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Zhao W, Xiang Y, Zhang Z, Liu X, Jiang M, Jiang B, Song Y, Hu J. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 promotes TNFα-induced GM-CSF via up-regulation of ERK signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106447. [PMID: 32248019 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) functions to drive nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) metastasis via recruitment and activation of macrophages. However, the source and the regulation of GM-CSF in tumor microenvironment of NPC are not fully understood. In this study, we found that TNFα induced GM-CSF production in NPC CNE1, CNE2, and 5-8F cells in time- and dose-dependent manners. GM-CSF production was tolerant, because the pre-treatment of NPC cells with TNFα down-regulated the GM-CSF production induced by TNFα re-treatment. TNFα activated glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), which is an enzyme to regulate glycogen synthesis, and also is a critical downstream element of the PI3K/Akt to regulate cell survival. GSK3 inhibitors up-regulated TNFα-induced GM-CSF, and reversed GM-CSF tolerance induced by TNFα pre-treatment, suggesting that GSK3 activation down-regulated GM-CSF production. GM-CSF down-regulation was not related to ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20. The over-expression of A20 did not regulate GM-CSF production induced by TNFα. However, GSK3 inhibitors up-regulated ERK activation, which contributed to the production of GM-CSF induced by TNFα, suggesting that GSK3 negatively regulated TNFα-induced GM-CSF via down-regulation of ERK signaling. Taking together, these results suggested that GSK3 pathway may be a target for the regulation of TNFα-induced GM-CSF in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China; Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yangen Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Manli Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Binyuan Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yinghui Song
- Changsha Cancer Institute, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jinyue Hu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China; Changsha Cancer Institute, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha 410004, China.
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2
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Urban I, Turinsky M, Gehrmann S, Morgenstern J, Brune M, Milewski MR, Wagner AH, Rumig C, Fleming T, Leuschner F, Gleissner CA, Hecker M. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J
2
Reinforces the Anti-Inflammatory Capacity of Endothelial Cells With a Genetically Determined NO Deficit. Circ Res 2019; 125:282-294. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Fluid shear stress (FSS) maintains NOS-3 (endothelial NO synthase) expression. Homozygosity for the C variant of the T-786C single-nucleotide polymorphism of the
NOS3
gene, which solely exists in humans, renders the gene less sensitive to FSS, resulting in a reduced endothelial cell (EC) capacity to generate NO. Decreased bioavailability of NO in the arterial vessel wall facilitates atherosclerosis. Consequently, individuals homozygous for the C variant have an increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD).
Objective:
At least 2 compensatory mechanisms seem to minimize the deleterious effects of this single-nucleotide polymorphism in affected individuals, one of which is characterized herein.
Methods and Results:
Human genotyped umbilical vein ECs and THP-1 monocytes were used to investigate the role of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J
2
(15d-PGJ
2
) in vitro. Its concentration in plasma samples from genotyped patients with CHD and age-matched CHD-free controls was determined using quantitative ultraperformance LC-MS/MS. Exposure of human ECs to FSS effectively reduced monocyte transmigration particularly through monolayers of CC-genotype ECs. Primarily in CC-genotype ECs, FSS elicited a marked rise in COX (cyclooxygenase)-2 and L-PGDS (lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase) expression, which appeared to be NO sensitive, and provoked a significant release of 15d-PGJ
2
over baseline. Exogenous 15d-PGJ
2
significantly reduced monocyte transmigration and exerted a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect on the transmigrated monocytes by downregulating, for example, transcription of the IL (interleukin)-1β gene (
IL1B
). Reporter gene analyses verified that this effect is due to binding of Nrf2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]–like 2) to 2 AREs (antioxidant response elements) in the proximal
IL1B
promoter. In patients with CHD, 15d-PGJ
2
plasma levels were significantly upregulated compared with age-matched CHD-free controls, suggesting that this powerful anti-inflammatory prostanoid is part of an endogenous defence mechanism to counteract CHD.
