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Chittora R, Jain A, Shukla SD, Bhatnagar M. Cytomorphological Analysis and Interpretation of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Sleep-Deprived Mice Model. Ann Neurosci 2022; 29:7-15. [PMID: 35875423 PMCID: PMC9305911 DOI: 10.1177/09727531211059925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) is a biological stress condition for the brain, and the pathogenesis of SD is closely related to elevated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, a major cause of neurodegeneration. This oxidative stress-mediated cell death is attributed to rise in calcium ion influx which further excites or alters the neurotransmitters level by activating neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) release of NO in mouse SD model. This study indicates that the nitrergic neurons are possible therapeutic targets for the amelioration of SD-induced cognitive dysfunction and behavioral alterations. Purpose: SD is considered as a risk factor for various neurodegenerative diseases. SD leads to biochemical, behavioral, and neurochemical alterations in animals. This study was designed to explore the possible involvement of a nitrergic neuron system in six days SD-induced morphological and neurodegenerative changes in mice. Methods: Using nNOS immunohistochemistry, we have investigated the effects of SD on nNOS positive neurons. Immunohistochemical study for the distribution of nNOS positive neuronal cell bodies was carried out in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and amygdaloid nuclei of mice brain. Results: Sleep-deprived animals showed a significantly increased number of nNOS positive neurons and altered neuronal cytomorphology as compared with the control group. Conclusion: These results indicate that total SD may induce morphological changes in nNOS positive neurons in the brain, thus increasing NO synthesis, which is implicated in SD-induced neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Chittora
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Animal Biotechnology and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, University College of Science, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Department of Zoology, Animal Biotechnology and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, University College of Science, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Biochemistry, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Dutt Shukla
- Department of Zoology, Government Meera Girls College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Maheep Bhatnagar
- Department of Zoology, Animal Biotechnology and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, University College of Science, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Joushi S, Esmaeilpour K, Masoumi-Ardakani Y, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Sheibani V. Effects of short environmental enrichment on early-life adversity induced cognitive alternations in adolescent rats. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3373-3391. [PMID: 34676587 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early-life experiences, including parental care, affect cognitive performance later in life. Being exposed to early-life maternal separation (MS) increases susceptibility to stress-related psychopathology. Previous studies suggest that MS could induce learning and memory impairments. Since enriched environment (EE) provides more opportunities for exploration and social interaction, in the present study we evaluated the effects of a short EE paradigm with a duration of 13 days on cognitive abilities of maternally separated rats (MS; 180 min/day, postnatal day (PND) 1-21) during adolescence in four experimental groups: Control, Control+EE, MS, and MS+EE. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were also measured in experimental animals. We also studied the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the slices of hippocampal CA1 area. The behavioral and electrophysiological assessments were started at PND 35. MS caused higher basal CORT levels in plasma and impaired spatial learning, memory, and social interaction. LTP induction was also impaired in MS rats and plasma BDNF levels were reduced in these animals. MS also induced more anxiety-like behavior. Short EE reduced plasma CORT levels had the potential to improve locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in MS+EE rats and reversed MS-induced impairments of spatial learning, memory, and social behavior. LTP induction and plasma BDNF levels were also enhanced in MS+EE rats. We concluded that short EE might be considered as a therapeutic strategy for promoting cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Joushi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yaser Masoumi-Ardakani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Lambert CT, Guillette LM. The impact of environmental and social factors on learning abilities: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2871-2889. [PMID: 34342125 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1950s, researchers have examined how differences in the social and asocial environment affect learning in rats, mice, and, more recently, a variety of other species. Despite this large body of research, little has been done to synthesize these findings and to examine if social and asocial environmental factors have consistent effects on cognitive abilities, and if so, what aspects of these factors have greater or lesser impact. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining how different external environmental features, including the social environment, impact learning (both speed of acquisition and performance). Using 531 mean-differences from 176 published articles across 27 species (with studies on rats and mice being most prominent) we conducted phylogenetically corrected mixed-effects models that reveal: (i) an average absolute effect size |d| = 0.55 and directional effect size d = 0.34; (ii) interventions manipulating the asocial environment result in larger effects than social interventions alone; and (iii) the length of the intervention is a significant predictor of effect size, with longer interventions resulting in larger effects. Additionally, much of the variation in effect size remained unexplained, possibly suggesting that species differ widely in how they are affected by environmental interventions due to varying ecological and evolutionary histories. Overall our results suggest that social and asocial environmental factors do significantly affect learning, but these effects are highly variable and perhaps not always as predicted. Most notably, the type (social or asocial) and length of interventions are important in determining the strength of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor T Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Lauren M Guillette
