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Yan X, Gong Z, Pan R, Wang H, Tang H, He H, Wen S, Fu Y, Dong J. Synergistic Effect and Mechanism of Apoptosis Induction by Morphine and the HIV-1gp120V3 Loop in Hippocampal Neurons. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:165-180. [PMID: 33791922 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-09989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a collective name for neurological disorders associated with HIV-1 infection. The incidence and severity of HAND are increased by concomitant opioid use disorder, such as heroin and morphine abuse. Our previous study showed that the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 and morphine synergistically induce apoptosis in rat hippocampal neurons. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that morphine and gp120 activated the neuronal apoptosis signaling pathway via their typical membrane receptors. If they shared key signaling molecules, their induction of neuronal apoptosis could be inhibited by blocking these targets. We found that morphine and gp120V3 loop synergistically induced hippocampal neuron apoptosis, mediated by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, increasing the intracellular Ca2 + concentration and expression of caspase-, and reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential. The ERK inhibitor PD98509 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activator IGF-1 blocked this effect. These results indicate that ERK plays a crucial role in the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, school of Basic medical science and Public health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, school of Basic medical science and Public health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, school of Basic medical science and Public health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haijie Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, school of Basic medical science and Public health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hanyang He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, school of Basic medical science and Public health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Saixian Wen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, school of Basic medical science and Public health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongmei Fu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, school of Basic medical science and Public health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, school of Basic medical science and Public health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China.
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong Province, China.
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Inan S, Chen X, Eisenstein EM, Meissler JJ, Geller EB, Tallarida C, Watson M, Doura M, Barrett JE, Cowan A, Rawls SM, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK. Chemokine receptor antagonists enhance morphine's antinociceptive effect but not respiratory depression. Life Sci 2021; 285:120014. [PMID: 34619167 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We have shown that chemokines injected into the periaqueductal gray region of the brain blocks opioid-induced analgesia in the rat cold-water tail flick test (CWTF). The present experiments tested whether chemokine receptor antagonists (CRAs), in combination with sub-analgesic doses of morphine, would provide maximal analgesia in the CWTF test and the mouse formalin pain assay. The effect of CRAs on respiratory depression was also evaluated. MAIN METHODS One, two or four CRAs (AMD3100/CXCR4, maraviroc/CCR5, RS504393/CCR2 orAZD8797/CX3CR1) were used in combination with sub-analgesic doses of morphine, all given systemically. Pain was assessed using the rat CWTF test or formalin injection into the paw of mice scored by licking. Respiration and oxygen saturation were measured in rats using a MouseOX® Plus - pulse oximeter. KEY FINDINGS In the CWTF test, a sub-maximal dose of morphine in combination with maraviroc alone, maraviroc plus AMD3100, or with the four chemokine receptor antagonists, produced synergistic increases in antinociception. In the formalin test, the combination of four CRAs plus a sub-maximal dose of morphine resulted in increased antinociception in both male and female mice. AMD3100 had an additive effect with morphine in both sexes. Coadministration of CRAs with morphine did not potentiate the opioid respiratory depressive effect. SIGNIFICANCE These results support the conclusion that combinations of CRAs can increase the potency of sub-analgesic doses of morphine analgesia without increasing respiratory depression. The results support an "opioid sparing" strategy for alleviation of pain using reduced doses of opioids in combination with CRAs to achieve maximal analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadet Inan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Eric M Eisenstein
- Departments of Statistical Science and Marketing, Fox School of Business at Temple University,1810 Liacouras Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Joseph J Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ellen B Geller
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Christopher Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mia Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Menahem Doura
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - James E Barrett
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Alan Cowan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Martin W Adler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Toby K Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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3
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HIV-Proteins-Associated CNS Neurotoxicity, Their Mediators, and Alternative Treatments. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2553-2569. [PMID: 34562223 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people's livelihoods are gradually being prolonged with the use of combined antiretroviral therapy (ART). Conversely, despite viral suppression by ART, the symptoms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) endure. HAND persists because ART cannot really permanently confiscate the virus from the body. HAND encompasses a variety of conditions based on clinical presentation and severity level, comprising asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, moderate neurocognitive disorder, and HIV-associated dementia. During the early stages of HIV infection, inflammation compromises the blood-brain barrier, allowing toxic virus, infected monocytes, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and cellular products from the bloodstream to enter the brain and eventually the entire central nervous system. Since there are no resident T-lymphocytes in the brain, the virus will live for decades in macrophages and astrocytes, establishing a reservoir of infection. The HIV proteins then inflame neurons both directly and indirectly. The purpose of this review is to provide a synopsis of the effects of these proteins on the central nervous system and conceptualize avenues to be considered in mitigating HAND. We used bioinformatics repositories extensively to simulate the transcription factors that bind to the promoter of the HIV-1 protein and possibly could be used as a target to circumvent HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. In the same vein, a protein-protein interaction complex was also deduced from a Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes. In conclusion, this provides an alternative strategy that could be used to avert HAND.
