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Che Y, Fu S, Wang H, Suo J, Chen C, Pu D, Li C, Yang Y. Correlation of the Gut Microbiota and Antitumor Immune Responses Induced by a Human Papillomavirus Therapeutic Vaccine. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2494-2504. [PMID: 36342280 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen worldwide and the major risk factor for cervical cancer. According to our previous study, antitumor immune responses induced by a therapeutic vaccine based on HPV E7 peptide are highly variable among individuals. Many studies have demonstrated that the discrepancy in the gut microbiota is an important factor in the development and regulation of the immune system. Therefore, we performed a systematic comparative analysis of gut microbiota in two groups of mice with significant differences in antitumor effects induced by the vaccine, as well as the correlation between immune cells and gut microbiota. We divided the mice into group A, in which the tumor continued growing, and group B, in which the tumor volume was significantly reduced. In group B mice, the vaccination induced a stronger antitumor activity with significantly enhanced IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as decreased immunosuppressive cells. A detailed gut microbiota analysis revealed a positive Spearman correlation between the percentage of CD8+ T cells and the relative abundance of Corynebacteriales, Parabacteroides, and Bacteroides_sp. Furthermore, the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells negatively correlated with the abundance of Proteobacteria and Bilophila. By contrast, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Desulfovibrio, and Bilophila positively correlated with the percentage of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and type 2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs). Overall, the composition of gut microbiota is related to vaccine-induced antitumor effects, and there is a correlation between some gut bacteria and vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Che
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Shihan Fu
- International School, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Nursing College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Jinguo Suo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Dietary supplementation of Bacillus sp. DU106 activates innate immunity and regulates intestinal microbiota in mice. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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The effects of cigarettes and alcohol on intestinal microbiota in healthy men. J Microbiol 2020; 58:926-937. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-0006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zafar H, Saier MH. Comparative genomics of transport proteins in seven Bacteroides species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208151. [PMID: 30517169 PMCID: PMC6281302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The communities of beneficial bacteria that live in our intestines, the gut microbiome, are important for the development and function of the immune system. Bacteroides species make up a significant fraction of the human gut microbiome, and can be probiotic and pathogenic, depending upon various genetic and environmental factors. These can cause disease conditions such as intra-abdominal sepsis, appendicitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, pericarditis, skin infections, brain abscesses and meningitis. In this study, we identify the transport systems and predict their substrates within seven Bacteroides species, all shown to be probiotic; however, four of them (B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus, B. ovatus, B. fragilis) can be pathogenic (probiotic and pathogenic; PAP), while B. cellulosilyticus, B. salanitronis and B. dorei are believed to play only probiotic roles (only probiotic; OP). The transport system characteristics of the four PAP and three OP strains were identified and tabulated, and results were compared among the seven strains, and with E. coli and Salmonella strains. The Bacteroides strains studied contain similarities and differences in the numbers and types of transport proteins tabulated, but both OP and PAP strains contain similar outer membrane carbohydrate receptors, pore-forming toxins and protein secretion systems, the similarities were noteworthy, but these Bacteroides strains showed striking differences with probiotic and pathogenic enteric bacteria, particularly with respect to their high affinity outer membrane receptors and auxiliary proteins involved in complex carbohydrate utilization. The results reveal striking similarities between the PAP and OP species of Bacteroides, and suggest that OP species may possess currently unrecognized pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zafar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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Silva CMG, Silva DNDS, Costa SBD, Almeida JSDS, Boente RF, Teixeira FL, Domingues RMCP, Lobo LA. Inactivation of MarR gene homologs increases susceptibility to antimicrobials in Bacteroides fragilis. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 49:200-206. [PMID: 28847541 PMCID: PMC5790583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is the strict anaerobic bacteria most commonly found in human infections, and has a high mortality rate. Among other virulence factors, the remarkable ability to acquire resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents and to tolerate nanomolar concentrations of oxygen explains in part their success in causing infection and colonizing the mucosa. Much attention has been given to genes related to multiple drug resistance derived from plasmids, integrons or transposon, but such genes are also detected in chromosomal systems, like the mar (multiple antibiotic resistance) locus, that confer resistance to a range of drugs. Regulators like MarR, that control expression of the locus mar, also regulate resistance to organic solvents, disinfectants and oxygen reactive species are important players in these events. Strains derived from the parental strain 638R, with mutations in the genes hereby known as marRI (BF638R_3159) and marRII (BF638R_3706) were constructed by gene disruption using a suicide plasmid. Phenotypic response of the mutant strains to hydrogen peroxide, cell survival assay against exposure to oxygen, biofilm formation, resistance to bile salts and resistance to antibiotics was evaluated. The results showed that the mutant strains exhibit statistically significant differences in their response to oxygen stress, but no changes were observed in survival when exposed to bile salts. Biofilm formation was not affected by either gene disruption. Both mutant strains however, became more sensitive to multiple antimicrobial drugs tested. This indicates that as observed in other bacterial species, MarR are an important resistance mechanism in B. fragilis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Renata Ferreira Boente