Conclusions:
Despite a reduced capacity to form NO, CC-genotype ECs maintain a robust anti-inflammatory phenotype through an enhanced FSS-dependent release of 15d-PGJ
2
.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelina Urban
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University (I.U., M.T., S.G., M.R.M., A.H.W., C.R., M.H.)
| | - Martin Turinsky
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University (I.U., M.T., S.G., M.R.M., A.H.W., C.R., M.H.)
| | - Sviatlana Gehrmann
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University (I.U., M.T., S.G., M.R.M., A.H.W., C.R., M.H.)
| | - Jakob Morgenstern
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry (J.M., M.B., T.F.), Heidelberg University Hospital
| | - Maik Brune
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry (J.M., M.B., T.F.), Heidelberg University Hospital
| | - Moritz R. Milewski
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University (I.U., M.T., S.G., M.R.M., A.H.W., C.R., M.H.)
| | - Andreas H. Wagner
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University (I.U., M.T., S.G., M.R.M., A.H.W., C.R., M.H.)
| | - Cordula Rumig
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University (I.U., M.T., S.G., M.R.M., A.H.W., C.R., M.H.)
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry (J.M., M.B., T.F.), Heidelberg University Hospital
| | - Florian Leuschner
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology (F.L., C.A.G.), Heidelberg University Hospital
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (F.L., M.H.)
| | - Christian A. Gleissner
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology (F.L., C.A.G.), Heidelberg University Hospital
| | - Markus Hecker
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University (I.U., M.T., S.G., M.R.M., A.H.W., C.R., M.H.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany (F.L., M.H.)
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3
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Murakami-Nishida S, Matsumura T, Senokuchi T, Ishii N, Kinoshita H, Yamada S, Morita Y, Nishida S, Motoshima H, Kondo T, Komohara Y, Araki E. Pioglitazone suppresses macrophage proliferation in apolipoprotein-E deficient mice by activating PPARγ. Atherosclerosis 2019; 286:30-39. [PMID: 31096071 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Local macrophage proliferation is linked to enhanced atherosclerosis progression. Our previous study found that troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD), suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced macrophage proliferation. However, its effects and mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pioglitazone, another TZD, on macrophage proliferation. METHODS Normal chow (NC)- or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice were treated orally with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (water) as a control. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were used in in vitro assays. RESULTS Atherosclerosis progression was suppressed in aortic sinuses of pioglitazone-treated Apoe-/- mice, which showed fewer proliferating macrophages in plaques. Pioglitazone suppressed Ox-LDL-induced macrophage proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. However, treatment with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) siRNA ameliorated pioglitazone-induced suppression of macrophage proliferation. Low concentrations (less than 100 μmol/L) of pioglitazone, which can suppress macrophage proliferation, activated PPARγ in macrophages, but did not induce macrophage apoptosis. Pioglitazone treatment did not induce TUNEL-positive cells in atherosclerotic plaques of aortic sinuses in Apoe-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone suppressed macrophage proliferation through PPARγ without inducing macrophage apoptosis. These findings imply that pioglitazone could prevent macrovascular complications in diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiko Murakami-Nishida
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsumura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Senokuchi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Norio Ishii
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, National Hospital Organization, Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sarie Yamada
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaro Morita
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishida
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Motoshima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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4
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Röszer T. Understanding the Biology of Self-Renewing Macrophages. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080103. [PMID: 30096862 PMCID: PMC6115929 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages reside in specific territories in organs, where they contribute to the development, homeostasis, and repair of tissues. Recent work has shown that the size of tissue macrophage populations has an impact on tissue functions and is determined by the balance between replenishment and elimination. Macrophage replenishment is mainly due to self-renewal of macrophages, with a secondary contribution from blood monocytes. Self-renewal is a recently discovered trait of macrophages, which can have a major impact on their physiological functions and hence on the wellbeing of the organism. In this review, I discuss our current understanding of the developmental origin of self-renewing macrophages and the mechanisms used to maintain a physiologically stable macrophage pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Röszer
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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5
