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Zhang M, Lan X, Li X, Lu S. Pharmacologically targeting intracellular allosteric sites of GPCRs for drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103803. [PMID: 37852356 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of cell surface proteins that can sense a variety of extracellular stimuli and mediate multiple signaling transduction pathways involved in human physiology. Recent advances in GPCR structural biology have revealed a relatively conserved intracellular allosteric site in multiple GPCRs, which can be utilized to modulate receptors from the inside. This novel intracellular site partially overlaps with the G-protein and β-arrestin coupling sites, providing a novel avenue for biological intervention. Here, we review evidence available for GPCR structures complexed with intracellular small-molecule allosteric modulators, elucidating drug-target interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Moreover, we highlight the potential of intracellular allosteric modulators in achieving biased signaling, which provides insights into biased allosteric mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China; Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China; Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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2
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Bodin S, Previti S, Jestin E, Vimont D, Ait-Arsa I, Lamare F, Rémond E, Hindié E, Cavelier F, Morgat C. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of the First Radio-Metalated Neurotensin Analogue Targeting Neurotensin Receptor 2. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6994-7004. [PMID: 36844603 PMCID: PMC9948202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor 2 (NTS2) is a well-known mediator of central opioid-independent analgesia. Seminal studies have highlighted NTS2 overexpression in a variety of tumors including prostate cancer, pancreas adenocarcinoma, and breast cancer. Herein, we describe the first radiometalated neurotensin analogue targeting NTS2. JMV 7488 (DOTA-(βAla)2-Lys-Lys-Pro-(D)Trp-Ile-TMSAla-OH) was prepared using solid-phase peptide synthesis, then purified, radiolabeled with 68Ga and 111In, and investigated in vitro on HT-29 cells and MCF-7 cells, respectively, and in vivo on HT-29 xenografts. [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 and [111In]In-JMV 7488 were quite hydrophilic (logD7.4 = -3.1 ± 0.2 and -2.7 ± 0.2, respectively, p < 0.0001). Saturation binding studies showed good affinity toward NTS2 (K D = 38 ± 17 nM for [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 on HT-29 and 36 ± 10 nM on MCF-7 cells; K D = 36 ± 4 nM for [111In]In-JMV 7488 on HT-29 and 46 ± 1 nM on MCF-7 cells) and good selectivity (no NTS1 binding up to 500 nM). On cell-based evaluation, [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 and [111In]In-JMV 7488 showed high and fast NTS2-mediated internalization of 24 ± 5 and 25 ± 11% at 1 h for [111In]In-JMV 7488, respectively, along with low NTS2-membrane binding (<8%). Efflux was as high as 66 ± 9% at 45 min for [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 on HT-29 and increased for [111In]In-JMV 7488 up to 73 ± 16% on HT-29 and 78 ± 9% on MCF-7 cells at 2 h. Maximum intracellular calcium mobilization of JMV 7488 was 91 ± 11% to that of levocabastine, a known NTS2 agonist on HT-29 cells demonstrating the agonist behavior of JMV 7488. In nude mice bearing HT-29 xenograft, [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 showed a moderate but promising significant tumor uptake in biodistribution studies that competes well with other nonmetalated radiotracers targeting NTS2. Significant uptake was also depicted in lungs. Interestingly, mice prostate also demonstrated [68Ga]Ga-JMV 7488 uptake although the mechanism was not NTS2-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Bodin
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Santo Previti
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université
de Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jestin
- Cyclotron
Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Delphine Vimont
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Imade Ait-Arsa
- Cyclotron
Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Frédéric Lamare
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rémond
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université
de Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Elif Hindié
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université
de Montpellier, ENSCM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Clément Morgat
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital
of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- University
of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux F-33000, France
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3
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Previti S, Desgagné M, Tourwé D, Cavelier F, Sarret P, Ballet S. Opening the amino acid toolbox for peptide-based NTS2-selective ligands as promising lead compounds for pain management. J Pept Sci 2022; 29:e3471. [PMID: 36539999 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is one of the most critical health issues worldwide. Despite considerable efforts to find therapeutic alternatives, opioid drugs remain the gold standard for pain management. The administration of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists is associated with detrimental and limiting adverse effects. Overall, these adverse effects strongly overshadow the effectiveness of opioid therapy. In this context, the development of neurotensin (NT) ligands has shown to be a promising approach for the management of chronic and acute pain. NT exerts its opioid-independent analgesic effects through the binding of two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), NTS1 and NTS2. In the last decades, modified NT analogues have been proven to provide potent analgesia in vivo. However, selective NTS1 and nonselective NTS1/NTS2 ligands cause antinociception associated with hypothermia and hypotension, whereas selective NTS2 ligands induce analgesia without altering the body temperature and blood pressure. In light of this, various structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies provided findings addressing the binding affinity of ligands towards NTS2. Herein, we comprehensively review peptide-based NTS2-selective ligands as a robust alternative for future pain management. Particular emphasis is placed on SAR studies governing the desired selectivity and associated in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Previti
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael Desgagné