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
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Lores-Arnaiz S, Karadayian AG, Gutnisky A, Rodríguez de Lores Arnaiz G. The low affinity neurotensin receptor antagonist levocabastine impairs brain nitric oxide synthesis and mitochondrial function by independent mechanisms. J Neurochem 2017; 143:684-696. [PMID: 28975622 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin is known to inhibit neuronal Na+ , K+ -ATPase, an effect that is rescued by nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition. However, whether the neurotensinergic and the nitrergic systems are independent pathways, or are mechanistically linked, remains unknown. Here, we addressed this issue and found that the administration of low affinity neurotensin receptor (NTS2) antagonist, levocabastine (50 μg/kg, i.p.) inhibited NO synthase (NOS) activity by 74 and 42% after 18 h in synaptosomal and mitochondrial fractions isolated from the Wistar rat cerebral cortex, respectively; these effects disappeared 36 h after levocabastine treatment. Intriguingly, whereas neuronal NOS protein abundance decreased (by 56%) in synaptosomes membranes, it was enhanced (by 86%) in mitochondria 18 h after levocabastine administration. Levocabastine enhanced the respiratory rate of synaptosomes in the presence of oligomycin, but it failed to alter the spare respiratory capacity; furthermore, the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes I-IV activities were severely diminished by levocabastine administration. The inhibition of NOS and MRC complexes activities were also observed after incubation of synaptosomes and mitochondria with levocabastine (1 μM) in vitro. These data indicate that the NTS2 antagonist levocabastine regulates NOS expression and activity at the synapse, suggesting an interrelationship between the neurotensinergic and the nitrergic systems. However, the bioenergetics effects of NTS2 activity inhibition are likely to be independent from the regulation of NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lores-Arnaiz
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía G Karadayian
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Gutnisky
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Profesor Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgina Rodríguez de Lores Arnaiz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Profesor Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Brain development is a complex process, and stimuli during this developmental period may modulate the brain's functional maturation and determine its lifelong integrity. Human and animal studies have shown that environmental stimuli such as physical activity habits seem to have a favorable influence on brain development. Research on humans has demonstrated improvement in cognitive performance in the children of women who exercised regularly throughout pregnancy and in individuals who were physically active during childhood and adolescence. Investigations using animal models have also reported that physical activity improves the cognitive function of developing rats. In this review, we will present the neurobiological mechanisms of such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- a 1 Instituto do Cérebro, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627/701, Morumbi, CEP: 06780-110 São Paulo - SP, Brazil
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Alcohol hangover induces mitochondrial dysfunction and free radical production in mouse cerebellum. Neuroscience 2015; 304:47-59. [PMID: 26192095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol hangover (AH) is defined as the temporary state after alcohol binge-like drinking, starting when ethanol (EtOH) is absent in plasma. Previous data indicate that AH induces mitochondrial dysfunction and free radical production in mouse brain cortex. The aim of this work was to study mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species production in mouse cerebellum at the onset of AH. Male mice received a single i.p. injection of EtOH (3.8g/kg BW) or saline solution. Mitochondrial function was evaluated 6h after injection (AH onset). At the onset of AH, malate-glutamate and succinate-supported state 4 oxygen uptake was 2.3 and 1.9-fold increased leading to a reduction in respiratory control of 55% and 48% respectively, as compared with controls. Decreases of 38% and 16% were found in Complex I-III and IV activities. Complex II-III activity was not affected by AH. Mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial permeability changes were evaluated by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potential and permeability were decreased by AH in cerebellum mitochondria. Together with this, AH induced a 25% increase in superoxide anion and a 92% increase in hydrogen peroxide production in cerebellum mitochondria. Related to nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) protein expression was 52% decreased by the hangover condition compared with control group. No differences were found in cerebellum NO production between control and treated mice. The present work demonstrates that the physiopathological state of AH involves mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse cerebellum showing the long-lasting effects of acute EtOH exposure in the central nervous system.
