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Elhoseny SM, Saleh NM, Meshali MM. Self-Nanoemulsion Intrigues the Gold Phytopharmaceutical Chrysin: In Vitro Assessment and Intrinsic Analgesic Effect. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:54. [PMID: 38443653 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chrysin is a natural flavonoid with a wide range of bioactivities. Only a few investigations have assessed the analgesic activity of chrysin. The lipophilicity of chrysin reduces its aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Hence, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were designed to overcome this problem. Kollisolv GTA, Tween 80, and Transcutol HP were selected as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. SNEDDS A, B, and C were prepared, loaded with chrysin (0.1%w/w), and extensively evaluated. The optimized formula (B) encompasses 25% Kollisolv GTA, 18.75% Tween 80, and 56.25% Transcutol HP was further assessed. TEM, in vitro release, and biocompatibility towards the normal oral epithelial cell line (OEC) were estimated. Brain targeting and acetic acid-induced writhing in a mouse model were studied. After testing several adsorbents, powdered SNEDDS B was formulated and evaluated. The surfactant/cosurfactant (S/CoS) ratio of 1:3 w/w was appropriate for the preparation of SNEDDS. Formula B exhibited instant self-emulsification, spherical nanoscaled droplets of 155.4 ± 32.02 nm, and a zeta potential of - 12.5 ± 3.40 mV. The in vitro release proved the superiority of formula B over chrysin suspension (56.16 ± 10.23 and 9.26 ± 1.67%, respectively). The biocompatibility of formula B towards OEC was duplicated (5.69 ± 0.03 µg/mL). The nociceptive pain was mitigated by formula B more efficiently than chrysin suspension as the writhing numbers reduced from 8.33 ± 0.96 to 0 after 60 min of oral administration. Aerosil R972 was selected as an adsorbent, and its chemical compatibility was confirmed. In conclusion, our findings prove the therapeutic efficacy of chrysin self-nanoemulsion as a potential targeting platform to combat pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Mohamed Elhoseny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Noha Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mahasen Mohamed Meshali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Behavioral Despair Is Blocked by the Flavonoid Chrysin (5,7-Dihydroxyflavone) in a Rat Model of Surgical Menopause. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020587. [PMID: 36677645 PMCID: PMC9862461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Women have a high susceptibility to the negative effects of stress. Hormonal changes experienced throughout their reproductive life partially contribute to a higher incidence of anxiety and depression symptoms, particularly, during natural or surgical menopause. In preclinical research, the flavonoid chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) exerts anxiolytic- and anti-despair-like effects; however, it is unknown whether chrysin exerts a protective effect against the behavioral changes produced by acute stress on locomotor activity and behavioral despair in rats at 12-weeks post-ovariectomy. Ovariectomized female Wistar rats were assigned to eight groups: vehicle group (10% DMSO), three groups with chrysin and three groups with the same dose of allopregnanolone (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg), and one group with diazepam (2 mg/kg). The treatments were administered for seven consecutive days and the effects were evaluated in the locomotor activity and swimming tests. Chrysin (2 mg/kg) increased the latency to first immobility and decreased the total immobility time in the swimming test as the reference drugs allopregnanolone and diazepam (2 mg/kg); while locomotor activity prevented the behavioral changes produced by swimming. In conclusion, chrysin exerts a protective effect against the behavioral changes induced by acute stress, similarly to the neurosteroid allopregnanolone and the benzodiazepine diazepam in rats subjected to a surgical menopause model.
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Pharmacological, Neurochemical, and Behavioral Mechanisms Underlying the Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-like Effects of Flavonoid Chrysin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113551. [PMID: 35684488 PMCID: PMC9182416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid isolated from plants, such as Passiflora coerulea, Passiflora incarnata, and Matricaria chamomilla. This natural molecule exerts diverse pharmacological effects, which includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and anti-apoptotic effects. Additionally, in brain structures, such as the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, raphe nucleus, and striatum, involved in the physiopathology of anxiety and depression disorders, several neuropharmacological activities, including the activation of neurotransmitter systems (GABAergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic), neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the nerve growth factor, and some signaling pathways are affected. The results showed that the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of chrysin occurs through its interaction with specific neurotransmitter systems, principally the GABAergic and the serotonergic, and activation of other neurotrophic factors. However, it is not possible to discard the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of chrysin while producing its anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. Although these results have been obtained principally from pre-clinical research, they consistently demonstrate the potential therapeutic use of flavonoid chrysin as an anxiolytic and antidepressant agent. Therefore, this flavonoid could be considered as a promising novel therapy for anxiety and depression disorders.
