alam M, Timson RC, La K, Abu-Remaileh M, Molina H, Birsoy K. Maintaining Iron Homeostasis Is the Key Role of Lysosomal Acidity for Cell Proliferation. Mol Cell 2020; 77:645-655.e7. [PMID: 31983508 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lysosome is an acidic multi-functional organelle with roles in macromolecular digestion, nutrient sensing, and signaling. However, why cells require acidic lysosomes to proliferate and which nutrients become limiting under lysosomal dysfunction are unclear. To address this, we performed CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic screens and identified cholesterol biosynthesis and iron uptake as essential metabolic pathways when lysosomal pH is altered. While cholesterol synthesis is only necessary, iron is both necessary and sufficient for cell proliferation under lysosomal dysfunction. Remarkably, iron supplementation restores cell proliferation under both pharmacologic and genetic-mediated lysosomal dysfunction. The rescue was independent of metabolic or signaling changes classically associated with increased lysosomal pH, uncoupling lysosomal function from cell proliferation. Finally, our experiments revealed that lysosomal dysfunction dramatically alters mitochondrial metabolism and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling due to iron depletion. Altogether, these findings identify iron homeostasis as the key function of lysosomal acidity for cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Weber
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frederick S Yen
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shirony P V Nicholson
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Hanan Alwaseem
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erol C Bayraktar
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohammad Alam
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rebecca C Timson
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Konnor La
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Genetics and the Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94205, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kıvanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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11
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Abstract
We review the mechanisms responsible for amino acid homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi. Amino acid homeostasis is essential for cell growth and survival. Hence, the de novo synthesis reactions, metabolic conversions, and transport of amino acids are tightly regulated. Regulation varies from nitrogen pool sensing to control by individual amino acids and takes place at the gene (transcription), protein (posttranslational modification and allostery), and vesicle (trafficking and endocytosis) levels. The pools of amino acids are controlled via import, export, and compartmentalization. In yeast, the majority of the amino acid transporters belong to the APC (amino acid-polyamine-organocation) superfamily, and the proteins couple the uphill transport of amino acids to the electrochemical proton gradient. Although high-resolution structures of yeast amino acid transporters are not available, homology models have been successfully exploited to determine and engineer the catalytic and regulatory functions of the proteins. This has led to a further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of amino acid sensing and subsequent downregulation of transport. Advances in optical microscopy have revealed a new level of regulation of yeast amino acid transporters, which involves membrane domain partitioning. The significance and the interrelationships of the latest discoveries on amino acid homeostasis are put in context.
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12
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Krishnamurthy P, Vishal B, Khoo K, Rajappa S, Loh CS, Kumar PP. Expression of AoNHX1 increases salt tolerance of rice and Arabidopsis, and bHLH transcription factors regulate AtNHX1 and AtNHX6 in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1299-1315. [PMID: 31350571 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02450-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Expression of AoNHX1 from the mangrove Avicennia increases salt tolerance of rice and Arabidopsis, and specific bHLH transcription factors regulate AtNHX1 and AtNHX6 in Arabidopsis to mediate the salinity response. Improving crop plants to better tolerate soil salinity is a challenging task. Mangrove trees such as Avicennia officinalis have special adaptations to thrive in high salt conditions, which include subcellular compartmentalization of ions facilitated by specialized ion transporters. We identified and characterized two genes encoding Na+/H+ exchangers AoNHX1 and AoNHX6 from Avicennia. AoNHX1 was present in the tonoplast, while, AoNHX6 was localized to the ER and Golgi. Both NHXs were induced by NaCl treatment, with AoNHX1 showing high expression levels in the leaves and AoNHX6 in the seedling roots. Yeast deletion mutants (ena1-5Δ nha1Δ nhx1Δ and ena1-5Δ nha1Δ vnx1Δ) complemented with AoNHX1 and AoNHX6 showed increased tolerance to both NaCl and KCl. Expression of AoNHX1 and AoNHX6 in the corresponding Arabidopsis mutants conferred enhanced NaCl tolerance. The underlying molecular regulatory mechanism was investigated using AtNHX1 and AtNHX6 in Arabidopsis. We identified two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors AtMYC2 and AtbHLH122 as the ABA-mediated upstream regulators of AtNHX1 and AtNHX6 by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, expression of AtNHX1 and AtNHX6 transcripts was reduced in the atmyc2 and atbhlh122 mutants. Lastly, transgenic rice seedlings harboring pUBI::AoNHX1 showed enhanced salt tolerance, suggesting that this gene can be exploited for developing salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannaga Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, #02-01, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Bhushan Vishal
