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Pinto M, Silva TB, Sardão VA, Simões R, Albuquerque B, Oliveira PJ, Valente MJ, Remião F, Soares-da-Silva P, Fernandes C, Borges F. Cellular and Mitochondrial Toxicity of Tolcapone, Entacapone, and New Nitrocatechol Derivatives. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1637-1649. [PMID: 38751615 PMCID: PMC11091965 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitrocatechols are the standard pharmacophore to develop potent tight-binding inhibitors of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), which can be used as coadjuvant drugs to manage Parkinson's disease. Tolcapone is the most potent drug of this class, but it has raised safety concerns due to its potential to induce liver damage. Tolcapone-induced hepatotoxicity has been attributed to the nitrocatechol moiety; however, other nitrocatechol-based COMT inhibitors, such as entacapone, are safe and do not damage the liver. There is a knowledge gap concerning which mechanisms and chemical properties govern the toxicity of nitrocatechol-based COMT inhibitors. Using a vast array of cell-based assays, we found that tolcapone-induced toxicity is caused by direct interference with mitochondria that does not depend on bioactivation by P450. Our findings also suggest that (a) lipophilicity is a key property in the toxic potential of nitrocatechols; (b) the presence of a carbonyl group directly attached to the nitrocatechol ring seems to increase the reactivity of the molecule, and (c) the presence of cyano moiety in double bond stabilizes the reactivity decreasing the cytotoxicity. Altogether, the fine balance between lipophilicity and the chemical nature of the C1 substituents of the nitrocatechol ring may explain the difference in the toxicological behavior observed between tolcapone and entacapone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pinto
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
- Associate
Laboratory i4HB − Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- UCIBIO
− Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE. Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Tiago Barros Silva
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
- Associate
Laboratory i4HB − Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- UCIBIO
− Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE. Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Vilma A. Sardão
- CNC-UC
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
- MIA-Portugal
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Aging, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
| | - Rui Simões
- CNC-UC
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
- CIBB
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Albuquerque
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
- MedInUP -
Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC-UC
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
- CIBB
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004−504, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valente
- Associate
Laboratory i4HB − Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- UCIBIO
− Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE. Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- Associate
Laboratory i4HB − Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- UCIBIO
− Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE. Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- MedInUP -
Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS
− Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
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Rokitskaya TI, Kirsanov RS, Khailova LS, Panteleeva AA, Lyamzaev KG, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Methylation of Phenyl Rings in Ester-Stabilized Phosphorus Ylides Vastly Enhances Their Protonophoric Activity. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300848. [PMID: 38353515 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
We have recently discovered that ester-stabilized phosphorus ylides, resulting from deprotonation of a phosphonium salt such as [Ph3PCH2COOR], can transfer protons across artificial and biological membranes. To create more effective cationic protonophores, we synthesized similar phosphonium salts with one ((heptyloxycarbonylmethyl)(p-tolyl)bromide) or two ((butyloxycarbonylmethyl)(3,5-xylyl)osphonium bromide) methyl substituents in the phenyl groups. The methylation enormously augmented both protonophoric activity of the ylides on planar bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) and uncoupling of mammalian mitochondria, which correlated with strongly accelerated flip-flop of their cationic precursors across the BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Roman S Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alisa A Panteleeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Konstantin G Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Galina A Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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3
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Kirsanov R, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Lyamzaev KG, Panteleeva AA, Nazarov PA, Firsov AM, Iaubasarova IR, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Synthesis of Triphenylphosphonium-Linked Derivative of 3,5-Di tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene-malononitrile (SF6847) via Knoevenagel Reaction Yields an Effective Mitochondria-Targeted Protonophoric Uncoupler. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11551-11561. [PMID: 38496966 PMCID: PMC10938414 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncouplers are actively sought as potential therapeutics. Here, we report the first successful synthesis of mitochondria-targeted derivatives of the highly potent uncoupler 3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene-malononitrile (SF6847), bearing a cationic alkyl(triphenyl)phosphonium (TPP) group. As a key step of the synthesis, we used condensation of a ketophenol with malononitrile via the Knoevenagel reaction. SF-C5-TPP with a pentamethylene linker between SF6847 and TPP, stimulating respiration and collapsing membrane potential of rat liver mitochondria at submicromolar concentrations, proved to be the most effective uncoupler of the series. SF-C5-TPP showed pronounced protonophoric activity on a model planar bilayer lipid membrane. Importantly, SF-C5-TPP exhibited rather low toxicity in fibroblast cell culture, causing mitochondrial depolarization in cells at concentrations that only slightly affected cell viability. SF-C5-TPP was more effective in decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential in the cell culture than SF6847, in contrast to the case of isolated mitochondria. Like other zwitterionic uncouplers, SF-C5-TPP inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis in the micromolar concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman
S. Kirsanov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S. Khailova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana I. Rokitskaya
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- The
“Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology” of
the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa A. Panteleeva
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Nazarov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Firsov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iliuza R. Iaubasarova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A. Korshunova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Sokolov SS, Smirnova EA, Rokitskaya TI, Severin FF. The Imidazolium Ionic Liquids Toxicity is Due to Their Effect on the Plasma Membrane. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:451-461. [PMID: 38648765 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts with a low melting point. This is due to the fact that their alkyl side chains, which are covalently connected to the ion, hinder the crystallization of ILs. The low melting point of ILs has led to their widespread use as relatively harmless solvents. However, ILs do have toxic properties, the mechanism of which is largely unknown, so identifying the cellular targets of ILs is of practical importance. In our work, we showed that imidazolium ILs are not able to penetrate model membranes without damaging them. We also found that inactivation of multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps in yeast cells does not increase their sensitivity to imidazolium ILs. The latter indicates that the target of toxicity of imidazolium ILs is not in the cytoplasm. Thus, it can be assumed that the disruption of the barrier properties of the plasma membrane is the main reason for the toxicity of low concentrations of imidazolium ILs. We also showed that supplementation with imidazolium ILs restores the growth of cells with kinetically blocked glycolysis. Apparently, a slight disruption of the plasma membrane caused by ILs can, in some cases, be beneficial for the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav S Sokolov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Smirnova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Fedor F Severin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Kondrashov OV, Akimov SA. Alteration of Average Thickness of Lipid Bilayer by Membrane-Deforming Inclusions. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1731. [PMID: 38136602 PMCID: PMC10741968 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thickness of lipid bilayer membranes is a key physical parameter determining membrane permeability and stability with respect to formation of through pores. Most membrane inclusions or impurities like amphipathic peptides, transmembrane peptides, lipid inclusions of a different molecular shape, lipid domains, and protein-lipid domains, locally deform the membrane. The detailed structure of the locally deformed region of the membrane is a kind of "fingerprint" for the inclusion type. However, most experimental methods allow determining only averaged parameters of membranes with incorporated inclusions, thus preventing the direct obtaining of the characteristics of the inclusion. Here we developed a model that allows the obtaining of characteristic parameters of three types of membrane inclusions (amphipathic peptides, transmembrane peptides, monolayer lipid patches) from experimentally observable dependencies of the average thickness of lipid bilayer on the surface concentration of the inclusions. In the case of amphipathic peptides, the model provided the peptide parameters that were in qualitative agreement with the available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Kondrashov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Akimov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy Prospekt, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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