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Jo H, Shim K, Jeoung D. The Crosstalk between FcεRI and Sphingosine Signaling in Allergic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213892. [PMID: 36430378 PMCID: PMC9695510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid molecules have recently attracted attention as signaling molecules in allergic inflammation diseases. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is synthesized by two isoforms of sphingosine kinases (SPHK 1 and SPHK2) and is known to be involved in various cellular processes. S1P levels reportedly increase in allergic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and anaphylaxis. FcεRI signaling is necessary for allergic inflammation as it can activate the SPHKs and increase the S1P level; once S1P is secreted, it can bind to the S1P receptors (S1PRs). The role of S1P signaling in various allergic diseases is discussed. Increased levels of S1P are positively associated with asthma and anaphylaxis. S1P can either induce or suppress allergic skin diseases in a context-dependent manner. The crosstalk between FcεRI and S1P/SPHK/S1PRs is discussed. The roles of the microRNAs that regulate the expression of the components of S1P signaling in allergic inflammatory diseases are also discussed. Various reports suggest the role of S1P in FcεRI-mediated mast cell (MC) activation. Thus, S1P/SPHK/S1PRs signaling can be the target for developing anti-allergy drugs.
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Park SJ, Im DS. Blockage of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 attenuates allergic asthma in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:938-949. [PMID: 30706444 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sphingosine-1-phosphate 2 (S1P2 ) receptors have been implicated in degranulation of mast cells. However, functions of S1P2 receptors have not been investigated in an in vivo model of allergic asthma. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model, the function of S1P2 receptors was evaluated in S1P2 -deficient mice or in mice treated with JTE-013, a selective S1P2 antagonist. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were used to investigate the roles of S1P2 receptors in dendritic cell maturation and migration. KEY RESULTS Eosinophil accumulation and elevated Th2 cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and inflamed lung tissues were strongly inhibited by administration of JTE-013 before OVA sensitization, before OVA challenge, and before both events. In S1P2 -deficient mice, allergic responses were significantly lower than in wild-type mice. LPS- and OVA-induced maturation of BMDCs was significantly blunted in dendritic cells from S1P2 -deficient mice and by treatment with JTE-013. Migrations of immature and mature BMDCs were also dependent on S1P2 receptors. It was found that OVA-challenged mice into which in vitro OVA primed BMDCs from S1P2 -deficient mice were adoptively transferred, had less severe asthma responses than OVA-challenged mice into which OVA-primed BMDCs from wild-type mice were adoptively transferred. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Pro-allergic functions of S1P2 receptors were elucidated in a murine asthma model. S1P2 receptors were involved not only in maturation and migration of dendritic cells in the sensitization phase but also in mast cell degranulation in the challenge phase. These results suggest S1P2 receptor as a therapeutic target for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA) and College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA) and College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Mohammed S, Harikumar KB. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate: A Novel Target for Lung Disorders. Front Immunol 2017; 8:296. [PMID: 28352271 PMCID: PMC5348531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, which include proliferation, apoptosis, lymphocyte egress, endothelial barrier function, angiogenesis, and inflammation. S1P is produced by two isoenzymes, namely, sphingosine kinase 1 and 2 (SphK1 and 2) and once produced, S1P can act both in an autocrine and paracrine manner. S1P can be dephosphorylated back to sphingosine by two phosphatases (SGPP 1 and 2) or can be irreversibly cleaved by S1P lyase. S1P has a diverse range of functions, which is mediated in a receptor dependent, through G-protein coupled receptors (S1PR1-5) or receptor independent manner, through intracellular targets such as HDACs and TRAF2. The involvement of S1P signaling has been confirmed in various disease conditions including lung diseases. The SphK inhibitors and S1PR modulators are currently under clinical trials for different pathophysiological conditions. There is a significant effort in targeting various components of S1P signaling for several diseases. This review focuses on the ways in which S1P signaling can be therapeutically targeted in lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabira Mohammed
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology , Thiruvananthapuram , India
| | - K B Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology , Thiruvananthapuram , India
