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Toscano-Marquez F, Romero Y, Espina-Ordoñez M, Cisneros J. Absence of HDAC3 by Matrix Stiffness Promotes Chromatin Remodeling and Fibroblast Activation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071020. [PMID: 37048093 PMCID: PMC10093275 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and fatal disease characterized by progressive and irreversible lung scarring associated with persistent activation of fibroblasts. Epigenetics could integrate diverse microenvironmental signals, such as stiffness, to direct persistent fibroblast activation. Histone modifications by deacetylases (HDAC) may play an essential role in the gene expression changes involved in the pathological remodeling of the lung. Particularly, HDAC3 is crucial for maintaining chromatin and regulating gene expression, but little is known about its role in IPF. In the study, control and IPF-derived fibroblasts were used to determine the influence of HDAC3 on chromatin remodeling and gene expression associated with IPF signature. Additionally, the cells were grown on hydrogels to mimic the stiffness of a fibrotic lung. Our results showed a decreased HDAC3 in the nucleus of IPF fibroblasts, which correlates with changes in nucleus size and heterochromatin loss. The inhibition of HDAC3 with a pharmacological inhibitor causes hyperacetylation of H3K9 and provokes an increased expression of Col1A1, ACTA2, and p21. Comparable results were found in hydrogels, where matrix stiffness promotes the loss of nuclear HDAC3 and increases the profibrotic signature. Finally, latrunculin b was used to confirm that changes by stiffness depend on the mechanotransduction signals. Together, these results suggest that HDAC3 could be a link between epigenetic mechanisms and the fibrotic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Toscano-Marquez
- Laboratorio de Biopatología Pulmonar INER-Ciencias-UNAM, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Yair Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Marco Espina-Ordoñez
- Laboratorio de Biopatología Pulmonar INER-Ciencias-UNAM, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - José Cisneros
- Laboratorio de Biopatología Pulmonar INER-Ciencias-UNAM, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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2
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Liao HY, Da CM, Wu ZL, Zhang HH. Ski: Double roles in cancers. Clin Biochem 2020; 87:1-12. [PMID: 33188772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ski (Sloan-Kettering Institute) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that plays a dual role as an oncoprotein and tumor suppressor gene in the development of human cancer. The Ski oncogene was first identified as a transforming protein of the avian Sloan-Kettering retrovirus in 1986. Since its discovery, Ski has been identified as a carcinogenic regulator in a variety of malignant tumors. Later, it was reported that Ski regulates the occurrence and development of some cancers by acting as an oncogene. Ski mediates the proliferation, differentiation, metastasis, and invasion of numerous cancer cells through various mechanisms. Several studies have shown that Ski expression is correlated with the clinical characteristics of cancer patients and is a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and potential clinical implications of Ski in dimorphism, cancer occurrence, and progression in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chao-Ming Da
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zuo-Long Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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3
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Cappelli C, Sepulveda H, Rivas S, Pola V, Urzúa U, Donoso G, Sagredo E, Carrero D, Casanova-Ortiz E, Sagredo A, González M, Manterola M, Nardocci G, Armisén R, Montecino M, Marcelain K. Ski Is Required for Tri-Methylation of H3K9 in Major Satellite and for Repression of Pericentromeric Genes: Mmp3, Mmp10 and Mmp13, in Mouse Fibroblasts. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3222-3238. [PMID: 32198114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several mechanisms directing a rapid transcriptional reactivation of genes immediately after mitosis have been described. However, little is known about the maintenance of repressive signals during mitosis. In this work, we address the role of Ski in the repression of gene expression during M/G1 transition in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We found that Ski localises as a distinct pair of dots at the pericentromeric region of mitotic chromosomes, and the absence of the protein is related to high acetylation and low tri-methylation of H3K9 in pericentromeric major satellite. Moreover, differential expression assays in early G1 cells showed that the presence of Ski is significantly associated with repression of genes localised nearby to pericentromeric DNA. In mitotic cells, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the association of Ski to major satellite and the promoters of the most repressed genes: Mmp3, Mmp10 and Mmp13. These genes are at pericentromeric region of chromosome 9. In these promoters, the presence of Ski resulted in increased H3K9 tri-methylation levels. This Ski-dependent regulation is also observed during interphase. Consequently, Mmp activity is augmented in Ski-/- MEFs. Altogether, these data indicate that association of Ski with the pericentromeric region of chromosomes during mitosis is required to maintain the silencing bookmarks of underlying chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cappelli
