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Impacts of nanoparticles and phosphonates in the behavior and oxidative status of the mediterranean mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis). Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6365-6374. [PMID: 34764754 PMCID: PMC8568998 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the exposure of the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to gold nanoparticles decorated zinc oxide (Au-ZnO NPs) and phosphonate [Diethyl (3-cyano-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-methylpropyl)] phosphate (PC). The mussels were exposed to concentrations of 50 and 100 µg L-1 of both compounds alone, as well as to a mixture of both pollutants (i.e. Mix). The singular and the combined effect of each pollutant was investigated by measuring the concentration of various metals (i.e., Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Au) in the the digestive glands and gills of mussels, their filtration capacity (FC), respiration rate (RR) and the response of oxidative biomarkers, respectively, following 14 days of exposure. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Au increased directly with Au-ZnO NPs in mussel tissues, but significantly only for Zn. In contrast, the mixture of Au-ZnO100 NPs and PC100 did not induce any significant increase in the content of metals in digetsve glands and gills, suggesting antagonistic interactions between contaminants. In addition, FC and RR levels decreased following exposure to Au-ZnO100 NPs and PC100 treatments and no significant alterations were observed after the exposure to 50 µg.L-1 of both contaminants and Mix. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, GSH/GSSG ratio, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities showed significant changes following the exposure to both Au-ZnO NPs and PC, in the gills and the digestive glands of the mussel. However, no significant modifications were observed in both organs following the exposure to Mix. The current study advances the understanding of the toxicity of NPs and phosphonates on M. galloprovincialis and sets the path for future ecotoxicological studies regarding the synergic effects of these substances on marine species. Moreover, the current experiment suggests that the oxidative stress and the neurotoxic pathways are responsive following the exposure of marine invertebrates to both nanoparticles and phosphonates, with potential antagonist interactions of these substances on the physiology of targeted species.
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Said ER, Nagui NAER, Rashed LA, Mostafa WZ. Oxidative stress and the cholinergic system in non-segmental vitiligo: Effect of narrow band ultraviolet b. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2021; 37:306-312. [PMID: 33404131 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite exhaustive research, melanocyte disappearance and the evolution of vitiligo remain enigmatic, and although multi-factorial, oxidative stress appears as a major player. The role of cutaneous cholinergic system in vitiligo pathogenesis has also been reported in some studies. OBJECTIVE To evaluate and correlate the influence of phototherapy on cutaneous cholinergic system and oxidative stress in vitiligo. METHODS Acetyl choline (ACh), its receptors; nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR); acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and H2 O2 levels were estimated in de-pigmented and re-pigmented lesions of 30 vitiligo patients before and after NB-UVB phototherapy and in 30 controls. ACh and H2 O2 levels were measured by colorimetry. AChE and acetylcholine receptors expression were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Mean ACh and H2 O2 levels were significantly higher in vitiligo lesions before NB-UVB (P < .001) whereas AChE enzyme level was significantly lower (P < .001) compared to both re-pigmented and control skin. Additionally, mean mAChR was significantly higher and mean nAChR was significantly lower in vitiligo lesions before NB-UVB versus controls and re-pigmented skin (P < .001). Also, H2 O2 and AChE showed negative correlation whereas ACh and mAChR showed significant positive correlation. Although all the studied parameters showed significant changes after treatment and subsequent re-pigmentation, a significant difference continued to exist between all vitiligo skin and controls. CONCLUSION Cholinergic system is strongly involved in vitiligo pathogenesis through H2 O2 inhibition of AChE which could be reversed by NB-UVB. Moreover, the strong activation of mAChRs may reflect genetic and/or acquired errors, direct up-regulation by ACh and H2 O2 or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Raafat Said