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Kaijie Khoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Sivamathini Rajappa
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chiang-Shiong Loh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, #02-01, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Prakash P Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, #02-01, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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Erv14 cargo receptor participates in regulation of plasma-membrane potential, intracellular pH and potassium homeostasis via its interaction with K+-specific transporters Trk1 and Tok1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1376-1388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Overexpression of a Metallothionein 2A Gene from Date Palm Confers Abiotic Stress Tolerance to Yeast and Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122871. [PMID: 31212812 PMCID: PMC6627811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the date palm tree is an extremophile with tolerance to drought and certain levels of salinity, the damage caused by extreme salt concentrations in the soil, has created a need to explore stress-responsive traits and decode their mechanisms. Metallothioneins (MTs) are low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich proteins that are known to play a role in decreasing oxidative damage during abiotic stress conditions. Our previous study identified date palm metallothionein 2A (PdMT2A) as a salt-responsive gene, which has been functionally characterized in yeast and Arabidopsis in this study. The recombinant PdMT2A protein produced in Escherichia coli showed high reactivity against the substrate 5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), implying that the protein has the property of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Heterologous overexpression of PdMT2A in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) conferred tolerance to drought, salinity and oxidative stresses. The PdMT2A gene was also overexpressed in Arabidopsis, to assess its stress protective function in planta. Compared to the wild-type control, the transgenic plants accumulated less Na+ and maintained a high K+/Na+ ratio, which could be attributed to the regulatory role of the transgene on transporters such as HKT, as demonstrated by qPCR assay. In addition, transgenic lines exhibited higher chlorophyll content, higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and improved scavenging ability for reactive oxygen species (ROS), coupled with a better survival rate during salt stress conditions. Similarly, the transgenic plants also displayed better drought and oxidative stress tolerance. Collectively, both in vitro and in planta studies revealed a role for PdMT2A in salt, drought, and oxidative stress tolerance.
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Functional Characterization of Date Palm Aquaporin Gene PdPIP1;2 Confers Drought and Salinity Tolerance to Yeast and Arabidopsis. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050390. [PMID: 31121945 PMCID: PMC6562508 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on salinity tolerance in date palm revealed the discovery of salt-responsive genes including PdPIP1;2, a highly conserved aquaporin gene in plants, which was functionally characterized in this study to investigate its precise role in drought and salinity tolerance. Immunoblot assay showed a high level of PIP1 protein accumulation only in the leaves of date palm plants when grown under drought, an observation which may imply the involvement of PIP1;2 in CO2 uptake. Heterologous overexpression of PdPIP1;2 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) improved tolerance to salinity and oxidative stress. While, heterologous overexpression of PdPIP1;2 in Arabidopsis had significantly (p < 0.05) increased biomass, chlorophyll content, and root length under drought and salinity. In addition, a significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentage of transgenic plants could be recovered by rewatering after drought stress, indicating the ability of the transgenic plants to maintain water and viability under drought. Transgenic plants under drought and salinity maintained significantly (p < 0.05) higher K+/Na+ ratios than wild type (WT) plants, an observation which may represent an efficient tolerance mechanism controlled by the transgene. Collectively, this study provided an insight on the mechanism by which PdPIP1;2 conferred tolerance to salt and drought stresses in date palm.