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hugo Sepulveda
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Solange Rivas
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Pola
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Urzúa
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo Donoso
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Sagredo
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Carrero
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emmanuel Casanova-Ortiz
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Sagredo
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marisel González
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcia Manterola
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Armisén
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Montecino
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine Marcelain
- Departamento de Oncología Básico Clínica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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4
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Feld C, Sahu P, Frech M, Finkernagel F, Nist A, Stiewe T, Bauer UM, Neubauer A. Combined cistrome and transcriptome analysis of SKI in AML cells identifies SKI as a co-repressor for RUNX1. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:3412-3428. [PMID: 29471413 PMCID: PMC5909421 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SKI is a transcriptional co-regulator and overexpressed in various human tumors, for example in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). SKI contributes to the origin and maintenance of the leukemic phenotype. Here, we use ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analysis to identify the epigenetic alterations induced by SKI overexpression in AML cells. We show that approximately two thirds of differentially expressed genes are up-regulated upon SKI deletion, of which >40% harbor SKI binding sites in their proximity, primarily in enhancer regions. Gene ontology analysis reveals that many of the differentially expressed genes are annotated to hematopoietic cell differentiation and inflammatory response, corroborating our finding that SKI contributes to a myeloid differentiation block in HL60 cells. We find that SKI peaks are enriched for RUNX1 consensus motifs, particularly in up-regulated SKI targets upon SKI deletion. RUNX1 ChIP-seq displays that nearly 70% of RUNX1 binding sites overlap with SKI peaks, mainly at enhancer regions. SKI and RUNX1 occupy the same genomic sites and cooperate in gene silencing. Our work demonstrates for the first time the predominant co-repressive function of SKI in AML cells on a genome-wide scale and uncovers the transcription factor RUNX1 as an important mediator of SKI-dependent transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Feld
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Peeyush Sahu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Frech
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Finkernagel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Uta-Maria Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Neubauer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35043 Marburg, Germany
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5
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Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ríos-López DG, Vázquez-Victorio G, Rosales-Alvarez RE, Macías-Silva M. Transcriptional cofactors Ski and SnoN are major regulators of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:15. [PMID: 29892481 PMCID: PMC5992185 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family plays major pleiotropic roles by regulating many physiological processes in development and tissue homeostasis. The TGF-β signaling pathway outcome relies on the control of the spatial and temporal expression of >500 genes, which depend on the functions of the Smad protein along with those of diverse modulators of this signaling pathway, such as transcriptional factors and cofactors. Ski (Sloan-Kettering Institute) and SnoN (Ski novel) are Smad-interacting proteins that negatively regulate the TGF-β signaling pathway by disrupting the formation of R-Smad/Smad4 complexes, as well as by inhibiting Smad association with the p300/CBP coactivators. The Ski and SnoN transcriptional cofactors recruit diverse corepressors and histone deacetylases to repress gene transcription. The TGF-β/Smad pathway and coregulators Ski and SnoN clearly regulate each other through several positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Thus, these cross-regulatory processes finely modify the TGF-β signaling outcome as they control the magnitude and duration of the TGF-β signals. As a result, any alteration in these regulatory mechanisms may lead to disease development. Therefore, the design