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Vitamin D3/VDR resists diet-induced obesity by modulating UCP3 expression in muscles. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:56. [PMID: 27473111 PMCID: PMC4966724 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of vitamin D3 (VD3) on obesity has been reported in the past. Our study was aimed at investigating the possible mechanisms by which VD3 affects obesity induced by a high fat diet. METHODS Eight-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice were fed a normal- or high-fat diet for 9 weeks and were treated with a gavage of vehicle (corn oil) or cholecalciferol (50 μg/kg, daily). Body weight, white adipose tissue weight, blood lipid and glucose levels were measured. In addition, we investigated the expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol)/VDR-regulated genes involved in energy and lipid metabolism, such as of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), by using qRT-PCR in the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and C2C12, L6, and H-EMC-SS cells. We also measured UCP3 promoter transcription in the same cell lines using a Dual Luciferase Assay. Furthermore, we analyzed the binding site consensus sequences of VDR on the UCP3 promoter. RESULTS Mice consuming a high-fat diet treated with cholecalciferol had lower body weight and adipose tissue weight and higher expression of UCP3 compared to the other treatment groups. Changes in the expression of genes correlated with calcitriol/VDR. Luciferase activity was dose-dependently associated with calcitriol/VDR levels. We confirmed the functional VDR binding site consensus sequences at -2200, -1561, -634, and +314 bp in the UCP3 promoter region. CONCLUSION We suggest that VD3/VDR inhibits weight gain by activating UCP3 in the muscles.
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Spangenburg EE, Brown DA, Johnson MS, Moore RL. Alterations in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor mRNA expression in skeletal muscle after acute and repeated bouts of exercise. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 332:225-31. [PMID: 19588229 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) exist in three different forms, alpha (alpha), beta/delta (beta/delta), or gamma (gamma), all of which are expressed in skeletal muscle and play a critical role in the regulation of oxidative metabolism. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the mRNA expression pattern of the different PPARs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha) in muscles that largely rely on either glycolytic (plantaris) or oxidative (soleus) metabolism. Further, we also examined the alterations in the PPARs mRNA expression after one bout of endurance exercise or after 12 weeks of exercise training in the different muscles. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (5-8 months) were either run on the treadmill once or exercised trained for 12 weeks. The muscles were removed 24 h after the last bout of exercise. The results demonstrated with the exception of PPAR beta/delta, the PPAR mRNAs are expressed to a greater extent in the soleus muscle than in the plantaris muscle in sedentary animals. PPARgamma was the least abundantly expressed PPAR in either the soleus or the plantaris muscle. With respect to exercise training, only PPARgamma mRNA expression increased in the soleus muscle, while PPARbeta/delta and gamma mRNA levels increased in the plantaris muscle. Minimal changes were detected in any of the PPARs with one bout of exercise training. These results suggest that PPARgamma mRNA levels are the lowest in skeletal muscle among all of the PPARs and PPARgamma mRNA is the most responsive to changes in physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen E Spangenburg
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Seifert EL, Bézaire V, Estey C, Harper ME. Essential role for uncoupling protein-3 in mitochondrial adaptation to fasting but not in fatty acid oxidation or fatty acid anion export. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25124-25131. [PMID: 18628202 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803871200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein expressed most abundantly in skeletal muscle and to a lesser extent in heart and brown adipose tissue. Evidence supports a role for UCP3 in fatty acid oxidation (FAO); however, the underlying mechanism has not been explored. In 2001 we proposed a role for UCP3 in fatty acid export, leading to higher FAO rates (Himms-Hagen, J., and Harper, M. E. (2001) Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 226, 78-84). Specifically, this widely held hypothesis states that during elevated FAO rates, UCP3 exports fatty acid anions, thereby maintaining mitochondrial co-enzyme A availability; reactivation of exported fatty acid anions would ultimately enable increased FAO. Here we tested mechanistic aspects of this hypothesis as well as its functional implications, namely increased FAO rates. Using complementary mechanistic approaches in mitochondria from wild-type and Ucp3(-/-) mice, we find that UCP3 is not required for FAO regardless of substrate type or supply rate covering a 20-fold range. Fatty acid anion export and reoxidation during elevated FAO, although present in skeletal muscle mitochondria, are independent of UCP3 abundance. Interestingly, UCP3 was found to be necessary for the fasting-induced enhancement of FAO rate and capacity, possibly via mitigated mitochondrial oxidative stress. Thus, although our observations indicate that UCP3 can impact FAO rates, the mechanistic basis is not via an integral function for UCP3 in the FAO machinery. Overall our data indicate a function for UCP3 in mitochondrial adaptation to perturbed cellular energy balance and integrate previous observations that have linked UCP3 to reduced oxidative stress and FAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Seifert
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Véronic Bézaire
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Carmen Estey
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Mazzatti DJ, Smith MA, Oita RC, Lim FL, White AJ, Reid MB. Muscle unloading-induced metabolic remodeling is associated with acute alterations in PPARδ and UCP-3 expression. Physiol Genomics 2008; 34:149-61. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00281.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of physiological changes follow prolonged skeletal muscle unloading as occurs in spaceflight, bed rest, and hindlimb suspension (HLS) and also in aging. These include muscle atrophy, fiber type switching, and loss of the ability to switch between lipid and glucose usage, or metabolic inflexibility. The signaling and genomic events that precede these physiological manifestations have not been investigated in detail, particularly in regard to loss of metabolic flexibility. Here we used gene arrays to determine the effects of 24-h HLS on metabolic remodeling in mouse muscle. Acute unloading resulted in differential expression of a number of transcripts in soleus and gastrocnemius muscle, including many involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. These include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). In contrast to Ppar-α and Ppar-γ, which were downregulated by acute HLS, Ppar-δ was upregulated concomitant with increased expression of its downstream target, uncoupling protein-3 ( Ucp-3). However, differential expression of Ppar-δ was both acute and transient in nature, suggesting that regulation of PPARδ may represent an adaptive, compensatory response aimed at regulating fuel utilization and maintaining metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn J. Mazzatti