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Park SJ, Im DS. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators and Drug Discovery. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:80-90. [PMID: 28035084 PMCID: PMC5207465 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial discovery on sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) as an intracellular second messenger was faced unexpectedly with roles of S1P as a first messenger, which subsequently resulted in cloning of its G protein-coupled receptors, S1P1–5. The molecular identification of S1P receptors opened up a new avenue for pathophysiological research on this lipid mediator. Cellular and molecular in vitro studies and in vivo studies on gene deficient mice have elucidated cellular signaling pathways and the pathophysiological meanings of S1P receptors. Another unexpected finding that fingolimod (FTY720) modulates S1P receptors accelerated drug discovery in this field. Fingolimod was approved as a first-in-class, orally active drug for relapsing multiple sclerosis in 2010, and its applications in other disease conditions are currently under clinical trials. In addition, more selective S1P receptor modulators with better pharmacokinetic profiles and fewer side effects are under development. Some of them are being clinically tested in the contexts of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, such as, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, liver failure, renal failure, acute stroke, and transplant rejection. In this review, the authors discuss the state of the art regarding the status of drug discovery efforts targeting S1P receptors and place emphasis on potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA) and College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA) and College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Yester JW, Bryan L, Waters MR, Mierzenski B, Biswas DD, Gupta AS, Bhardwaj R, Surace MJ, Eltit JM, Milstien S, Spiegel S, Kordula T. Sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibits IL-1-induced expression of C-C motif ligand 5 via c-Fos-dependent suppression of IFN-β amplification loop. FASEB J 2015; 29:4853-65. [PMID: 26246404 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neuroinflammation associated with multiple sclerosis involves activation of astrocytes that secrete and respond to inflammatory mediators such as IL-1. IL-1 stimulates expression of many chemokines, including C-C motif ligand (CCL) 5, that recruit immune cells, but it also stimulates sphingosine kinase-1, an enzyme that generates sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid mediator essential for inflammation. We found that whereas S1P promotes IL-1-induced expression of IL-6, it inhibits IL-1-induced CCL5 expression in astrocytes. This inhibition is mediated by the S1P receptor (S1PR)-2 via an inhibitory G-dependent mechanism. Consistent with this surprising finding, infiltration of macrophages into sites of inflammation increased significantly in S1PR2(-/-) animals. However, activation of NF-κB, IFN regulatory factor-1, and MAPKs, all of which regulate CCL5 expression in response to IL-1, was not diminished by the S1P in astrocytes. Instead, S1PR2 stimulated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Ca(++) release and Elk-1 phosphorylation and enhanced c-Fos expression. In our study, IL-1 induced the IFNβ production that supports CCL5 expression. An intriguing finding was that S1P induced c-Fos-inhibited CCL5 directly and also indirectly through inhibition of the IFN-β amplification loop. We propose that in addition to S1PR1, which promotes inflammation, S1PR2 mediates opposing inhibitory functions that limit CCL5 expression and diminish the recruitment of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie W Yester
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Bryan
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael R Waters
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bartosz Mierzenski
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Debolina D Biswas
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Angela S Gupta
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Reetika Bhardwaj
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael J Surace
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jose M Eltit
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sheldon Milstien
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Lv YB, Jing J, Li JM, Zhong JP, Fang L, Yang B. Assessment of RANTES levels as the indicators of plaque vulnerability in rabbit models of atherosclerosis. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:1031-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rolin J, Maghazachi AA. Implications of chemokine receptors and inflammatory lipids in cancer. Immunotargets Ther 2013; 3:9-18. [PMID: 27471696 PMCID: PMC4918230 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s32049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory lipids receive much attention due to their important biological activities. Knowledge of the chemokine system has also reached a level that makes it interesting in clinics, which prompted clinical trials into compounds manipulating chemokines or their receptors. However, little attention has been devoted to understand the relations between these two systems. Here, we will review the role of inflammatory lipids and chemokines in innate and adaptive immunity with an attempt to link the two systems and with emphasis on their importance in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rolin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Seki K, Hisada T, Kawata T, Kamide Y, Dobashi K, Yamada M, Mori M, Okajima F, Ishizuka T. Oxidative stress potentially enhances FcεRI-mediated leukotriene C4 release dependent on the late-phase increase of intracellular glutathione in mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:357-62. [PMID: 23998930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), which include leukotriene C4 (LTC4), are the predominant class of LTs synthesized by mast cells. CysLTs can induce many of the abnormalities seen in asthma. LTC4 is generated by the conjugation of LTA4 with reduced glutathione (GSH) by LTC4 synthase. During screening of the effects of prostanoids on high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)-mediated LTC4 release from mast cells, we realized that some prostanoids, including ONO-AE1-259-01 and ONO-AE-248, inhibited LTC4 release, which was associated with a decrease in the amount of intracellular total GSH. We ascertained that l-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO), a selective inhibitor of glutamate-cysteine ligase, inhibited LTC4 release. In addition, cell-permeable GSH, the glutathione reduced form ethyl ester (GSH-OEt), enhanced