of targeted therapies to exert tight control of the levels of negative modulators of the TGF-β pathway, such as Ski and SnoN, is critical to restore cell homeostasis under the specific pathological conditions in which these cofactors are deregulated, such as fibrosis and cancer. Proteins that repress molecular signaling through the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway offer promising targets for treating cancer and fibrosis. Marina Macías-Silva and colleagues from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City review the ways in which a pair of proteins, called Ski and SnoN, interact with downstream mediators of TGF-β to inhibit the effects of this master growth factor. Aberrant levels of Ski and SnoN have been linked to diverse range of diseases involving cell proliferation run amok, and therapies that regulate the expression of these proteins could help normalize TGF-β signaling to healthier physiological levels. For decades, drug companies have tried to target the TGF-β pathway, with limited success. Altering the activity of these repressors instead could provide a roundabout way of remedying pathogenic TGF-β activity in fibrosis and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C Tecalco-Cruz
- 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | - Diana G Ríos-López
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Reyna E Rosales-Alvarez
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
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6
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Frech M, Teichler S, Feld C, Bouchard C, Berberich H, Sorg K, Mernberger M, Bullinger L, Bauer UM, Neubauer A. MYB induces the expression of the oncogenic corepressor SKI in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22423-22435. [PMID: 29854289 PMCID: PMC5976475 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) arises through clonal expansion of transformed myeloid progenitor cells. The SKI proto-oncogene is highly upregulated in different solid tumors and leukemic cells, but little is known about its transcriptional regulation during leukemogenesis. MYB is an important hematopoietic transcription factor involved in proliferation as well as differentiation and upregulated in most human acute leukemias. Here, we find that MYB protein binds within the regulatory region of the SKI gene in AML cells. Reporter gene assays using MYB binding sites present in the SKI gene locus show MYB-dependent transcriptional activation. SiRNA-mediated depletion of MYB in leukemic cell lines reveals that MYB is crucial for SKI gene expression. Consistently, we observed a positive correlation of MYB and SKI expression in leukemic cell lines and in samples of AML patients. Moreover, MYB and SKI both were downregulated by treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Strikingly, differentiation of AML cells induced by depletion of MYB is attenuated by overexpression of SKI. Our findings identify SKI as a novel MYB target gene, relevant for the MYB-induced differentiation block in leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Frech
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany.,University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany
| | - Sabine Teichler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany.,University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany
| | - Christine Feld
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany.,University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Caroline Bouchard
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Hannah Berberich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Katharina Sorg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany.,University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Uta-Maria Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Andreas Neubauer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany.,University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany
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7
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Yang Y, Li Y, Di F, Cui J, Wang Y, David Xu ZQ. Pokemon decreases the transcriptional activity of RARα in the absence of ligand. Biol Chem 2017; 398:331-340. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Pokemon is a transcriptional repressor that belongs to the POZ and Krüppel (POK) protein family. In this study, we investigated the potential interaction between Pokemon and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) and determined the role of Pokemon in regulation of RARα transcriptional activity in the absence of ligand. We found that Pokemon could directly interact with RARα. Moreover, we demonstrated that Pokemon could decrease the transcriptional activity of RARα in the absence of ligand. Furthermore, we showed that Pokemon could repress the transcriptional activity of RARα by increasing the recruitment of nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR) and silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) to the retinoic acid response element (RARE) element. Taken together, these data suggest that Pokemon is a novel partner of RARα that acts as a co-repressor to regulate RARα transcriptional activity in the absence of ligand.