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Martin LF, Moutal A, Cheng K, Washington SM, Calligaro H, Goel V, Kranz T, Largent-Milnes TM, Khanna R, Patwardhan A, Ibrahim MM. Green Light Antinociceptive and Reversal of Thermal and Mechanical Hypersensitivity Effects Rely on Endogenous Opioid System Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1646-1656. [PMID: 34157406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Benefits of phototherapy were characterized in multiple diseases including depression, circadian rhythm disruptions, and neurodegeneration. Studies on migraine and fibromyalgia patients revealed that green light-emitting diodes (GLED) exposure provides a pragmatic and safe therapy to manage chronic pain. In rodents, GLED reversed hypersensitivity related to neuropathic pain. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of GLED efficacy. Here, we sought to understand how green light modulates the endogenous opioid system. We first characterized how exposure to GLED stimulates release of β-endorphin and proenkephalin in the central nervous system of male rats. Moreover, by individually editing each of the receptors, we found that µ- and δ-opioid receptors are required for green light's antinociceptive effect in naïve rats and a model of HIV-induced peripheral neuropathy. We investigated how GLED could increase pain thresholds, and explored its potential in reversing hypersensitivity in a model of HIV-related neuropathy. Through behavioral and gene editing approaches, we identified that green light provides antinociception via modulation of the endogenous opioid system in the spinal cord. This work identifies a previously unknown mechanism by which GLED can improve pain management. Clinical translation of these results will advance the development of an innovative therapy devoid of adverse effects. PERSPECTIVE: Development of new pain management therapies, especially for HIV patients, is crucial as long-term opioid prescription is not recommended due to adverse side effects. Green light addresses this necessity. Characterizing the underlying mechanisms of this potentially groundbreaking and safe antinociceptive therapy will advance its clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent F Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephanie M Washington
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Hugo Calligaro
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California
| | - Vasudha Goel
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Tracy Kranz
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tally M Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; The Center for Innovation in Brain Sciences, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona; Comprehensive Pain and Addiction Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amol Patwardhan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Comprehensive Pain and Addiction Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mohab M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Comprehensive Pain and Addiction Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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5
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Armin S, Muenster S, Abood M, Benamar K. GPR55 in the brain and chronic neuropathic pain. Behav Brain Res 2021; 406:113248. [PMID: 33745983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear need for novel and improved therapeutic strategies for alleviating chronic neuropathic pain, as well as a need for better understanding of brain mechanisms of neuropathic pain, which are less understood than spinal and peripheral mechanisms. The G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), is a lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI)-sensitive receptor that has also been involved in cannabinoid signaling. It is expressed throughout the central nervous system, including the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a brainstem area and key element of the descending pain control system. Behaviors, pharmacology, biochemistry tools, and stereotaxic microinjections were used to determine if GPR55 plays a role in pain control in a chronic constriction injury (CCI) neuropathic pain model in rats. It was found that the blockade of GPR55 action in the PAG can restore and drive a descending control system to mitigate neuropathic pain. Our data demonstrate that GPR55 play a role in the descending pain control system, and identify GPR55 at supraspinal level as a neuropathic pain brain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Armin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine Lubbock, TX, 79430, United States
| | - Steven Muenster
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine Lubbock, TX, 79430, United States
| | - Mary Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, United States
| | - Khalid Benamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine Lubbock, TX, 79430, United States.