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Imai T, Bahar FG, Ohura K, Toda A. Effect of Calcium on the Hydrolysis Activity of Human Butyrylcholinesterase. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:1417-1420. [PMID: 31837977 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of calcium ion on the hydrolysis of cationic and anionic substrate by human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE). The hydrolysis of aspirin, an anionic substrate, by HuBChE was markedly increased in the presence of increasing concentrations of calcium ion (∼20 mM), as shown by the increasing kcat (∼18-fold). Butyrylthiocholine (BTC), a cationic substrate, was biphasically hydrolyzed with substrate activation; a second BTC molecule caused a 3-fold increase in kcat. At both lower and higher concentrations of BTC, its hydrolysis by HuBChE was slightly slowed down by the addition of calcium ion. Other cationic substrates, propranolol derivatives with butyryl and valeryl groups, were R-preferentially hydrolyzed by HuBChE; the rate of hydrolysis of these compounds was nearly the same in the absence and presence of calcium ion. These data indicate differential effects of calcium ion on HuBChE activity with anionic and cationic substrates. Furthermore, during the hydrolysis of aspirin in the presence of calcium ions, we demonstrated the existence of 2 additional binding sites for calcium, with Km values of 1.8 and 5.9 mM. These binding sites exhibited much lower affinities than the EF-hand motif, previously identified as a high-affinity calcium-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruko Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Fatma Goksin Bahar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Headquarters for Admissions and Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Ben Anes A, Ben Nasr H, Garrouch A, Bennour S, Bchir S, Hachana M, Benzarti M, Tabka Z, Chahed K. Alterations in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relationships with oxidative and inflammatory markers. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 445:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bahar FG, Imai T. Aspirin Hydrolysis in Human and Experimental Animal Plasma and the Effect of Metal Cations on Hydrolase Activities. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1450-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
The acquired depigmenting disorder of vitiligo affects an estimated 1% of the world population and constitutes one of the commonest dermatoses. Although essentially asymptomatic, the psychosocial impact of vitiligo can be severe. The cause of vitiligo remains enigmatic, hampering efforts at successful therapy. The underlying pathogenesis of the pigment loss has, however, been clarified to some extent in recent years, offering the prospect of effective treatment, accurate prognosis and rational preventative strategies. Vitiligo occurs when functioning melanocytes disappear from the epidermis. A single dominant pathway is unlikely to account for all cases of melanocyte loss in vitiligo; rather, it is the result of complex interactions of biochemical, environmental and immunological events, in a permissive genetic milieu. ROS (reactive oxygen species) and H2O2 in excess can damage biological processes, and this situation has been documented in active vitiligo skin. Tyrosinase activity is impaired by excess H2O2 through oxidation of methionine residues in this key melanogenic enzyme. Mechanisms for repairing this oxidant damage are also damaged by H2O2, compounding the effect. Numerous proteins and peptides, in addition to tyrosinase, are similarly affected. It is possible that oxidant stress is the principal cause of vitiligo. However, there is also ample evidence of immunological phenomena in vitiligo, particularly in established chronic and progressive disease. Both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system are involved, with a dominant role for T-cells. Sensitized CD8+ T-cells are targeted to melanocyte differentiation antigens and destroy melanocytes either as the primary event in vitiligo or as a secondary promotive consequence. There is speculation on the interplay, if any, between ROS and the immune system in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. The present review focuses on the scientific evidence linking alterations in ROS and/or T-cells to vitiligo.
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Butyrylcholinesterase for protection from organophosphorus poisons: catalytic complexities and hysteretic behavior. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 494:107-20. [PMID: 20004171 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase is a promiscuous enzyme that displays complex kinetic behavior. It is toxicologically important because it detoxifies organophosphorus poisons (OP) by making a covalent bond with the OP. The OP and the butyrylcholinesterase are both inactivated in the process. Inactivation of butyrylcholinesterase has no adverse effects. However, inactivation of acetylcholinesterase in nerve synapses can be lethal. OP-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase can be reactivated with oximes provided the OP has not aged. Strategies for preventing the toxicity of OP include (a) treatment with an OP scavenger, (b) reaction of non-aged enzyme with oximes, (c) reactivation of aged enzyme, (d) slowing down aging with peripheral site ligands, and (e) design of mutants that rapidly hydrolyze OP. Option (a) has progressed through phase I clinical trials with human butyrylcholinesterase. Option (b) is in routine clinical use. The others are at the basic research level. Butyrylcholinesterase displays complex kinetic behavior including activation by positively charged esters, ability to hydrolyze amides, and a lag time (hysteresis) preceding hydrolysis of benzoylcholine and N-methylindoxyl acetate. Mass spectrometry has identified new OP binding motifs on tyrosine and lysine in proteins that have no active site serine. It is proposed, but not yet proven, that low dose exposure involves OP modification of proteins that have no active site serine.