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa A. Smith
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Radu C. Oita
- Unilever Corporate Research, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fei-Ling Lim
- Unilever Measurement Sciences, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. White
- Unilever Measurement Sciences, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Reid
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Fromme T, Reichwald K, Platzer M, Li XS, Klingenspor M. Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II regulates uncoupling protein 3 gene transcription in Phodopus sungorus. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:1. [PMID: 17204145 PMCID: PMC1779797 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ucp3 is an integral protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane with a role in lipid metabolism preventing deleterious effects of fatty acids in states of high lipid oxidation. Ucp3 is expressed in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and controlled by a transcription factor complex including PPARalpha, MyoD and the histone acetyltransferase p300. Several studies have demonstrated interaction of these factors with chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (Coup-TFII). This nuclear receptor is involved in organogenesis and other developmental processes including skeletal muscle development, but also co-regulates a number of metabolic genes. In this study we in silico analyzed the upstream region of Ucp3 of the Djungarian hamster Phodopus sungorus and identified several putative response elements for Coup-TFII. We therefore investigated whether Coup-TFII is a further player in the transcriptional control of the Ucp3 gene in rodents. RESULTS By quantitative PCR we demonstrated a positive correlation of Coup-TFII and Ucp3 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue in response to food deprivation and cold exposure, respectively. In reporter gene assays Coup-TFII enhanced transactivation of the Ucp3 promoter conveyed by MyoD, PPARalpha, RXRalpha and/or p300. Using deletions and mutated constructs, we identified a Coup-TFII enhancer element 816-840 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Binding of Coup-TFII to this upstream enhancer was confirmed in electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays. CONCLUSION Transcriptional regulation of the Coup-TFII gene in response to starvation and cold exposure seems to be the regulatory mechanism of Ucp3 mRNA expression in brown adipose and skeletal muscle tissue determining the final appropriate rate of transcript synthesis. These findings add a crucial component to the complex transcriptional machinery controlling expression of Ucp3. Given the substantial evidence for a function of Ucp3 in lipid metabolism, Coup-TFII may not only be a negative regulator of glucose responsive genes but also transactivate genes involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Fromme
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reichwald
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz-Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Xing-Sheng Li
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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Mozo J, Ferry G, Studeny A, Pecqueur C, Rodriguez M, Boutin J, Bouillaud F. Expression of UCP3 in CHO cells does not cause uncoupling, but controls mitochondrial activity in the presence of glucose. Biochem J 2006; 393:431-9. [PMID: 16178820 PMCID: PMC1383702 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proton-transport activity of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) triggers mitochondrial uncoupling and thermogenesis. The exact role of its close homologues, UCP2 and UCP3, is unclear. Mounting evidence associates them with the control of mitochondrial superoxide production. Using CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells stably expressing UCP3 or UCP1, we found no evidence for respiration uncoupling. The explanation lies in the absence of an appropriate activator of UCP protonophoric function. Accordingly, the addition of retinoic acid uncouples the respiration of the UCP1-expressing clone, but not that of the UCP3-expressing ones. In a glucose-containing medium, the extent of the hyperpolarization of mitochondria by oligomycin was close to 22 mV in the five UCP3-expressing clones, contrasting with the variable values observed with the 15 controls. Our observations suggest that, when glycolysis and mitochondria generate ATP, and in the absence of appropriate activators of proton transport, UCPs do not transport protons (uncoupling), but rather other ions of physiological relevance that control mitochondrial activity. A model is proposed using the known passive transport of pyruvate by UCP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Mozo
- *BIOTRAM (Transporteurs Mitochondriaux et Métabolisme) CNRS UPR9078, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes Paris 5, site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard 75730 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- †Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Aurélie Studeny
- †Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Claire Pecqueur
- *BIOTRAM (Transporteurs Mitochondriaux et Métabolisme) CNRS UPR9078, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes Paris 5, site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard 75730 Paris, France
| | - Marianne Rodriguez
- †Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean A. Boutin
- †Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- *BIOTRAM (Transporteurs Mitochondriaux et Métabolisme) CNRS UPR9078, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes Paris 5, site Necker, 156 rue de Vaugirard 75730 Paris, France
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Durieux AC, Bonnefoy R, Freyssenet D. Kinetic of transgene expression after electrotransfer into skeletal muscle: Importance of promoter origin/strength. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1725:403-9. [PMID: 16054757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We determined over a 3-week period some of the factors that may influence the kinetic of gene expression following in vivo gene electrotransfer. Histochemical analysis of beta-galactosidase and biochemical analysis of luciferase expressions were used to determine reporter gene activity in the Tibialis anterior muscles of young Sprague-Dawley male rats. Transfection efficiency peaked 5 days after gene electrotransfer and then exponentially decreased to reach non-detectable levels at day 28. Reduction of muscle damage by decreasing the amount of DNA injected or the cumulated pulse duration did not improve the kinetic of gene expression. Electrotransfer of luciferase expression plasmids driven either by viral or mammalian promoters rather show that most of the decrease in transgene expression was related to promoter origin/strength. By regulating the amount of transgene expression, the promoter origin/strength could modulate the immune response triggered against the foreign protein and ultimately the kinetic of transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile Durieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Unité Physiologie et Physiopathologie de l'Exercice et Handicap, Université Jean Monnet, Faculté de Médecine, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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