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Postnatal MK-801 treatment of female rats impairs acquisition of working memory, but not reference memory in an eight-arm radial maze; no beneficial effects of enriched environment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2541-50. [PMID: 25743756 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Memory impairment has been documented in MK-801 (NMDA receptor antagonist) model of schizophrenia, but less is known on the rescue and/or differential effects of MK-801 on short- and long-term memories. OBJECTIVES We determined the effects of MK-801 treatment and/or enriched environment (EE) on acquisition of reference and working memory in developing rats. METHODS Female Wistar rats were injected with MK-801 (1 mg/kg) from postnatal days (P) 6-10. Task acquisition, working memory error (WME), and reference memory error (RME) were assessed in an eight-arm radial maze task. Behavioral performance of rats was also tested in an open field test before (P35-P40) and after (P65-P70) radial maze training to assess anxiety and locomotion. EE was applied from birth up to the end of experiments. RESULTS MK-801 treatment did not influence task acquisition in the radial maze; however, by the end of training, MK-801-treated rats made significantly more WME, but not RME, compared to control rats. Ratio of WME to total error was also significantly higher in MK-801 group. EE prevented MK-801-associated behaviors in the open field but did not exert beneficial effects on working memory deficit in the radial maze task. EE per se affected behavioral performance of rats only in the open field test. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that postnatal MK-801 treatment differentially affects working and reference memory in a young brain. Anxiety and hyperactivity associated with MK-801 are observed more severely in adulthood. Dissociation of the positive effects of EE may suggest selective modification of distinct pathways.
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Galeano P, Blanco E, Logica Tornatore TMA, Romero JI, Holubiec MI, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Capani F. Life-long environmental enrichment counteracts spatial learning, reference and working memory deficits in middle-aged rats subjected to perinatal asphyxia. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 8:406. [PMID: 25601829 PMCID: PMC4283640 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous environmental stimulation induced by exposure to enriched environment (EE) has yielded cognitive benefits in different models of brain injury. Perinatal asphyxia results from a lack of oxygen supply to the fetus and is associated with long-lasting neurological deficits. However, the effects of EE in middle-aged rats suffering perinatal asphyxia are unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess whether life-long exposure to EE could counteract the cognitive and behavioral alterations in middle-aged asphyctic rats. Experimental groups consisted of rats born vaginally (CTL), by cesarean section (C+), or by C+ following 19 min of asphyxia at birth (PA). At weaning, rats were assigned to standard (SE) or enriched environment (EE) for 18 months. During the last month of housing, animals were submitted to a behavioral test battery including Elevated Plus Maze, Open Field, Novel Object Recognition and Morris water maze (MWM). Results showed that middle-aged asphyctic rats, reared in SE, exhibited an impaired performance in the spatial reference and working memory versions of the MWM. EE was able to counteract these cognitive impairments. Moreover, EE improved the spatial learning performance of middle-aged CTL and C+ rats. On the other hand, all groups reared in SE did not differ in locomotor activity and anxiety levels, while EE reduced locomotion and anxiety, regardless of birth condition. Recognition memory was altered neither by birth condition nor by housing environment. These results support the importance of environmental stimulation across the lifespan to prevent cognitive deficits induced by perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Galeano
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (CONICET), Fundación Instituto Leloir Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga - Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain ; Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Tamara M A Logica Tornatore
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan I Romero
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana I Holubiec
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga - Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Capani