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Hussain M, Javeed A, Ashraf M, Zhao Y, Mukhtar MM, Rehman MU. Aspirin and immune system. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:10-20. [PMID: 22172645 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The time-tested gradual exploration of aspirin's diverse pharmacological properties has made it the most reliable therapeutic agent worldwide. In addition to its well-argued anti-inflammatory effects, many new and exciting data have emerged regarding the role of aspirin in cells of the immune system and certain immunopathological states. For instance, aspirin induces tolerogenic activity in dendritic cells and determines the fate of naive T cells to regulatory phenotypes, which suggests its immunoregulatory potential in relevance to immune tolerance. It also displays some intriguing traits to modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this article, the immunomodulatory relation of aspirin to different immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and the T and B lymphocytes has been highlighted. Moreover, the clinical prospects of aspirin in terms of autoimmunity, allograft rejection and immune tolerance have also been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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6
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Taketa K, Matsumura T, Yano M, Ishii N, Senokuchi T, Motoshima H, Murata Y, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Kawada T, Itabe H, Takeya M, Nishikawa T, Tsuruzoe K, Araki E. Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Activates Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α (PPARα) and PPARγ through MAPK-dependent COX-2 Expression in Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9852-62. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703318200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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7
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Guo YH, Chen K, Gao W, Li Q, Chen L, Wang GS, Tang J. Overexpression of Mitofusin 2 inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in rabbit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:411-7. [PMID: 17880918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have implies that Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), which was progressively reduced in arteries from ApoE(-/-) mice during the development of atherosclerosis, may take part in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, we found that overexpression of Mfn2 inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein or serum induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by down-regulation of Akt and ERK phosphorylation. Then we investigated the in vivo role of Mfn2 on the development of atherosclerosis in rabbits using adenovirus expressing Mitofusin 2 gene (AdMfn2). By morphometric analysis we found overexpression of Mfn2 inhibited atherosclerotic lesion formation and intima/media ratio by 66.7% and 74.6%, respectively, compared with control group. These results suggest that local Mfn2 treatment suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in vivo in part by attenuating the smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by lipid deposition and vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, No. 49, North Garden Road, Beijing 100083, China
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8
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Yano M, Matsumura T, Senokuchi T, Ishii N, Motoshima H, Taguchi T, Matsuo T, Sonoda K, Kukidome D, Sakai M, Kawada T, Nishikawa T, Araki E. Troglitazone inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophage proliferation: Impact of the suppression of nuclear translocation of ERK1/2. Atherosclerosis 2007; 191:22-32. [PMID: 16725145 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which were known as novel insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic agents, have been reported to inhibit the acceleration of atherosclerotic lesions. Macrophages play important roles in the development of atherosclerosis. We previously reported that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) induces macrophage proliferation through ERK1/2-dependent GM-CSF production. In the present study, we investigated the effects of two TZDs, troglitazone and ciglitazone on Ox-LDL-induced macrophage proliferation. Troglitazone significantly inhibited Ox-LDL-induced increases in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into and proliferation of mouse peritoneal macrophages, whereas ciglitazone had no effects. Troglitazone and ciglitazone both significantly induced PPARgamma activity, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of troglitazone was not mediated by PPARgamma. Ox-LDL-induced production of GM-CSF was significantly inhibited by troglitazone, but not by ciglitazone. Troglitazone inhibited Ox-LDL-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, whereas ciglitazone had no effect. The antioxidant reagents NAC and NMPG each inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2, whereas troglitazone and ciglitazone had no effects. However, troglitazone, NAC and NMPG all inhibited nuclear translocation of ERK1/2. In conclusion, troglitazone inhibited Ox-LDL-induced GM-CSF production by suppressing nuclear translocation of ERK1/2, thereby inhibiting macrophage proliferation. This suppression of macrophage proliferation by troglitazone may, at least in part, explain its antiatherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Yano
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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9