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6
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Narasimhan M, Mahimainathan L, Reddy PH, Benamar K. GPR18-NAGly system in periaqueductal gray and chronic neuropathic pain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165974. [PMID: 32949767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Lenin Mahimainathan
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Services, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Khalid Benamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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7
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Shi Y, Yuan S, Tang SJ. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are Critical for Morphine Exacerbation of HIV-1 gp120-Induced Pain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:581-591. [PMID: 32827051 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many HIV patients develop chronic pain and use opioid-derived medicine as primary analgesics. Emerging clinical evidence suggests that chronic use of opioid analgesics paradoxically heightens pain states in patients. This side effect of opioid analgesics has a significant negative impact on clinical practice, but the underlying pathogenic mechanism remains elusive. Using a mouse model of HIV-associated pain, we simulated the development of morphine exacerbation on pain and investigated potential underlying cellular and molecular pathways. We found that repeated morphine treatment promoted astrocyte activation in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Furthermore, we observed that morphine administration potentiated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the SDH of the HIV pain model, especially on astrocytes. Systemic application of the ROS scavenger phenyl-N-t-butyl nitrone (PBN) not only blocked the enhancement of gp120-induced hyperalgesia by morphine but also astrocytic activation and cytokine up-regulation. These findings suggest a critical role of ROS in mediating the exacerbation of gp120-induced pain by morphine. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Shi
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Subo Yuan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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8
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Bagdas D, Paris JJ, Carper M, Wodarski R, Rice ASC, Knapp PE, Hauser KF, Damaj MI. Conditional expression of HIV-1 tat in the mouse alters the onset and progression of tonic, inflammatory and neuropathic hypersensitivity in a sex-dependent manner. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1609-1623. [PMID: 32533878 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At least one-third of HIV-1-afflicted individuals experience peripheral neuropathy. Although the underlying mechanisms are not known, they may involve neurotoxic HIV-1 proteins. METHODS We assessed the influence of the neurotoxic HIV-1 regulatory protein, Tat, on inflammatory and neuropathic nociceptive behaviours using transgenic male and female mice that conditionally expressed (or did not express) HIV-1 Tat1-86 in fibrillary acidic protein-expressing glia in the central and peripheral nervous systems. RESULTS Tat induction significantly attenuated the time spent paw-licking following formalin injection (2.5%, i.pl.) in both male and female mice. However, significant sex differences were observed in the onset and magnitude of inflammation and sensory sensitivity following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection (10%, i.pl.) after Tat activation. Unlike female mice, male mice showed a significant attenuation of paw swelling and an absence of mechanical/thermal hypersensitivity in response to CFA after Tat induction. Male Tat(+) mice also showed accelerated recovery from chronic constrictive nerve injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity compared to female Tat(+) mice. Morphine (3.2 mg/kg) fully reversed CCI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in female Tat(-) mice, but not in Tat(+) females. CONCLUSIONS The ability of Tat to decrease oedema, paw swelling, and limit allodynia suggests a sequel of events in which Tat-induced functional deficits precede the onset of mechanical hypersensitivity. Moreover, HIV-1 Tat attenuated responses to inflammatory and neuropathic insults in a sex-dependent manner. HIV-1 Tat appears to directly contribute to HIV sensory neuropathy and reveals sex differences in HIV responsiveness and/or the underlying peripheral neuroinflammatory and nociceptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Moriah Carper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rachel Wodarski
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Andrew S C Rice
- Pain Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,The Center for the Study for Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy at VCU, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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9
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Zhao C, Quan X, He J, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Li X, Sun S, Ma R, Zhang Q. Identification of significant gene biomarkers of low back pain caused by changes in the osmotic pressure of nucleus pulposus cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3708. [PMID: 32111963 PMCID: PMC7048739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration disease, caused by changes in the osmotic pressure of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, increases with age. In general, low back pain is associated with IVD degeneration. However, the mechanism and molecular target of low back pain have not been elucidated, and there are no data suggesting specific biomarkers of low back pain. Therefore, the research aims to identify and verify the significant gene biomarkers of low back pain. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the identification and analysis of significant gene biomarkers were also performed with various bioinformatics programs. A total of 120 patients with low back pain were recruited. Before surgery, the degree of pain was measured by the numeric rating scale (NRS), which enables comparison of the pain scores from individuals. After surgery, IVD tissues were obtained, and NP cells were isolated. The NP cells were cultured in two various osmotic media, including iso-osmotic media (293 mOsm/kg H2O) to account for the morbid environment of NP cells in IVD degeneration disease and hyper-osmotic media (450 mOsm/kg H2O) to account for the normal condition of NP cells in healthy individuals. The relative mRNA expression levels of CCL5, OPRL1, CXCL13, and SST were measured by quantitative real-time PCR in the in vitro analysis of the osmotic pressure experiments. Finally, correlation analysis and a neural network module were employed to explore the linkage between significant gene biomarkers and pain. A total of 371 DEGs were identified, including 128 downregulated genes and 243 upregulated genes. Furthermore, the four genes (CCL5, OPRL1, SST, and CXCL13) were identified as significant gene biomarkers of low back pain (P < 0.001) based on univariate linear regression, and CCL5 (odds ratio, 34.667; P = 0.003) and OPRL1 (odds ratio, 19.875; P < 0.001) were significantly related to low back pain through multivariate logistic regression. The expression of CCL5 and OPRL1 might be correlated with low back pain in patients with IVD degeneration disease caused by changes in the osmotic pressure of NP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemin Quan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Rugang Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100015, Beijing, China.