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Karadayian AG, Bustamante J, Czerniczyniec A, Cutrera RA, Lores-Arnaiz S. Effect of melatonin on motor performance and brain cortex mitochondrial function during ethanol hangover. Neuroscience 2014; 269:281-9. [PMID: 24713372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dysfunction occur during ethanol hangover. The aim of this work was to study the effect of melatonin pretreatment on motor performance and mitochondrial function during ethanol hangover. Male mice received melatonin solution or its vehicle in drinking water during 7 days and i.p. injection with EtOH (3.8 g/kg BW) or saline at the eighth day. Motor performance and mitochondrial function were evaluated at the onset of hangover (6h after injection). Melatonin improved motor coordination in ethanol hangover mice. Malate-glutamate-dependent oxygen uptake was decreased by ethanol hangover treatment and partially prevented by melatonin pretreatment. Melatonin alone induced a decrease of 30% in state 4 succinate-dependent respiratory rate. Also, the activity of the respiratory complexes was decreased in melatonin-pretreated ethanol hangover group. Melatonin pretreatment before the hangover prevented mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and induced a 79% decrement of hydrogen peroxide production as compared with ethanol hangover group. Ethanol hangover induced a 25% decrease in NO production. Melatonin alone and as a pretreatment before ethanol hangover significantly increased NO production by nNOS and iNOS as compared with control groups. No differences were observed in nNOS protein expression, while iNOS expression was increased in the melatonin group. Increased NO production by melatonin could be involved in the decrease of succinate-dependent oxygen consumption and the inhibition of complex IV observed in our study. Melatonin seems to act as an antioxidant agent in the ethanol hangover condition but also exhibited some dual effects related to NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Karadayian
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Bustamante
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Czerniczyniec
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R A Cutrera
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología y Ritmos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Lores-Arnaiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Yildirim E, Erol K, Ulupinar E. Effects of sertraline on behavioral alterations caused by environmental enrichment and social isolation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:278-87. [PMID: 22248860 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental conditions are known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. In this study, the effects of sertraline, a selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor, on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors were investigated in rats reared in different housing conditions. Wistar rats of both sexes were divided into three groups according to their rearing conditions (Enriched = EC, Isolated = IC and Standard = SC), after weaning at postnatal day 21. While animals in control conditions were housed as a group of 4 rats in regular size plexiglass cages, social isolation groups were housed individually in metal cages. Animals in enriched conditions were housed as a group of 12 rats in specially designed cages equipped with different stimulating objects. Six weeks later, activitymeter, elevated plus maze, rotarod, grip, forced swimming and sucrose preference tests were applied to all animals and all of the tests were repeated after i.p. injection of sertraline (10 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Environmental enrichment reduced the stereotypic behavior, improved the motor coordination and facilitated the learning skills in animals. However, housing conditions affected depression-like parameters, but not anxiety-like parameters. Sertraline treatment reduced the depression-like effect in EC and SC, but not in IC. It decreased anxiety-like behavior in IC while increased in EC. Socially isolated animals preferentially consumed more sucrose and water than the other groups, and interestingly, these differences became more significant following sertraline treatment. These results show that the responses of animals to anti-depressive drugs could be differentially affected by the behavioral consequences of the diverse housing conditions. Thus, to improve the treatment of depression; behavioral consequences of diverse housing conditions should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Yildirim
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 26480 Eskisehir, Turkey.