LTC4 release in accordance with the change in intracellular total GSH. Depletion of intracellular total GSH induced by ONO-AE-248 or BSO enhanced FcεRI-mediated LTB4 release in contrast to LTC4. Oxidative stress contributes to many pathological conditions including asthma. GSH is a major soluble antioxidant and a cofactor for several detoxifying enzymes including GSH peroxidase. Exposure of mast cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or diamide to mimic oxidative stress unexpectedly increased rather than decreased the intracellular reduced GSH content as well as total GSH in the late phase (i.e., 24 or 48 h after exposure), which was accompanied by an increase in LTC4 release. In conclusion, FcεRI-mediated LTC4 release from mast cells is mainly regulated by the amount of intracellular GSH. In some cases, oxidative stress may induce a late-phase increase in intracellular GSH, resulting in enhanced LTC4 release from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Seki
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Schuchardt M, Tölle M, Prüfer J, van der Giet M. Pharmacological relevance and potential of sphingosine 1-phosphate in the vascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1140-62. [PMID: 21309759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was identified as a crucial molecule for regulating immune responses, inflammatory processes as well as influencing the cardiovascular system. S1P mediates differentiation, proliferation and migration during vascular development and homoeostasis. S1P is a naturally occurring lipid metabolite and is present in human blood in nanomolar concentrations. S1P is not only involved in physiological but also in pathophysiological processes. Therefore, this complex signalling system is potentially interesting for pharmacological intervention. Modulation of the system might influence inflammatory, angiogenic or vasoregulatory processes. S1P activates G-protein coupled receptors, namely S1P(1-5) , whereas only S1P(1-3) is present in vascular cells. S1P can also act as an intracellular signalling molecule. This review highlights the pharmacological potential of S1P signalling in the vascular system by giving an overview of S1P-mediated processes in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). After a short summary of S1P metabolism and signalling pathways, the role of S1P in EC and VSMC proliferation and migration, the cause of relaxation and constriction of arterial blood vessels, the protective functions on endothelial apoptosis, as well as the regulatory function in leukocyte adhesion and inflammatory responses are summarized. This is followed by a detailed description of currently known pharmacological agonists and antagonists as new tools for mediating S1P signalling in the vasculature. The variety of effects influenced by S1P provides plenty of therapeutic targets currently under investigation for potential pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schuchardt
- Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CharitéCentrum 10, Department of Nephrology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany
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Fischer I, Alliod C, Martinier N, Newcombe J, Brana C, Pouly S. Sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 are functionally upregulated on astrocytes under pro-inflammatory conditions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23905. [PMID: 21887342 PMCID: PMC3161076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive astrocytes are implicated in the development and maintenance of neuroinflammation in the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). The sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1)/sphingosine1-phosphate (S1P) receptor signaling pathway is involved in modulation of the inflammatory response in many cell types, but the role of S1P receptor subtype 3 (S1P(3)) signaling and SphK1 in activated rat astrocytes has not been defined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using immunohistochemistry we observed the upregulation of S1P(3) and SphK1 expression on reactive astrocytes and SphK1 on macrophages in MS lesions. Increased mRNA and protein expression of S1P(3) and SphK1, as measured by qPCR and Western blotting respectively, was observed after treatment of rat primary astrocyte cultures with the pro-inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Activation of SphK by LPS stimulation was confirmed by SphK activity assay and was blocked by the use of the SphK inhibitor SKI (2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorphenyl) thiazole. Treatment of astrocytes with a selective S1P(3) agonist led to increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2), which was further elevated with a LPS pre-challenge, suggesting that S1P(3) upregulation can lead to increased functionality. Moreover, astrocyte migration in a scratch assay was induced by S1P and LPS and this LPS-induced migration was sensitive to inhibition of SphK1, and independent of cell proliferation. In addition, S1P induced secretion of the potentially neuroprotective chemokine CXCL1, which was increased when astrocytes were pre-challenged with LPS. A more prominent role of S1P(3) signaling compared to S1P(1) signaling was demonstrated by the use of selective S1P(3) or S1P(1) agonists. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE In summary, our data demonstrate that the SphK1/S1P(3) signaling axis is upregulated when astrocytes are activated by LPS. This signaling pathway appears to play a role in the establishment and maintenance of astrocyte activation. Upregulation of the pathway in MS may be detrimental, e.g. through enhancing astrogliosis, or beneficial through increased remyelination via CXCL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Fischer
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Alliod
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Martinier
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Corinne Brana