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Spinal bromodomain-containing protein 4 contributes to neuropathic pain induced by HIV glycoprotein 120 with morphine in rats. Neuroreport 2019; 29:441-446. [PMID: 29465625 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The symptoms of HIV-sensory neuropathy are dominated by neuropathic pain. Recent data show that repeated use of opiates enhances the chronic pain states in HIV patients. Limited attention has so far been devoted to exploring the exact pathogenesis of HIV painful disorder and opiate abuse in vivo, for which there is no effective treatment. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) is a member of the bromodomain and extraterminal domain protein (BET) family and functions as a chromatin 'reader' that binds acetylated lysines in histones in brain neurons to mediate the transcriptional regulation underlying learning and memory. Here, we established a neuropathic pain model of interaction of intrathecal HIV envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) and chronic morphine in rats. The combination of gp120 and morphine (gp120/M, for 5 days) induced persistent mechanical allodynia compared with either gp120 or morphine alone. Mechanical allodynia reached the lowest values at day 10 from gp120/M application, beginning to recover from day 21. In the model, gp120/M induced overexpression of Brd4 mRNA and protein at day 10 using RT-qPCR and western blots, respectively. Immunohistochemical studies showed that Brd4 at day 10 was expressed in the neurons of spinal cord dorsal horn. BET inhibitor I-BET762 dose-dependently increased the mechanical threshold in the gp120/M pain state. The present study provides preclinical evidence for treating HIV neuropathic pain with opioids using the BET inhibitor.
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11
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Inan S, Eisenstein TK, Watson MN, Doura M, Meissler JJ, Tallarida CS, Chen X, Geller EB, Rawls SM, Cowan A, Adler MW. Coadministration of Chemokine Receptor Antagonists with Morphine Potentiates Morphine's Analgesic Effect on Incisional Pain in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:433-441. [PMID: 30249618 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crossdesensitization between opioid and chemokine receptors and involvement of chemokines in pain modulation are well established. We investigated if coadministration of chemokine receptor antagonists (CRAs) with morphine would enhance the analgesic potency of morphine on incisional pain in rats. Animals underwent incisional surgery on the left hind paw and pain responses were evaluated using von Frey filaments at various time points postsurgery between 15 and 360 minutes and daily between 24 and 72 hours. Dose-response curves for morphine, maraviroc (a CCR5 antagonist), and AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist) alone were established. While morphine significantly reduced pain in a time- and dose-dependent manner, maraviroc and AMD3100 had no effect by themselves. Coadministration of either maraviroc or AMD3100 with morphine significantly increased morphine's analgesic effect on incisional pain, shifting the dose-response curve to the left 2.3- and 1.8-fold, respectively. Coadministration of both CRAs with morphine significantly shifted further the morphine dose-response curve to the left 3.3-fold. The effect of treatments on mRNA levels in the draining popliteal lymph node for a panel of chemokines and cytokines showed that message for many of these mediators was upregulated by the incision, and the combination of morphine with the CRAs markedly downregulated them. The data show that combining morphine with CRAs potentiates morphine's analgesic effect on incisional pain. Thus, the same analgesic effect of morphine alone can be achieved with lower doses of morphine when combined with CRAs. Using morphine in lower doses could reduce unwanted side effects and possibly block development of tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadet Inan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Toby K Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mia N Watson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Menahem Doura
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph J Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen B Geller
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alan Cowan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin W Adler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Supraspinal interaction between HIV-1-gp120 and cannabinoid analgesic effectiveness. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1157-1161. [PMID: 30008083 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing therapeutic use (self-medication) of cannabinoids by HIV-1 infected people and the recent interest in the possible medicinal use of cannabinoids, particularly in pain management, create an urgent need to identify their potential interactions with HIV-1. The goal here is to determine any interaction between proteins of HIV-1 and the analgesic effectiveness of cannabinoid at supraspinal level. Young adult male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were stereotaxically pretreated with HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) into the periaqueductal gray (PAG) area, the primary control center of pain modulation. Then, we examined its effect on cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2-induced analgesia. Our results demonstrated that gp120 in PAG diminished the analgesic effectiveness of this cannabinoid agonist. These results suggest that gp120 may interact with the cannabinoid system through the descending modulatory pain pathways centered in the PAG to impair the analgesic effectiveness of cannabinoids.