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Ríos JL, Schinella GR, Moragrega I. Phenolics as GABA A Receptor Ligands: An Updated Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061770. [PMID: 35335130 PMCID: PMC8953830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural products can act as potential GABA modulators, avoiding the undesirable effects of traditional pharmacology used for the inhibition of the central nervous system such as benzodiazepines (BZD). Phenolics, especially flavonoids and phlorotannins, have been considered as modulators of the BZD-site of GABAA receptors (GABAARs), with sedative, anxiolytic or anticonvulsant effects. However, the wide chemical structural variability of flavonoids shows their potential action at more than one additional binding site on GABAARs, which may act either negatively, positively, by neutralizing GABAARs, or directly as allosteric agonists. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to compile and discuss an update of the role of phenolics, namely as pharmacological targets involving dysfunctions of the GABA system, analyzing both their different compounds and their mechanism as GABAergic modulators. We focus this review on articles written in English since the year 2010 until the present. Of course, although more research would be necessary to fully establish the type specificity of phenolics and their pharmacological activity, the evidence supports their potential as GABAAR modulators, thereby favoring their inclusion in the development of new therapeutic targets based on natural products. Specifically, the data compiled in this review allows for the directing of future research towards ortho-dihydroxy diterpene galdosol, the flavonoids isoliquiritigenin (chalcone), rhusflavone and agathisflavone (biflavonoids), as well as the phlorotannins, dieckol and triphlorethol A. Clinically, flavonoids are the most interesting phenolics due to their potential as anticonvulsant and anxiolytic drugs, and phlorotannins are also of interest as sedative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Guillermo R. Schinella
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata BA1900, Argentina;
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, UNAJ-CICPBA, Florencio Varela BA1888, Argentina
| | - Inés Moragrega
- Departament de Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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Rodríguez-Landa JF. Considerations of Timing Post-ovariectomy in Mice and Rats in Studying Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors Associated With Surgical Menopause in Women. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:829274. [PMID: 35309685 PMCID: PMC8931748 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.829274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rosas-Sánchez GU, German-Ponciano LJ, Rodríguez-Landa JF. Considerations of Pool Dimensions in the Forced Swim Test in Predicting the Potential Antidepressant Activity of Drugs. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:757348. [PMID: 35069137 PMCID: PMC8777187 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.757348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Uriel Rosas-Sánchez
- Programa de Doctorado en Neuroetología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa
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Rodríguez-Landa JF, Hernández-López F, Martínez-Mota L, Scuteri D, Bernal-Morales B, Rivadeneyra-Domínguez E. GABAA/Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex in the Dorsal Hippocampus Mediates the Effects of Chrysin on Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Female Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:789557. [PMID: 35069140 PMCID: PMC8766729 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.789557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic injections of the flavonoid chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) exert anxiolytic-like effects in ovariectomised and cycling female rats through actions on gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptors; however, it is unknown if chrysin directly acts on brain structures that are involved in regulating emotional processes, such as the hippocampus. The present study evaluated the effects of intrahippocampal microinjections of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 μg of chrysin on anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and locomotor activity test (LAT) in female rats in proestrus and dioestrus. Similar doses of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone were used as a reference GABAergic anxiolytic drug. The participation of the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex was evaluated by administering the antagonists picrotoxin, bicuculline and flumazenil. In proestrus, 0.5 and 1 μg of chrysin and allopregnanolone induced anxiogenic-like behaviour. In dioestrus, chrysin, and allopregnanolone (0.5 μg) induced anxiolytic-like effects. Picrotoxin, bicuculline and flumazenil prevented the effects of chrysin and allopregnanolone in both proestrus and dioestrus. None of the treatments significantly affected locomotor activity. These results indicate that the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in the dorsal hippocampus regulates the effects of chrysin on anxiety-like behaviour, similar to the actions of allopregnanolone. The divergent effects of treatments across the oestrous cycle phases suggest complex interactions between GABAA receptors and compounds with an anxiolytic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa,
| | | | - Lucía Martínez-Mota
- Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Damiana Scuteri
- Pharmacotechnology Documentation and Transfer Unit, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- Regional Center for Serious Brain Injuries, S. Anna Institute, Crotone, Italy
- Damiana Scuteri,
| | - Blandina Bernal-Morales
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
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Neuroprotective Potential of Chrysin: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential for Neurological Disorders. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216456. [PMID: 34770864 PMCID: PMC8588021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysin, a herbal bioactive molecule, exerts a plethora of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer. A growing body of evidence has highlighted the emerging role of chrysin in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and brain tumors. Based on the results of recent pre-clinical studies and evidence from studies in humans, this review is focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of chrysin in different neurological diseases. In addition, the potential challenges, and opportunities of chrysin’s inclusion in the neurotherapeutics repertoire are critically discussed.