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16
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Locascio A, Andrés-Colás N, Mulet JM, Yenush L. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Tool to Investigate Plant Potassium and Sodium Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2133. [PMID: 31052176 PMCID: PMC6539216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium and potassium are two alkali cations abundant in the biosphere. Potassium is essential for plants and its concentration must be maintained at approximately 150 mM in the plant cell cytoplasm including under circumstances where its concentration is much lower in soil. On the other hand, sodium must be extruded from the plant or accumulated either in the vacuole or in specific plant structures. Maintaining a high intracellular K+/Na+ ratio under adverse environmental conditions or in the presence of salt is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis and to avoid toxicity. The baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used to identify and characterize participants in potassium and sodium homeostasis in plants for many years. Its utility resides in the fact that the electric gradient across the membrane and the vacuoles is similar to plants. Most plant proteins can be expressed in yeast and are functional in this unicellular model system, which allows for productive structure-function studies for ion transporting proteins. Moreover, yeast can also be used as a high-throughput platform for the identification of genes that confer stress tolerance and for the study of protein-protein interactions. In this review, we summarize advances regarding potassium and sodium transport that have been discovered using the yeast model system, the state-of-the-art of the available techniques and the future directions and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Locascio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Andrés-Colás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Miguel Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Henderson SW, Wege S, Gilliham M. Plant Cation-Chloride Cotransporters (CCC): Evolutionary Origins and Functional Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E492. [PMID: 29415511 PMCID: PMC5855714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomes of unicellular and multicellular green algae, mosses, grasses and dicots harbor genes encoding cation-chloride cotransporters (CCC). CCC proteins from the plant kingdom have been comparatively less well investigated than their animal counterparts, but proteins from both plants and animals have been shown to mediate ion fluxes, and are involved in regulation of osmotic processes. In this review, we show that CCC proteins from plants form two distinct phylogenetic clades (CCC1 and CCC2). Some lycophytes and bryophytes possess members from each clade, most land plants only have members of the CCC1 clade, and green algae possess only the CCC2 clade. It is currently unknown whether CCC1 and CCC2 proteins have similar or distinct functions, however they are both more closely related to animal KCC proteins compared to NKCCs. Existing heterologous expression systems that have been used to functionally characterize plant CCC proteins, namely yeast and Xenopus laevis oocytes, have limitations that are discussed. Studies from plants exposed to chemical inhibitors of animal CCC protein function are reviewed for their potential to discern CCC function in planta. Thus far, mutations in plant CCC genes have been evaluated only in two species of angiosperms, and such mutations cause a diverse array of phenotypes-seemingly more than could simply be explained by localized disruption of ion transport alone. We evaluate the putative roles of plant CCC proteins and suggest areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam W Henderson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Stefanie Wege
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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18
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Four Saccharomyces species differ in their tolerance to various stresses though they have similar basic physiological parameters. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:217-227. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Rosas-Santiago P, Zimmermannova O, Vera-Estrella R, Sychrová H, Pantoja O. Erv14 cargo receptor participates in yeast salt tolerance via its interaction with the plasma-membrane Nha1 cation/proton antiporter. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Yenush L. Potassium and Sodium Transport in Yeast. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 892:187-228. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Interactions Between Monovalent Cations and Nutrient Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 892:271-289. [PMID: 26721278 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of appropriate fluxes of monovalent cation is a requirement for growth and survival. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae an electrochemical gradient of H(+) is fundamental for the uptake of diverse cations, such as K(+), and of many other nutrients. In spite of early work suggesting that alterations in monovalent cation fluxes impact on the uptake and utilization of nutrients, such as phosphate anions, only recently this important aspect of the yeast physiology has been addressed and characterized in some detail. This chapter provides a historical background and summarizes the latest findings.