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Medical Microbiology Department, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Lopes Teixeira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Medical Microbiology Department, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Araujo Lobo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Medical Microbiology Department, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Aggarwal A, Sarangi AN, Gaur P, Shukla A, Aggarwal R. Gut microbiome in children with enthesitis-related arthritis in a developing country and the effect of probiotic administration. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:480-489. [PMID: 27861762 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Asia, enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) is the most frequent category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. ERA has a strong association with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 and subclinical gut inflammation. In an HLA-B27 transgenic rat model, the presence of Bacteroides bacteria in the gut appears to cause spondyloarthropathy (SpA). Thus, we studied gut microbiota in children with ERA. Stool specimens from 33 patients with ERA and 14 age-matched healthy controls were studied; none had any gastrointestinal symptom, or had received a drug known to affect gut motility or microbiota in the preceding 6 weeks. From each specimen, a cDNA library for the V3 region of bacterial 16S rRNA was subjected to high-throughput, massively parallel sequencing. Relationship of the specimens was studied using principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA), and abundances of various bacterial taxa and alpha diversity were compared between groups. In eight patients, a repeat faecal specimen was studied after 12 weeks of probiotic therapy. The 55 specimens yielded a median (range) of 397 315 (102 093-1 502 380) high-quality reads each. In PCoA, gut microbiota from ERA showed a wider dispersion than those from controls. In patients, families Bacteroidaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were more abundant and Prevotellaceae were less abundant than in controls. Also, genera Bacteroides, Entercoccus and Klebsiella were over-represented and genus Prevotella was under-represented in ERA patients. Probiotic therapy led to a non-significant increase in Prevotellaceae. Patients with ERA have a dysbiosis in the gut, with increased abundance of Bacteroides and reduction of Prevotella. Probiotic supplementation in a subset of patients did not reverse these changes significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - A N Sarangi
- Biomedical Informatics Center, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - P Gaur
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - A Shukla
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - R Aggarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Evidence of Bacteroides fragilis protection from Bartonella henselae-induced damage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49653. [PMID: 23166739 PMCID: PMC3499472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is able to internalize endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are resistant to the infection of other common pathogens. Bacteroides fragilis is a gram-negative anaerobe belonging to the gut microflora. It protects from experimental colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus through the polysaccharide A (PSA). The aim of our study was to establish: 1) whether B. fragilis colonization could protect from B. henselae infection; if this event may have beneficial effects on EPCs, vascular system and tissues. Our in vitro results establish for the first time that B. fragilis can internalize EPCs and competes with B. henselae during coinfection. We observed a marked activation of the inflammatory response by Real-time PCR and ELISA in coinfected cells compared to B. henselae-infected cells (63 vs 23 up-regulated genes), and after EPCs infection with mutant B. fragilis ΔPSA (≅90% up-regulated genes) compared to B. fragilis. Interestingly, in a mouse model of coinfection, morphological and ultrastructural analyses by hematoxylin-eosin staining and electron microscopy on murine tissues revealed that damages induced by B. henselae can be prevented in the coinfection with B. fragilis but not with its mutant B. fragilis ΔPSA. Moreover, immunohistochemistry analysis with anti-Bartonella showed that the number of positive cells per field decreased of at least 50% in the liver (20±4 vs 50±8), aorta (5±1 vs 10±2) and spleen (25±3 vs 40±6) sections of mice coinfected compared to mice infected only with B. henselae. This decrease was less evident in the coinfection with ΔPSA strain (35±6 in the liver, 5±1 in the aorta and 30±5 in the spleen). Finally, B. fragilis colonization was also able to restore the EPC decrease observed in mice infected with B. henselae (0.65 vs 0.06 media). Thus, our data establish that B. fragilis colonization is able to prevent B. henselae damages through PSA.
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Bacteroides fragilis induce necrosis on mice peritoneal macrophages: In vitro and in vivo assays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:627-32. [PMID: 19497302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is an anaerobic bacteria component of human intestinal microbiota and agent of infections. In the host B. fragilis interacts with macrophages, which produces toxic radicals like NO. The interaction of activated mice peritoneal macrophages with four strains of B. fragilis was evaluated on this study. Previously was shown that such strains could cause metabolic and morphologic alterations related to macrophage death. In this work propidium iodide staining showed the strains inducing macrophage necrosis in that the labeling was evident. Besides nitroblue tetrazolium test showed that B. fragilis stimulates macrophage to produce oxygen radicals. In vivo assays performed in BalbC mice have results similar to those for in vitro tests as well as scanning electron microscopy, which showed the same surface pore-like structures observed in vitro before. The results revealed that B. fragilis strains studied lead to macrophage death by a process similar to necrosis.
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Distribution of different species of the Bacteroides fragilis group in individuals with Japanese cedar pollinosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6814-7. [PMID: 18791010 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01106-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated associations of species of the Bacteroides fragilis group with Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCPsis). Cell numbers of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides intestinalis were significantly higher in JCPsis subjects than in non-JCPsis subjects before the pollen season. They correlated positively with both symptom scores and JCPsis-specific immunoglobulin E levels.
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Abstract
SUMMARY Bacteroides species are significant clinical pathogens and are found in most anaerobic infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19%. The bacteria maintain a complex and generally beneficial relationship with the host when retained in the gut, but when they escape this environment they can cause significant pathology, including bacteremia and abscess formation in multiple body sites. Genomic and proteomic analyses have vastly added to our understanding of the manner in which Bacteroides species adapt to, and thrive in, the human gut. A few examples are (i) complex systems to sense and adapt to nutrient availability, (ii) multiple pump systems to expel toxic substances, and (iii) the ability to influence the host immune system so that it controls other (competing) pathogens. B. fragilis, which accounts for only 0.5% of the human colonic flora, is the most commonly isolated anaerobic pathogen due, in part, to its potent virulence factors. Species of the genus Bacteroides have the most antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the highest resistance rates of all anaerobic pathogens. Clinically, Bacteroides species have exhibited increasing resistance to many antibiotics, including cefoxitin, clindamycin, metronidazole, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones (e.g., gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin).
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