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13
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Liu B, Liu X, Tang SJ. Interactions of Opioids and HIV Infection in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Pain. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:103. [PMID: 26903982 PMCID: PMC4748029 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 50% of HIV-1/AIDS patients suffer chronic pain. Currently, opioids are the cornerstone medications for treating severe pain in these patients. Ironically, emerging clinical data indicates that repeated use of opiate pain medicines might in fact heighten the chronic pain states in HIV patients. Both laboratory-based and clinical studies strongly suggest that opioids exacerbate the detrimental effects of HIV-1 infection on the nervous system, both on neurons and glia. The combination of opioids and HIV-1infection may promote the damage of neurons, including those in the pain sensory and transmission pathway, by activating both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pro-apoptotic pathways. In addition, the opiate-HIV-1 interaction may also cause widespread disturbance of glial function and elicit glial-derived pro-inflammatory responses that dysregulate neuronal function. The deregulation of neuron-glia cross-talk that occurs with the combination of HIV-1 and opioids appears to play an important role in the development of the pathological pain state. In this article, we wish to provide an overview of the potential molecular and cellular mechanisms by which opioids may interact with HIV-1 to cause neurological problems, especially in the context of HIV-associated pathological pain. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms will help researchers and clinicians to understand how chronic use of opioids for analgesia enhances HIV-associated pain. It will also assist in optimizing therapeutic approaches to prevent or minimize this significant side effect of opiate analgesics in pain management for HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolong Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, GalvestonTX, USA; Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
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14
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Deliu E, Sperow M, Console-Bram L, Carter RL, Tilley DG, Kalamarides DJ, Kirby LG, Brailoiu GC, Brailoiu E, Benamar K, Abood ME. The Lysophosphatidylinositol Receptor GPR55 Modulates Pain Perception in the Periaqueductal Gray. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:265-72. [PMID: 25972448 PMCID: PMC4518086 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates the involvement of GPR55 and its proposed endogenous ligand, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), in nociception, yet their role in central pain processing has not been explored. Using Ca(2+) imaging, we show here that LPI elicits concentration-dependent and GPR55-mediated increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels in dissociated rat periaqueductal gray (PAG) neurons, which express GPR55 mRNA. This effect is mediated by Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and by Ca(2+) entry via P/Q-type of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Moreover, LPI depolarizes PAG neurons and upon intra-PAG microinjection, reduces nociceptive threshold in the hot-plate test. Both these effects are dependent on GPR55 activation, because they are abolished by pretreatment with ML-193 [N-(4-(N-(3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)sulfamoyl)-phenyl)-6,8-dimethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline-4-carboxamide], a selective GPR55 antagonist. Thus, we provide the first pharmacological evidence that GPR55 activation at central levels is pronociceptive, suggesting that interfering with GPR55 signaling in the PAG may promote analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deliu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - Margaret Sperow
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - Linda Console-Bram
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - Rhonda L Carter
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - Daniel J Kalamarides
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - Lynn G Kirby
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - Khalid Benamar
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (E.D., M.S., L.C.-B., D.J.K., L.G.K., E.B., K.B., M.E.A.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (L.G.K., M.E.A.), Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology (R.L.C., D.G.T.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennslyvania; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (G.C.B.)
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15
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HIV-gp120 and physical dependence to buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 150:175-8. [PMID: 25765484 PMCID: PMC4573588 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioids are among the most effective and commonly used analgesics in clinical practice for severe pain. However, the use of opioid medications is clinically limited by several adverse properties including dependence. While opioid dependence is a complex health condition, the treatment of HIV-infected individuals with opioid dependence presents additional challenges. The goal of this study was to examine the physical dependence to buprenorphine in the context of HIV. METHODS Young adult male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were pretreated with HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) injected into the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) and we examined the impact on physical dependence to opioid. RESULTS It was found that the physical dependence to methadone occurred earlier than that to buprenorphine, and that gp120 did not enhance or precipitate the buprenorphine withdrawal. CONCLUSION The results suggest that buprenorphine could be the better therapeutic option to manage opioid dependence in HIV.