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8
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Rivas S, Armisén R, Rojas DA, Maldonado E, Huerta H, Tapia JC, Espinoza J, Colombo A, Michea L, Hayman MJ, Marcelain K. The Ski Protein is Involved in the Transformation Pathway of Aurora Kinase A. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:334-43. [PMID: 26138431 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic kinase Aurora A (AURKA) has been found to be overexpresed in several tumors including colorectal, breast, and hematological cancers. Overexpression of AURKA induces centrosome amplification and aneuploidy and it is related with cancer progression and poor prognosis. Here we show that AURKA phosphorylates in vitro the transcripcional co-repressor Ski on aminoacids Ser326 and Ser383. Phosphorylations on these aminoacids decreased Ski protein half-life. Reduced levels of Ski resulted in centrosomes amplification and multipolar spindles formation, same as AURKA overexpressing cells. Importantly, overexpression of Ski wild type, but not S326D and S383D mutants inhibited centrosome amplification and cellular transformation induced by AURKA. Altogether, these results suggest that the Ski protein is a target in the transformation pathway mediated by the AURKA oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Rivas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Armisén
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego A Rojas
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edio Maldonado
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Huerta
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio C Tapia
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 8330034, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Colombo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Michea
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,Millenium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael J Hayman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Katherine Marcelain
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Melling MA, Friendship CRC, Shepherd TG, Drysdale TA. Expression of Ski can act as a negative feedback mechanism on retinoic acid signaling. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:604-13. [PMID: 23441061 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid signaling is essential for many aspects of early development in vertebrates. To control the levels of signaling, several retinoic acid target genes have been identified that act to suppress retinoic acid signaling in a negative feedback loop. The nuclear protein Ski has been extensively studied for its ability to suppress transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling but has also been implicated in the repression of retinoic acid signaling. RESULTS We demonstrate that ski expression is up-regulated in response to retinoic acid in both early Xenopus embryos and in human cell lines. Blocking retinoic acid signaling using a retinoic acid antagonist results in a corresponding decrease in the levels of ski mRNA. Finally, overexpression of SKI in human cells results in reduced levels of CYP26A1 mRNA, a known target of retinoic acid signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results, coupled with the known ability of Ski to repress retinoic acid signaling, demonstrate that Ski expression is a novel negative feedback mechanism acting on retinoic acid signaling.
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10
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Baranek C, Atanasoski S. Modulating epigenetic mechanisms: the diverse functions of Ski during cortical development. Epigenetics 2012; 7:676-9. [PMID: 22647289 DOI: 10.4161/epi.20590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing forebrain, neural stem and progenitor cells generate a large variety of neurons with specific functions in the mature cortex. A central issue is to understand the roles of transcriptional networks and regulatory pathways that control these complex developmental processes. The proto-oncogene Ski is a transcriptional regulator linked to the human 1p36 deletion syndrome, which involves a set of phenotypes including nervous system defects. Ski shows a dynamic expression pattern during cortical development and, accordingly, the phenotype of Ski-deficient cortices is complex, involving altered cell cycle characteristics of neural progenitors, disturbed timing of neurogenesis and mis-specification of projection neurons. Ski is likely to play a role in various pathways by virtue of its ability to interact with a range of signaling molecules, thereby modulating transcriptional activity of corresponding target genes. Ski regulates proliferation and differentiation of various cell types, and more recent data from my laboratory demonstrates that Ski is also involved in the specification of cortical projection neurons. This Point-of-View elucidates the role of Ski as an essential linker between sequence-specific transcription factors and non-DNA binding cofactors with chromatin modifying activities. In particular, it puts forward the hypothesis that the diverse functions of Ski as a co-repressor might be related to its association with distinct HDAC-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Baranek