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Pouly
- TA Neurodegenerative Diseases, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Jenkins RW, Clarke CJ, Canals D, Snider AJ, Gault CR, Heffernan-Stroud L, Wu BX, Simbari F, Roddy P, Kitatani K, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Regulation of CC ligand 5/RANTES by acid sphingomyelinase and acid ceramidase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13292-303. [PMID: 21335555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) generates the bioactive lipid ceramide (Cer) from hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SM). However, its precise roles in regulating specific sphingolipid-mediated biological processes remain ill defined. Interestingly, the aSMase gene gives rise to two distinct enzymes, lysosomal sphingomyelinase (L-SMase) and secretory sphingomyelinase (S-SMase) via alternative trafficking of a shared protein precursor. Previously, our laboratory identified Ser(508) as a crucial residue for the constitutive and regulated secretion of S-SMase in response to inflammatory cytokines, and demonstrated a role for S-SMase in formation of select cellular Cer species (Jenkins, R. W., Canals, D., Idkowiak-Baldys, J., Simbari, F., Roddy, P., Perry, D. M., Kitatani, K., Luberto, C., and Hannun, Y. A. (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285, 35706-35718). In the present study using a chemokine/cytokine screen, we identified the chemokine CCL5 (formerly known as RANTES) as a candidate-specific downstream target for aSMase. Regulation of CCL5 by aSMase was subsequently validated using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function models indicating that aSMase is both necessary and sufficient for CCL5 production. Interestingly, cells deficient in acid ceramidase (aCDase) also exhibited defects in CCL5 induction, whereas cells deficient in sphingosine kinase-1 and -2 exhibited higher levels of CCL5, suggesting that sphingosine and not sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is responsible for the positive signal to CCL5. Consistent with this, co-expression of aSMase and aCDase was sufficient to strongly induce CCL5. Taken together, these data identify a novel role for aSMase (particularly S-SMase) in chemokine elaboration by pro-inflammatory cytokines and highlight a novel and shared function for aSMase and aCDase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Matsuzaki S, Ishizuka T, Hisada T, Aoki H, Komachi M, Ichimonji I, Utsugi M, Ono A, Koga Y, Dobashi K, Kurose H, Tomura H, Mori M, Okajima F. Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits CC chemokine ligand 5/RANTES production by blocking IRF-1-mediated gene transcription in human bronchial epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4863-72. [PMID: 20861350 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid mediator that exerts a variety of biological responses through specific G-protein-coupled receptors (LPA(1)-LPA(5) and P2Y5). LPA is thought to be involved in airway inflammation by regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory genes. Chemokines such as CCL5/RANTES are secreted from airway epithelium and play a key role in allergic airway inflammation. CCL5/RANTES is a chemoattractant for eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and monocytes and seems to exacerbate asthma. We stimulated CCL5/RANTES production in a human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, with IFN-γ and TNF-α. When LPA was added, CCL5/RANTES mRNA expression and protein secretion were inhibited, despite the presence of IFN-γ and TNF-α. The LPA effect was attenuated by Ki16425, a LPA(1)/LPA(3) antagonist, but not by dioctylglycerol pyrophosphate 8:0, an LPA(3) antagonist. Pertussis toxin, the inhibitors for PI3K and Akt also attenuated the inhibitory effect of LPA on CCL5/RANTES secretion. We also identify the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) as being essential for CCL5/RANTES production. Interestingly, LPA inhibited IFN-γ and TNF-α-induced IRF-1 activation by blocking the binding of IRF-1 to its DNA consensus sequence without changing IRF-1 induction and its nuclear translocation. Ki16425, pertussis toxin, and PI3K inhibitors attenuated the inhibitory effect of LPA on IRF-1 activation. Our results suggest that LPA inhibits IFN-γ- and TNF-α-induced CCL5/RANTES production in BEAS-2B cells by blocking the binding of IRF-1 to the CCL5/RANTES promoter. LPA(1) coupled to G(i) and activation of PI3K is required for this unique effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Ichimonji I, Tomura H, Mogi C, Sato K, Aoki H, Hisada T, Dobashi K, Ishizuka T, Mori M, Okajima F. Extracellular acidification stimulates IL-6 production and Ca(2+) mobilization through proton-sensing OGR1 receptors in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L567-77. [PMID: 20656891 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00415.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The asthmatic airway has been shown to be an acidic environment that may be involved in the pathophysiological features of asthma. However, the mechanism by which an acidic pH modulates the cellular activities involved in the asthmatic airway remains elusive. Here, we characterized acidic pH-induced actions in human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). Extracellular acidification stimulates the mRNA expression and protein production of IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, in association with the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38MAPK, reflecting the activation of the enzymes. Acidification-induced cytokine production was inhibited by inhibitors of ERK and p38MAPK. Acidification also increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, which was accompanied by cell rounding, most likely reflecting contraction. In ASMCs, OGR1 is expressed at by far the highest levels among proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors. The knockdown of OGR1 and G(q/11) protein with their specific small interfering RNAs and an inhibition of G(q/11) protein with YM-254890 attenuated the acidification-induced actions. We conclude that extracellular acidification stimulates IL-6 production and Ca(2+) mobilization through proton-sensing OGR1 receptors/G(q/11) proteins in human ASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Ichimonji