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Miao L, Zhao T, Gao Y, Jing L, Huang Q, Ma H. Protective effects of 7-hydroxyethyl chrysin on rats with exercise-induced fatigue in hypobaric hypoxia environment. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2021; 50:575-581. [PMID: 34986529 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
: To investigate the protective effect of 7-hydroxyethyl chrysin (7-HEC) on rats with exercise-induced fatigue in hypobaric hypoxic condition.Forty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups with 10 rats in each group: control group, model group, chrysin group and 7-HEC group. The rats in control group were raised at local altitude but other three groups were raised in a simulating altitude of for hypobaric hypoxia treatment. The chrysin group and 7-HEC group were given chrysin or 7-HEC by gavage for respectively; while the control group and model group were given the same amount of sterilized water. The weight-bearing swimming tests were performed 3 d later, and the weight-bearing swimming time was documented. After rats were sacrificed, the liver and skeletal muscle tissue samples were taken for pathological examination and determination of lactate, malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glycogen levels. Blood urea nitrogen was also determined. Compared with the model group, weight-bearing swimming times were significantly prolonged in 7-HEC group [ vs. (4.04±1.30) min, <0.01]; pathological changes in liver and skeletal muscle tissue were attenuated; generation rate of blood urea nitrogen vs. 0.60) mmol·L·min, <0.05], lactate [liver: (0.14±0.05) vs. (0.10±0.03) mg·g·min, skeletal muscle: vs. (0.18±] and MDA [liver: (0.48) vs. (0.78±0.28) nmol·mg·min, skeletal muscle: (0.87±0.19) vs. (0.63±0.11) nmol·mg·min] were significantly reduced (all < 0.05); glycogen content [liver: (15.16±2.69) vs. skeletal muscle: (1.46±0.49) vs.0.48) mg/g] and T-SOD [liver: (1.87±0.01) vs. (2.68±0.12) U/mL, skeletal muscle: 0.42) vs. 0.96) U/mL] were significantly improved (all <0.05). 7-HEC has significant protective effect on the rats with exercise-induced fatigue in hypobaric hypoxia condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Miao
- 3. Medical Support Center, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- 3. Medical Support Center, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yingchun Gao
- 3. Medical Support Center, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Linlin Jing
- 3. Medical Support Center, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- 3. Medical Support Center, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Huiping Ma
- 3. Medical Support Center, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730050, China
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An updated review on the versatile role of chrysin in neurological diseases: Chemistry, pharmacology, and drug delivery approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111906. [PMID: 34328092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases are responsible for a large number of morbidities and mortalities in the world. Flavonoids are phytochemicals that possess various health-promoting impacts. Chrysin, a natural flavonoid isolated from diverse fruits, vegetables, and even mushrooms, has several pharmacological activities comprising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. The current study was designed to review the relationship between chrysin administration and neurological complications by discussing the feasible mechanism and signaling pathways. Herein, we mentioned the sources, pharmacological properties, chemistry, and drug delivery systems associated with chrysin pharmacotherapy. The role of chrysin was discussed in depression, anxiety, neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, epilepsy, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injury, neuropathy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. The findings indicate that chrysin has protective effects against neurological conditions by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in animal models. However, more studies should be done to clear the neuroprotective effects of chrysin.
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