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Marcelain K, Armisen R, Aguirre A, Ueki N, Toro J, Colmenares C, Hayman MJ. Chromosomal instability in mouse embryonic fibroblasts null for the transcriptional co-repressor Ski. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:278-87. [PMID: 21412778 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ski is a transcriptional regulator that has been considered an oncoprotein given its ability to induce oncogenic transformation in avian model systems. However, studies in mouse and in some human tumor cells have also indicated a tumor suppressor activity for this protein. We found that Ski-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts exhibit high levels of genome instability, namely aneuploidy, consistent with a tumor suppressor function for Ski. Time-lapse microscopy revealed lagging chromosomes and chromatin/chromosome bridges as the major cause of micronuclei (MN) formation and the subsequent aneuploidy. Although these cells arrested in mitosis after treatment with spindle disrupting drugs and exhibited a delayed metaphase/anaphase transition, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) was not sufficient to prevent chromosome missegregation, consistent with a weakened SAC. Our in vivo analysis also showed dynamic metaphase plate rearrangements with switches in polarity in cells arrested in metaphase. Importantly, after ectopic expression of Ski the cells that displayed this metaphase arrest died directly during metaphase or after aberrant cell division, relating SAC activation and mitotic cell death. This increased susceptibility to undergo mitosis-associated cell death reduced the number of MN-containing cells. The presented data support a new role for Ski in the mitotic process and in maintenance of genetic stability, providing insights into the mechanism of tumor suppression mediated by this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Marcelain
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Nuclear GRP75 binds retinoic acid receptors to promote neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26236. [PMID: 22022577 PMCID: PMC3194821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) has been approved for the differentiation therapy of neuroblastoma (NB). Previous work revealed a correlation between glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75) and the RA-elicited neuronal differentiation of NB cells. The present study further demonstrated that GRP75 translocates into the nucleus and physically interacts with retinoid receptors (RARα and RXRα) to augment RA-elicited neuronal differentiation. GRP75 was required for RARα/RXRα-mediated transcriptional regulation and was shown to reduce the proteasome-mediated degradation of RARα/RXRαin a RA-dependent manner. More intriguingly, the level of GRP75/RARα/RXRα tripartite complexes was tightly associated with the RA-induced suppression of tumor growth in animals and the histological grade of differentiation in human NB tumors. The formation of GRP75/RARα/RXRα complexes was intimately correlated with a normal MYCN copy number of NB tumors, possibly implicating a favorable prognosis of NB tumors. The present findings reveal a novel function of nucleus-localized GRP75 in actively promoting neuronal differentiation, delineating the mode of action for the differentiation therapy of NB by RA.
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Bonnon C, Atanasoski S. c-Ski in health and disease. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:51-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mosquera J, Armisen R, Zhao H, Rojas DA, Maldonado E, Tapia JC, Colombo A, Hayman MJ, Marcelain K. Identification of Ski as a target for Aurora A kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:539-43. [PMID: 21600873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ski is a negative regulator of the transforming growth factor-β and other signalling pathways. The absence of SKI in mouse fibroblasts leads to chromosome segregation defects and genomic instability, suggesting a role for Ski during mitosis. At this stage, Ski is phosphorylated but to date little is known about the kinases involved in this process. Here, we show that Aurora A kinase is able to phosphorylate Ski in vitro. In vivo, Aurora A and Ski co-localized at the centrosomes and co-immunoprecipitated. Conversely, a C-terminal truncation mutant of Ski (SkiΔ491-728) lacking a coiled-coil domain, displayed decreased centrosomal localization. This mutant no longer co-immunoprecipitated with Aurora-A in vivo, but was still phosphorylated in vitro, indicating that the Ski-Aurora A interaction takes place at the centrosomes. These data identify Ski as a novel target of Aurora A and contribute to an understanding of the role of these proteins in the mitotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Mosquera
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Zhao HL, Ueki N, Hayman MJ. The Ski protein negatively regulates Siah2-mediated HDAC3 degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:623-8. [PMID: 20691163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ski acts as a transcriptional co-repressor by multiple direct and indirect interactions with several distinct repression complexes. Ski represses retinoic acid (RA) signaling by interacting with, and stabilizing, key components of the co-repressor complex, namely, HDAC3. However, little is known as to how the Ski protein can stabilize HDAC3. In the present study, we identified the Siah2 protein as a potential E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediated proteasomal degradation of HDAC3. Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation assays further revealed that Ski interacts with Siah2. Furthermore, co-expression of the Ski protein stabilized the level of Siah2 protein. Since Siah2 regulates its own level of expression by self-degradation, the stabilization of Siah2 by Ski is an indication that Ski association leads to inhibition of Siah2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Only wild-type Ski and Ski truncation mutants that were in the same complex with Siah2 could stabilize HDAC3 levels. Taken together, the results suggest that association with Ski leads to inhibition of Siah2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and in this way, the Ski protein inhibits Siah2-mediated proteasomal degradation of HDAC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ling Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA