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma Univ., Maebashi, Japan
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Ono A, Utsugi M, Masubuchi K, Ishizuka T, Kawata T, Shimizu Y, Hisada T, Hamuro J, Mori M, Dobashi K. Glutathione redox regulates TGF-beta-induced fibrogenic effects through Smad3 activation. FEBS Lett 2008; 583:357-62. [PMID: 19101551 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a pivotal role in the fibrogenic action involved in the induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), extracellular matrix and fibroblast transformation. Smad3 mediates TGF-beta signaling related to the fibrotic response. In human lung fibroblasts or bronchial smooth muscle cells, we demonstrated that an increase in the intracellular glutathione level suppressed TGF-beta1-induced phosphorylation of Smad3, while inhibiting TGF-beta1-induced expressions of CTGF, collagen type1, fibronectin and transformation into myofibroblasts, which are characterized by the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. These data indicate that the intracellular glutathione redox status regulates TGF-beta-induced fibrogenic effects through Smad3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ono
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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15
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Nofer JR. High-density lipoprotein, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and atherosclerosis. J Clin Lipidol 2007; 2:4-11. [PMID: 21291709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiologic and interventional studies have revealed an inverse relationship between plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and coronary risk. There are several well-documented HDL functions, which may account for the antiatherogenic effects of this lipoprotein. Recent studies document that HDL serves as a carrier for the bioactive lysosphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which determines its functional properties. Generally available databases (eg, PubMed) were used, as well as our own results. An increasing body of evidence indicates that S1P is a mediator of many of the atheroprotective effects of HDL, including the ability to promote vasodilation and angiogenesis and protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury. These latter effects are believed to involve S1P-mediated retardation or suppression of inflammatory processes, such as endothelial expression of adhesion molecules, production of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, generation of reactive oxygen species, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis after myocardial infarction. This review article summarizes the evidence that S1P is a component of HDL contributing to the antiatherogenic and cardioprotective potential attributed to this lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy-Roch Nofer
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Münster, and Leibniz Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Albert Schweizer Str. 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany
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16
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Walsh MT, Costello R. Putting fat on the fire? Lysophospholipid mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after allergen challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:305-7. [PMID: 17359379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Tölle M, Levkau B, Kleuser B, van der Giet M. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and FTY720 as anti-atherosclerotic lipid compounds. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37:171-9. [PMID: 17359484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
All stages of atherosclerosis have been identified as a chronic vascular inflammatory disease. In the last few years there is increasing evidence that endogenous lysophospholipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have potent anti-inflammatory properties. The S1P analogue FTY720 that has been developed as a potent, orally active, immunosuppressant in the field of transplantation and autoimmune disease has interesting effects on inflammatory processes in the arterial vessel wall. S1P targets five specific S1P receptors (S1P(1-5)), which are ubiquitously expressed. S1P(1-3) receptor expression is identified in arterial vessels. S1P and FTY720 show potent silencing effects on some vascular proinflammatory mechanisms in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, the interaction of monocytes with the vessel wall is inhibited. As shown recently, FTY720 can effectively reduce the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice having a high-cholesterol diet. It is not entirely clear which S1P receptor subtype is mainly involved in this process. However, it is currently speculated that the S1P(3) and probably the S1P(1) is involved in the anti-atherosclerotic effects of FTY720. This review summarizes the current knowledge about S1P- and FTY720-effects on mechanisms of vascular inflammatory disease. In addition S1P receptor subtypes are identified which might be interesting for molecular drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tölle
- Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Med. Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Nephrologie, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Medina-Tato DA, Watson ML, Ward SG. Leukocyte navigation mechanisms as targets in airway diseases. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:866-79. [PMID: 16997136 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are among the most significant diseases in terms of their disabling effects and healthcare burden. A characteristic feature of almost all respiratory diseases is the accumulation and activation of inflammatory leukocytes in the lung or airway. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecules and intracellular signalling events controlling these processes are now translating to new therapeutic entities. In this article, the process of leukocyte accumulation is summarized, together with the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the utility of the individual components of this process as targets for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Medina-Tato
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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19
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Utsugi M, Dobashi K, Ishizuka T, Kawata T, Hisada T, Shimizu Y, Ono A, Mori M. Rac1 Negatively Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-23 p19 Expression in Human Macrophages and Dendritic Cells and NF-κB p65 trans Activation Plays a Novel Role. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4550-7. [PMID: 16982892 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of a unique p19 subunit and of a p40 subunit that is also common to IL-12. We defined the distinct signaling mechanisms that regulate the LPS-mediated induction of IL-23 p19 and p40 in human macrophages and dendritic cells. We found that the overexpression of dominant-negative Rac1 (N17Rac1) enhanced LPS-induced IL-23 p19 expression but did not alter p40 expression or IL-12 p70 production in PMA-treated THP-1 macrophages and in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Although the inhibition of either p38 MAPK or JNK enhanced LPS-induced p19 expression, N17Rac1 did not influence either p38 MAPK or JNK activation. By contrast, N17Rac1 augmented both NF-kappaB gene expression and p65 trans activation stimulated by LPS without affecting the degradation of IkappaB-alpha or DNA binding to NF-kappaB. Furthermore, small interference RNA of NF-kappaB p65 attenuated cellular amounts of p65 and suppressed LPS-induced p19 expression but did not affect p40 expression. Our findings indicate that Rac1 negatively controls LPS-induced IL-23 p19 expression through an NF-kappaB p65 trans activation-dependent, IkappaB-independent pathway and that NF-kappaB p65 regulates LPS-induced IL-23 p19, but not p40, expression, which causes differences in the control of IL-23 p19 and p40 expression by Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Utsugi
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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20
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Donati C, Bruni P. Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates cytoskeleton dynamics: implications in its biological response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:2037-48. [PMID: 16890187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) elicits robust cytoskeletal rearrangement in a large variety of cell systems, mainly acting through a panel of specific cell surface receptors, named S1P receptors. Recent studies have begun to delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in the complex process responsible for cytoskeletal rearrangement following S1P ligation to its receptors. Notably, changes of cell shape and/or motility induced by S1P via cytoskeletal remodelling are functional to the biological action exerted by S1P which appears to be highly cell-specific. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of cytoskeleton dynamics elicited by S1P, with special emphasis on the relationship between cytoskeletal remodelling and the biological effects evoked by the sphingolipid in various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Donati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia (IIM), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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21
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Becciolini L, Meacci E, Donati C, Cencetti F, Rapizzi E, Bruni P. Sphingosine 1-phosphate inhibits cell migration in C2C12 myoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:43-51. [PMID: 16510307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study shows that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) exerts an anti-migratory action in C2C12 myoblasts by reducing directional cell motility and fully abrogating the chemotactic response to insulin-like growth factor-1. The anti-migratory response to S1P required ligation to S1P(2), being attenuated in myoblasts where the receptor was down-regulated by specific antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides or small interfering RNA (siRNA) and conversely potentiated in S1P(2)-overexpressing myoblasts. The investigation of RhoA and Rac GTPases, critically implicated in cell motility regulation, demonstrated that RhoA was rapidly activated by S1P, while Rac1 was unaffected within the first 5 min but stimulated thereafter. RhoA, but not Rac activation, was identified as a S1P(2)-dependent pathway in experiments in which receptor expression was attenuated by siRNA treatment or up-regulated by S1P(2)-encoding plasmid transfection. Finally, by expression of the dominant negative mutant of RhoA, the GTPase was found implicated in the anti-migratory action of S1P, whereas modulation of Rac1 functionality unaffected the anti-chemotactic effect of S1P, ruling out a role for this protein in the biological response. Since S1P was previously shown to inhibit myoblast proliferation and stimulate myogenesis, the here identified novel biological activity is in favour of a complex physiological role of the sphingolipid in the process of muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Becciolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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