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Papouskova K, Jiang L, Sychrova H. Vcx1 and ESCRT components regulate intracellular pH homeostasis in the response of yeast cells to calcium stress. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov007. [PMID: 25690770 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) are involved in the formation of multivesicular bodies and sorting of targeted proteins to the yeast vacuole. The deletion of seven genes encoding components of the ESCRT machinery render Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells sensitive to high extracellular CaCl2 concentrations as well as to low pH in media. In this work, we focused on intracellular pH (pHin) homeostasis of these mutants. None of the studied ESCRT mutants exhibited an altered pHin level compared to the wild type under standard growth conditions. Nevertheless, 60 min of CaCl2 treatment resulted in a more significant drop in pHin levels in these mutants than in the wild type, suggesting that pHin homeostasis is affected in ESCRT mutants upon the addition of calcium. Similarly, CaCl2 treatment caused a bigger pHin decrease in cells lacking the vacuolar Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporter Vcx1 which indicates a role for this protein in the maintenance of proper pHin homeostasis when cells need to cope with a high CaCl2 concentration in media. Importantly, ESCRT gene deletions in the vcx1Δ strain did not result in an increase in the CaCl2-invoked drop in the pHin levels of cells, which demonstrates a genetic interaction between VCX1 and studied ESCRT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Papouskova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Linghuo Jiang
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hana Sychrova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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23
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Ariño J, Aydar E, Drulhe S, Ganser D, Jorrín J, Kahm M, Krause F, Petrezsélyová S, Yenush L, Zimmermannová O, van Heusden GPH, Kschischo M, Ludwig J, Palmer C, Ramos J, Sychrová H. Systems biology of monovalent cation homeostasis in yeast: the translucent contribution. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 64:1-63. [PMID: 24797924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800143-1.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of monovalent cation homeostasis (mainly K(+) and Na(+)) is vital for cell survival, and cation toxicity is at the basis of a myriad of relevant phenomena, such as salt stress in crops and diverse human diseases. Full understanding of the importance of monovalent cations in the biology of the cell can only be achieved from a systemic perspective. Translucent is a multinational project developed within the context of the SysMO (System Biology of Microorganisms) initiative and focussed in the study of cation homeostasis using the well-known yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. The present review summarize how the combination of biochemical, genetic, genomic and computational approaches has boosted our knowledge in this field, providing the basis for a more comprehensive and coherent vision of the role of monovalent cations in the biology of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ariño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Dept. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ebru Aydar
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jesús Jorrín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Matthias Kahm
- RheinAhrCampus, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Remagen, Germany
| | | | - Silvia Petrezsélyová
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Dept. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Zimmermannová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Maik Kschischo
- RheinAhrCampus, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Remagen, Germany
| | | | - Chris Palmer
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - José Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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Petrezselyova S, Dominguez A, Herynkova P, Macias JF, Sychrova H. Human NKCC2 cation-Cl-co-transporter complements lack of Vhc1 transporter in yeast vacuolar membranes. Yeast 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Petrezselyova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Angel Dominguez
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, IBSAL, CIETUS; University of Salamanca; Spain
| | - Pavla Herynkova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
| | | | - Hana Sychrova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
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Abstract
All living organisms require nutrient minerals for growth and have developed mechanisms to acquire, utilize, and store nutrient minerals effectively. In the aqueous cellular environment, these elements exist as charged ions that, together with protons and hydroxide ions, facilitate biochemical reactions and establish the electrochemical gradients across membranes that drive cellular processes such as transport and ATP synthesis. Metal ions serve as essential enzyme cofactors and perform both structural and signaling roles within cells. However, because these ions can also be toxic, cells have developed sophisticated homeostatic mechanisms to regulate their levels and avoid toxicity. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have characterized many of the gene products and processes responsible for acquiring, utilizing, storing, and regulating levels of these ions. Findings in this model organism have often allowed the corresponding machinery in humans to be identified and have provided insights into diseases that result from defects in ion homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of how cation balance is achieved and modulated in baker's yeast. Control of intracellular pH is discussed, as well as uptake, storage, and efflux mechanisms for the alkali metal cations, Na(+) and K(+), the divalent cations, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), and the trace metal ions, Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and Mn(2+). Signal transduction pathways that are regulated by pH and Ca(2+) are reviewed, as well as the mechanisms that allow cells to maintain appropriate intracellular cation concentrations when challenged by extreme conditions, i.e., either limited availability or toxic levels in the environment.
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