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Gomes da Silva S, Almeida AA, Silva Araújo BH, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM. Early physical exercise and seizure susceptibility later in life. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:861-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Department of PhysiologyUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloSPBrazil
| | | | | | - Fulvio Alexandre Scorza
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloSPBrazil
| | - Esper Abrão Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloSPBrazil
| | - Ricardo Mario Arida
- Department of PhysiologyUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloSPBrazil
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Physical exercise during adolescence versus adulthood: differential effects on object recognition memory and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Neuroscience 2011; 194:84-94. [PMID: 21839807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that physical exercise can enhance hippocampal-dependent forms of learning and memory in laboratory animals, commensurate with increases in hippocampal neural plasticity (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] mRNA/protein, neurogenesis, long-term potentiation [LTP]). However, very little is known about the effects of exercise on other, non-spatial forms of learning and memory. In addition, there has been little investigation of the duration of the effects of exercise on behavior or plasticity. Likewise, few studies have compared the effects of exercising during adulthood versus adolescence. This is particularly important since exercise may capitalize on the peak of neural plasticity observed during adolescence, resulting in a different pattern of behavioral and neurobiological effects. The present study addressed these gaps in the literature by comparing the effects of 4 weeks of voluntary exercise (wheel running) during adulthood or adolescence on novel object recognition and BDNF levels in the perirhinal cortex (PER) and hippocampus (HP). Exercising during adulthood improved object recognition memory when rats were tested immediately after 4 weeks of exercise, an effect that was accompanied by increased BDNF levels in PER and HP. When rats were tested again 2 weeks after exercise ended, the effects of exercise on recognition memory and BDNF levels were no longer present. Exercising during adolescence had a very different pattern of effects. First, both exercising and non-exercising rats could discriminate between novel and familiar objects immediately after the exercise regimen ended; furthermore there was no group difference in BDNF levels. Two or four weeks later, however, rats that had previously exercised as adolescents could still discriminate between novel and familiar objects, while non-exercising rats could not. Moreover, the formerly exercising rats exhibited higher levels of BDNF in PER compared to HP, while the reverse was true in the non-exercising rats. These findings reveal a novel interaction between exercise, development, and medial temporal lobe memory systems.
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Adolescent development, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, and programming of adult learning and memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:756-65. [PMID: 19782715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress is known to affect learning and memory in adults through the release of glucocorticoid hormones by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In adults, glucocorticoids alter synaptic structure and function in brain regions that express high levels of glucocorticoid receptors and that mediate goal-directed behaviour and learning and memory. In contrast to relatively transient effects of stress on cognitive function in adulthood, exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids in early life can produce enduring changes through substantial remodeling of the developing nervous system. Adolescence is another time of significant brain development and maturation of the HPA axis, thereby providing another opportunity for glucocorticoids to exert programming effects on neurocircuitry involved in learning and memory. These topics are reviewed, as is the emerging research evidence in rodent models highlighting that adolescence may be a period of increased vulnerability compared to adulthood in which exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids results in enduring changes in adult cognitive function.
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Mitochondrial function and nitric oxide production in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats exposed to enriched environment. Brain Res 2010; 1319:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gomes da Silva S, Doná F, da Silva Fernandes MJ, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM. Physical exercise during the adolescent period of life increases hippocampal parvalbumin expression. Brain Dev 2010; 32:137-42. [PMID: 19168302 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether physical exercise during development would promote changes the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) expression in the hippocampal formation, we performed an immunostaining study after an aerobic exercise program in rats during adolescent period of life. Wistar rats were submitted to daily exercise program in a treadmill between postnatal day 21 and 60. Running time and speed were gradually increased during the subsequent days until 18m/min for 60min. After the aerobic exercise program, animals of all groups were killed and PV immunostaining procedures were performed. The results showed significant increase of protein level in the hippocampal formation and PV-immunoreactive neurons in CA1 and CA2/CA3 regions of rats submitted to exercise when compared with control rats. This finding indicates that aerobic exercise program during adolescent period promotes neuroplastic changes in hippocampal formation.
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