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Previti S, Ettari R, Di Chio C, Ravichandran R, Bogacz M, Hellmich UA, Schirmeister T, Cosconati S, Zappalà M. Development of Reduced Peptide Bond Pseudopeptide Michael Acceptors for the Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123765. [PMID: 35744891 PMCID: PMC9229991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is an endemic protozoan disease widespread in the sub-Saharan region that is caused by T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. The development of molecules targeting rhodesain, the main cysteine protease of T. b. rhodesiense, has led to a panel of inhibitors endowed with micro/sub-micromolar activity towards the protozoa. However, whilst impressive binding affinity against rhodesain has been observed, the limited selectivity towards the target still remains a hard challenge for the development of antitrypanosomal agents. In this paper, we report the synthesis, biological evaluation, as well as docking studies of a series of reduced peptide bond pseudopeptide Michael acceptors (SPR10–SPR19) as potential anti-HAT agents. The new molecules show Ki values in the low-micro/sub-micromolar range against rhodesain, coupled with k2nd values between 1314 and 6950 M−1 min−1. With a few exceptions, an appreciable selectivity over human cathepsin L was observed. In in vitro assays against T. b. brucei cultures, SPR16 and SPR18 exhibited single-digit micromolar activity against the protozoa, comparable to those reported for very potent rhodesain inhibitors, while no significant cytotoxicity up to 70 µM towards mammalian cells was observed. The discrepancy between rhodesain inhibition and the antitrypanosomal effect could suggest additional mechanisms of action. The biological characterization of peptide inhibitor SPR34 highlights the essential role played by the reduced bond for the antitrypanosomal effect. Overall, this series of molecules could represent the starting point for further investigations of reduced peptide bond-containing analogs as potential anti-HAT agents
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.E.); (C.D.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +39-090-676-6411 (M.Z.)
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.E.); (C.D.C.)
| | - Carla Di Chio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.E.); (C.D.C.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Rahul Ravichandran
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (R.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Marta Bogacz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (U.A.H.)
| | - Ute A. Hellmich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (U.A.H.)
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (R.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.E.); (C.D.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +39-090-676-6411 (M.Z.)
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5
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D'Souza RS, Langford B, Wilson RE, Her YF, Schappell J, Eller JS, Evans TC, Hagedorn JM. The State-of-the-art Pharmacotherapeutic Options for the Treatment of Chronic Non-Cancer Pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:775-789. [PMID: 35354341 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacotherapeutic options continue to expand for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. There has been an increasing emphasis on multimodal analgesia. This strategy employs use of multiple analgesic medications each with a distinct mechanism of action, which when administered concomitantly may provide profound analgesia. AREAS COVERED The authors describe evidence from randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews on a variety of established medications including anti-inflammatory agents, opioids, anti-convulsants, anti-depressants, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, sodium channel blockers, cannabinoids, and alpha-2-receptor blockers. Furthermore, they provide developing evidence on more novel pharmacotherapeutics including alpha lipoic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, low dose naltrexone, calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists, targeted toxin therapy, Nav1.7 inhibitors, neurotensin agonists, purinoceptor antagonists, and sigma-1 receptor antagonists. Furthermore, the authors review the safety and adverse effect profile for these agents. EXPERT OPINION In this era of the opioid epidemic, clinicians should first offer non-opioid analgesics and employ a multimodal analgesic strategy. Current guidelines recommend a personalized approach to the chronic pain treatment, in each case accounting for type, location, severity, and chronicity of pain. Clinicians should also carefully consider the risk-to-benefit ratio to the patient based on the drug side effect profile, patient age, and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S D'Souza
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brendan Langford
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rachel E Wilson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yeng F Her
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Justin Schappell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer S Eller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy C Evans
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, MN, USA
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Obeng S, Hiranita T, León F, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR. Novel Approaches, Drug Candidates, and Targets in Pain Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6523-6548. [PMID: 33956427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of the problems associated with opioids, drug discovery efforts have been employed to develop opioids with reduced side effects using approaches such as biased opioid agonism, multifunctional opioids, and allosteric modulation of opioid receptors. Receptor targets such as adrenergic, cannabinoid, P2X3 and P2X7, NMDA, serotonin, and sigma, as well as ion channels like the voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 have been targeted to develop novel analgesics. Several enzymes, such as soluble epoxide hydrolase, sepiapterin reductase, and MAGL/FAAH, have also been targeted to develop novel analgesics. In this review, old and recent targets involved in pain signaling and compounds acting at these targets are summarized. In addition, strategies employed to reduce side effects, increase potency, and efficacy of opioids are also elaborated. This review should aid in propelling drug discovery efforts to discover novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Obeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States.,Department Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Department Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, United States
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States.,Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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