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Mélik Parsadaniantz S, Rivat C, Rostène W, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. Opioid and chemokine receptor crosstalk: a promising target for pain therapy? Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:69-78. [PMID: 25588373 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and opioids are important regulators of immune, inflammatory and neuronal responses in peripheral and central pain pathways. Recent studies have provided insights into the functional interactions between chemokine receptors and opioid receptors, and their role in pain modulation. In this Progress article, we discuss how crosstalk between these two systems might provide a molecular and cellular framework for the development of novel analgesic therapies for the management of acute and/or chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Rivat
- Université de Montpellier 2, F-34091, Montpellier, France; and INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), F-34091, Montpellier, France
| | - William Rostène
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR_S968, F-75012, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Réaux-Le Goazigo
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR_S968, F-75012, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, F-75012, Paris, France
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Réaux-Le Goazigo A, Van Steenwinckel J, Rostène W, Mélik Parsadaniantz S. Current status of chemokines in the adult CNS. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 104:67-92. [PMID: 23454481 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines - chemotactic cytokines - are small secreted proteins that attract and activate immune and non-immune cells in vitro and in vivo. It has been suggested that chemokines and their receptors play a role in the central nervous system (CNS), in addition to their well established role in the immune system. We focus here on three chemokines-CXCL12 (C-X-C motif ligand 12), CCL2 (C-C motif ligand 2), and CX3CL1 (C-X-3C motif ligand 1) - and their principal receptors - CXCR4 (C-X-C motif receptor 4), CCR2 (C-C motif receptor 2) and CX3CR1 (C-X-3C motif receptor 1), respectively. We first introduce the classification of chemokines and their G-protein coupled receptors and the main signaling pathways triggered by receptor activation. We then discuss the cellular distribution of CXCL12/CXCR4, CCL2/CCR2 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in adult brain and the neurotransmission and neuromodulation effects controlled by these chemokines in the adult CNS. Changes in the expression of CXCL12, CCL2 and CX3CL1 and their respective receptors are also increasingly being implicated in the pathogenesis of CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, HIV-associated encephalopathy, stroke and multiple sclerosis, and are therefore plausible targets for future pharmacological intervention. The final section thus discusses the role of these chemokines in these pathophysiological states. In conclusion, the role of these chemokines in cellular communication may make it possible: (i) to identify new pathways of neuron-neuron, glia-glia or neuron-glia communications relevant to both normal brain function and neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases; (ii) to develop new therapeutic approaches for currently untreatable brain diseases.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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19
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Fitting S, Scoggins KL, Xu R, Dever SM, Knapp PE, Dewey WL, Hauser KF. Morphine efficacy is altered in conditional HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 689:96-103. [PMID: 22659585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Opiate abuse reportedly can exaggerate complications of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection in the central nervous system (CNS), while opiate drugs are often indicated in the treatment of HIV-1-related neuropathic pain. Despite this quandary, few studies have assessed the relationship between the duration or extent of HIV-1 infection and the intrinsic neurobehavioral responsiveness to opioids. To address this problem, doxycycline (DOX)-inducible HIV-Tat(1-86) transgenic mice were used as a model for HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders, which permitted the regulation of Tat exposure and duration. The effects of continuous Tat induction on the activity of morphine were examined at weekly intervals using standard behavioral assays for nociception and motor function. In the spinal cord, Tat mRNA levels did not increase until the second and third weeks following induction, which corresponded to a significant loss of morphine antinociception as assessed in the tail-flick test. Alternatively, in the striatum, sustained increases in Tat mRNA expression during the second week of induction coincided with significant decreases in rotarod performance and interactions with morphine. Importantly, the behavioral effects of morphine differed depending on the timing and location of Tat expression, with increases in Tat transcript levels in the spinal cord and striatum corresponding to significant alterations in morphine-dependent nociception and rotarod performance, respectively. Assuming Tat levels contribute to the clinical manifestations of HIV-1, the results suggest that regional differences in viral load and opioid phenotype might influence the nature and degree that opiate responsiveness is altered in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Pharmacolog, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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