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Lin Q, Chen D, Timchenko NA, Medrano EE. SKI promotes Smad3 linker phosphorylations associated with the tumor-promoting trait of TGFbeta. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:1684-9. [PMID: 20404506 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.9.11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional co-regulator SKI is a potent inhibitor of TGFbeta-growth inhibitory signals. SKI binds to receptor-activated Smads in the nucleus, forming repressor complexes containing HDACs, mSin3, NCoR, and other protein partners. Alternatively, SKI binds to activated Smads in the cytoplasm, preventing their nuclear translocation. SKI is necessary for anchorage-independent growth of melanoma cells in vitro, and most important, for human melanoma xenograft growth in vivo. We recently identified a novel role of SKI in TGFbeta signaling. SKI promotes the switch of Smad3 from repressor of proliferation to activator of oncogenesis by facilitating phosphorylations in the linker domain. High levels of endogenous SKI are required by the tumor promoting trait of TGFbeta to induce expression of the plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), sustained expression of C-Myc and for aborting upregulation of p21(Waf-1). Here we discuss how SKI diversifies and amplifies its functions by associating with multiple protein partners and by promoting Smad3 linker phosphorylation(s) in response to TGFbeta signaling in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Lin
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Targeting PKC delta-mediated topoisomerase II beta overexpression subverts the differentiation block in a retinoic acid-resistant APL cell line. Leukemia 2010; 24:729-39. [PMID: 20200558 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) relieves the maturation block in t(15:17) acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), leading to granulocytic differentiation. However, RA treatment alone invariably results in RA resistance, both in vivo and in vitro. RA-resistant cell lines have been shown to serve as useful models for elucidation of mechanisms of resistance. Previously, we identified topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B) as a novel mediator of RA-resistance in APL cell lines. In this study, we show that both TOP2B protein stability and activity are regulated by a member of the protein kinase C (PRKC) family, PRKC delta (PRKCD). Co-treatment with a pharmacologic inhibitor of PRKCD and RA resulted in the induction of an RA responsive reporter construct, as well as the endogenous RA target genes, CEBPE, CYP26A1 and RIG-I. Furthermore, the co-treatment overcame the differentiation block in RA-resistant cells, as assessed by morphological analysis, restoration of promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, induction of CD11c cell surface expression and an increase in nitro-blue-tetrazolium reduction. Cumulatively, our data suggest a model whereby inhibition of PRKCD decreases TOP2B protein levels, leading to a loss of TOP2B-mediated repressive effects on RA-induced transcription and granulocytic differentiation.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Ski gene regulates skeletal muscle differentiation in vitro and and in vivo. In the c-Ski overexpression mouse model there occurs marked skeletal muscle hypertrophy with decreased adipose tissue mass. In this study, we have investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the increased skeletal muscle and decreased adipose tissue mass in the c-Ski mouse. APPROACH Growth and body composition analysis (tissue weights and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) coupled with skeletal muscle and white adipose gene expression and metabolic phenotyping in c-Ski mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls was performed. RESULTS The growth and body composition studies confirmed the early onset of accelerated body growth, with increased lean mass and decreased fat mass in the c-Ski mice. Gene expression analysis in skeletal muscle from c-Ski mice compared with WT mice showed significant differences in myogenic and lipogenic gene expressions that are consistent with the body composition phenotype. Skeletal muscle of c-Ski mice had significantly repressed Smad1, 4, 7 and myostatin gene expression and elevated myogenin, myocyte enhancer factor 2, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and insulin-like growth factor-2 expression. Strikingly, expression of the mRNAs encoding the master lipogenic regulators, sterol-regulatory enhancer binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), and the nuclear receptor liver X-receptor-alpha, and their downstream target genes, SCD-1 and FAS, were suppressed in skeletal muscle of c-Ski mice, as were the expressions of other nuclear receptors involved in adipogenesis and metabolism, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, glucocorticoid receptor and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-alpha. Transfection analysis demonstrated Ski repressed the SREBP1c promoter. Moreover, palmitate oxidation and oxidative enzyme activity was increased in skeletal muscle of c-Ski mice. These results suggest that the Ski phenotype involves attenuated lipogenesis, decreased myostatin signalling, coupled to increased myogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSION Ski regulates several genetic programs and signalling pathways that regulate skeletal muscle and adipose mass to influence body composition development, suggesting that Ski may have a role in risk for obesity and metabolic disease.
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