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Imoto K, Kukidome D, Nishikawa T, Matsuhisa T, Sonoda K, Fujisawa K, Yano M, Motoshima H, Taguchi T, Tsuruzoe K, Matsumura T, Ichijo H, Araki E. Impact of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 on insulin signaling. Diabetes 2006; 55:1197-204. [PMID: 16644673 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibits insulin action; however, the precise mechanisms are unknown. It was reported that TNF-alpha could increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) was reported to be required for TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Here, we examined roles of mitochondrial ROS and ASK1 in TNF-alpha-induced impaired insulin signaling in cultured human hepatoma (Huh7) cells. Using reduced MitoTracker Red probe, we confirmed that TNF-alpha increased mitochondrial ROS production, which was suppressed by overexpression of either uncoupling protein-1 (UCP)-1 or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). TNF-alpha significantly activated ASK1, increased serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, and decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and serine phosphorylation of Akt, and all of these effects were inhibited by overexpression of either UCP-1 or MnSOD. Similar to TNF-alpha, overexpression of wild-type ASK1 increased serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, whereas overexpression of dominant-negative ASK1 ameliorated these TNF-alpha-induced events. In addition, TNF-alpha activated c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNKs), and this observation was partially inhibited by overexpression of UCP-1, MnSOD, or dominant-negative ASK1. These results suggest that TNF-alpha increases mitochondrial ROS and activates ASK1 in Huh7 cells and that these TNF-alpha-induced phenomena contribute, at least in part, to impaired insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koujiro Imoto
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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10
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Zhao G, Etherton TD, Martin KR, Vanden Heuvel JP, Gillies PJ, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM. Anti-inflammatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in THP-1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:909-17. [PMID: 16169525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of linoleic acid (LA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were compared to that of palmitic acid (PA), on inflammatory responses in human monocytic THP-1 cells. When cells were pre-incubated with fatty acids for 2-h and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide for 24-h in the presence of fatty acids, secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) was significantly decreased after treatment with LA, ALA, and DHA versus PA (P < 0.01 for all); ALA and DHA elicited more favorable effects. These effects were comparable to those for 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and were dose-dependent. In addition, LA, ALA, and DHA decreased IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNFalpha gene expression (P < 0.05 for all) and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB DNA-binding activity, whereas peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) DNA-binding activity was increased. The results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids may be, in part, due to the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation via activation of PPARgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Zhao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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11
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Senokuchi T, Matsumura T, Sakai M, Yano M, Taguchi T, Matsuo T, Sonoda K, Kukidome D, Imoto K, Nishikawa T, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Takuwa Y, Araki E. Statins Suppress Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein-induced Macrophage Proliferation by Inactivation of the Small G Protein-p38 MAPK Pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:6627-33. [PMID: 15611087 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412531200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (statins) ameliorate atherosclerotic diseases. Macrophages play an important role in the development and subsequent stability of atherosclerotic plaques. We reported previously that oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) induced macrophage proliferation through the secretion of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and the consequent activation of p38 MAPK. The present study was designed to elucidate the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of statins on macrophage proliferation. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were used in our study. Cerivastatin and simvastatin each inhibited Ox-LDL-induced [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into macrophages. Statins did not inhibit Ox-LDL-induced GM-CSF production, but inhibited GM-CSF-induced p38 MAPK activation. Farnesyl transferase inhibitor and geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor inhibited GM-CSF-induced macrophage proliferation, and farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate prevented the effect of statins. GM-CSF-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation was also inhibited by farnesyl transferase inhibitor or geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor, and farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate prevented the suppression of GM-CSF-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation by statins. Furthermore, we found that statin significantly inhibited the membrane translocation of the small G protein family members Ras and Rho. GM-CSF-induced p38 MAPK activation and macrophage proliferation was partially inhibited by overexpression of dominant negative Ras and completely by that of RhoA. In conclusion, statins inhibited GM-CSF-induced Ras- or RhoA-p38 MAPK signal cascades, thereby suppressing Ox-LDL-induced macrophage proliferation. The significant inhibition of macrophage proliferation by statins may also explain, at least in part, their anti-atherogenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Senokuchi
- Departments of Metabolic Medicine and Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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