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Plonka PM, Passeron T, Brenner M, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Thomas A, Slominski A, Kadekaro AL, Hershkovitz D, Peters E, Nordlund JJ, Abdel-Malek Z, Takeda K, Paus R, Ortonne JP, Hearing VJ, Schallreuter KU. What are melanocytes really doing all day long...? Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:799-819. [PMID: 19659579 PMCID: PMC2792575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Everyone knows and seems to agree that melanocytes are there to generate melanin - an intriguing, but underestimated multipurpose molecule that is capable of doing far more than providing pigment and UV protection to skin (1). What about the cell that generates melanin, then? Is this dendritic, neural crest-derived cell still serving useful (or even important) functions when no-one looks at the pigmentation of our skin and its appendages and when there is essentially no UV exposure? In other words, what do epidermal and hair follicle melanocytes do in their spare time - at night, under your bedcover? How much of the full portfolio of physiological melanocyte functions in mammalian skin has really been elucidated already? Does the presence or absence of melanocytes matter for normal epidermal and/or hair follicle functions (beyond pigmentation and UV protection), and for skin immune responses? Do melanocytes even deserve as much credit for UV protection as conventional wisdom attributes to them? In which interactions do these promiscuous cells engage with their immediate epithelial environment and who is controlling whom? What lessons might be distilled from looking at lower vertebrate melanophores and at extracutaneous melanocytes in the endeavour to reveal the 'secret identity' of melanocytes? The current Controversies feature explores these far too infrequently posed, biologically and clinically important questions. Complementing a companion viewpoint essay on malignant melanocytes (2), this critical re-examination of melanocyte biology provides a cornucopia of old, but under-appreciated concepts and novel ideas on the slowly emerging complexity of physiological melanocyte functions, and delineates important, thought-provoking questions that remain to be definitively answered by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Plonka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, PL-30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Schallreuter KU, Hasse S, Rokos H, Chavan B, Shalbaf M, Spencer JD, Wood JM. Cholesterol regulates melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes and melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:680-8. [PMID: 19469904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is important for membrane stability and is the key substrate for the synthesis of steroid hormones and vitamin D. Furthermore, it is a major component of the lipid barrier in the stratum corneum of the human epidermis. Considering that steroid hormone synthesis is taking place in epidermal melanocytes, we tested whether downstream oestrogen receptor/cAMP signalling via MITF/tyrosine hydroxylase/tyrosinase/pigmentation could be possibly modulated by cholesterol. For this purpose, we utilized human primary melanocyte cell cultures and human melanoma cells with different pigmentation capacity applying immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, Western blotting and determination of melanin content. Our in situ and in vitro results demonstrated that melanocytes can synthesize cholesterol via HMG-CoA reductase and transport cholesterol via LDL/Apo-B100/LDLR. Moreover, we show that cholesterol increases melanogenesis in these cells and in human melanoma cells of intermediate pigmentation (FM55) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cellular cholesterol levels in melanoma cells with different pigmentation patterns, epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes do not differ except in the amelanotic (FM3) melanoma cell line. This result is in agreement with decreasing cholesterol content versus increasing pigmentation in melanosomes. Cholesterol induces cAMP in a biphasic manner i.e. after 30 min and later after 6 and 24 h, meanwhile protein expression of oestrogen receptor beta, CREB, MITF, tyrosine hydroxylase and tyrosinase is induced after 72 h. Taken together, we show that human epidermal melanocytes have the capacity of cholesterol signalling via LDL/Apo-B100/LDL receptor and that cholesterol under in vitro conditions increases melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin U Schallreuter
- Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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Wood JM, Schallreuter KU. A plaidoyer for cutaneous enzymology: our view of some important unanswered questions on the contributions of selected key enzymes to epidermal homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:569-78. [PMID: 18479438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of enzymology, a field of great neglect in current cutaneous biology research. It was therefore the aim by using selected examples of epidermal enzymes and their action including some open questions to demonstrate the importance of this area. Clearly a thorough understanding of basic knowledge in this field is needed which in turn offers a plethora of innovative research projects for a curious mind. Moreover, in order to gain the closest understanding to the truth instead of generating esoteric results, emphasis is put forward on a holistic view utilizing a combination of modern and sometimes old methods to get the answer. Last but not least the bench work is only useful for the welfare of our patients if we can apply our basic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Wood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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Garcia SC, Wyse ÂT, Valentini J, Roehrs M, Moro AM, Paniz C, Schmitt G, Grotto D, Pomblum VJ. Butyrylcholinesterase activity is reduced in haemodialysis patients: Is there association with hyperhomocysteinemia and/or oxidative stress? Clin Biochem 2008; 41:474-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schallreuter KU, Rübsam K, Gibbons NC, Maitland DJ, Chavan B, Zothner C, Rokos H, Wood JM. Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases A and B Are Deactivated by Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) in the Epidermis of Patients with Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:808-15. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ralf Paus L, Schallreuter KU, Bahadoran P, Picardo M, Slominski A, Elassiuty YE, Kemp EH, Giachino C, Liu JB, Luiten RM, Lambe T, Le Poole IC, Dammak I, Onay H, Zmijewski MA, Dell’Anna ML, Zeegers MP, Cornall RJ, Paus R, Ortonne JP, Westerhof W. Vitiligo pathogenesis: autoimmune disease, genetic defect, excessive reactive oxygen species, calcium imbalance, or what else? Exp Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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