1
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Chang HW, Sim KH, Lee YJ. Thalidomide Attenuates Mast Cell Activation by Upregulating SHP-1 Signaling and Interfering with the Action of CRBN. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030469. [PMID: 36766811 PMCID: PMC9914299 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergy is a chronic inflammatory disease, and its incidence has increased worldwide in recent years. Thalidomide, which was initially used as an anti-emetic drug but was withdrawn due to its teratogenic effects, is now used to treat blood cancers. Although the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of thalidomide have been reported, little is known about its influence on the mast cell-mediated allergic reaction. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-allergic activity of thalidomide and the underlying mechanism using mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mouse models. Thalidomide markedly decreased the degranulation and release of lipid mediators and cytokines in IgE/Ag-stimulated BMMCs, with concurrent inhibition of FcεRI-mediated positive signaling pathways including Syk and activation of negative signaling pathways including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and SH2 tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1). The knockdown of AMPK or SHP-1 with specific siRNA diminished the inhibitory effects of thalidomide on BMMC activation. By contrast, the knockdown of cereblon (CRBN), which is the primary target protein of thalidomide, augmented the effects of thalidomide. Thalidomide reduced the interactions of CRBN with Syk and AMPK promoted by FcεRI crosslinking, thereby relieving the suppression of AMPK signaling and suppressing Syk signaling. Furthermore, oral thalidomide treatment suppressed the PCA reaction in mice. In conclusion, thalidomide suppresses FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation by activating the AMPK and SHP-1 pathways and antagonizing the action of CRBN, indicating that it is a potential anti-allergic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeun-Wook Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hwa Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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2
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The ubiquitination-dependent and -independent functions of cereblon in cancer and neurological diseases. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167457. [PMID: 35045330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) mediates the teratogenic effect of thalidomide in zebrafish, chicken, and humans. It additionally modulates the anti-myeloma effect of the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide. IMiDs bind to CRBN and recruit neo-substrates for their ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation, which significantly expands the application of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for targeted drug discovery. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which CRBN mediates the teratogenicity and anti-myeloma effect of IMiDs are not fully elucidated. Furthermore, the normal physiological functions of endogenous CRBN have not been extensively studied, which precludes the thorough assessment of side effects of the CRBN ligand-based PROTACs in the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases. To advance our understanding of the diverse functions of CRBN, in this review, we will survey the ubiquitination-dependent and -independent functions of CRBN, summarize recent advances in the discovery of constitutive and neo-substrates of CRBN, and explore the molecular functions of CRBN in cancer treatment and in the development of neurological diseases. We will also discuss the potential future directions towards the identification of CRBN substrates and interacting proteins, and CRBN-ligand-based drug discovery in the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases.
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3
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Kose H, Kilic SS. Can Ikaros mutation lead to intellectual disability? Scand J Immunol 2021; 95:e13138. [PMID: 34967463 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Kose
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sara Sebnem Kilic
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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4
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Kim HK, Seol JE, Ahn SW, Jeon S, Park CS, Han J. Cereblon: promise and challenges for combating human diseases. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1695-1711. [PMID: 34553266 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate recognition protein in the E3-ligase ubiquitin complex. The binding target of CRBN varies according to tissues and cells, and the protein regulates various biological functions by regulating tissue-specific targets. As new endogenous targets of CRBN have been identified over the past decade, the physiological and pathological functions of CRBN and its potential as a therapeutic target in various diseases have greatly expanded. For this purpose, in this review article, we introduce the basic principle of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the regulation of physiological/pathological functions related to the endogenous substrate of CRBN, and the discovery of immunomodulatory imide drug-mediated neo-substrates of CRBN. In addition, the development of CRBN-based proteolysis-targeting chimeras, which has been actively researched recently, and strategies for developing therapeutic agents using them are introduced. These recent updates on CRBN will be useful in the establishment of strategies for disease treatment and utilization of CRBNs in biomedical engineering and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Kyu Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, 47392, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Seol
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, 47392, Busan, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 47392, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 47392, Busan, Korea
| | - Seungje Jeon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, 47392, Busan, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chul-Seung Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, 47392, Busan, Korea.
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5
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Sweeney MA, Iakova P, Maneix L, Shih FY, Cho HE, Sahin E, Catic A. The ubiquitin ligase Cullin-1 associates with chromatin and regulates transcription of specific c-MYC target genes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13942. [PMID: 32811853 PMCID: PMC7435197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription is regulated through a dynamic interplay of DNA-associated proteins, and the composition of gene-regulatory complexes is subject to continuous adjustments. Protein alterations include post-translational modifications and elimination of individual polypeptides. Spatially and temporally controlled protein removal is, therefore, essential for gene regulation and accounts for the short half-life of many transcription factors. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is responsible for site- and target-specific ubiquitination and protein degradation. Specificity of ubiquitination is conferred by ubiquitin ligases. Cullin-RING complexes, the largest family of ligases, require multi-unit assembly around one of seven cullin proteins. To investigate the direct role of cullins in ubiquitination of DNA-bound proteins and in gene regulation, we analyzed their subcellular locations and DNA-affinities. We found CUL4A and CUL7 to be largely excluded from the nucleus, whereas CUL4B was primarily nuclear. CUL1,2,3, and 5 showed mixed cytosolic and nuclear expression. When analyzing chromatin affinity of individual cullins, we discovered that CUL1 preferentially associated with active promoter sequences and co-localized with 23% of all DNA-associated protein degradation sites. CUL1 co-distributed with c-MYC and specifically repressed nuclear-encoded mitochondrial and splicing-associated genes. These studies underscore the relevance of spatial control in chromatin-associated protein ubiquitination and define a novel role for CUL1 in gene repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Sweeney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Polina Iakova
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laure Maneix
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fu-Yuan Shih
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hannah E Cho
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Rice University Undergraduate School of Social Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ergun Sahin
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andre Catic
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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De Dominici M, Porazzi P, Xiao Y, Chao A, Tang HY, Kumar G, Fortina P, Spinelli O, Rambaldi A, Peterson LF, Petruk S, Barletta C, Mazo A, Cingolani G, Salvino JM, Calabretta B. Selective inhibition of Ph-positive ALL cell growth through kinase-dependent and -independent effects by CDK6-specific PROTACs. Blood 2020; 135:1560-1573. [PMID: 32040545 PMCID: PMC7193186 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the cell cycle regulatory gene CDK6 is required for Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell growth, whereas expression of the closely related CDK4 protein is dispensable. Moreover, CDK6 silencing is more effective than treatment with the dual CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in suppressing Ph+ ALL in mice, suggesting that the growth-promoting effects of CDK6 are, in part, kinase-independent in Ph+ ALL. Accordingly, we developed CDK4/6-targeted proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) that inhibit CDK6 enzymatic activity in vitro, promote the rapid and preferential degradation of CDK6 over CDK4 in Ph+ ALL cells, and markedly suppress S-phase cells concomitant with inhibition of CDK6-regulated phospho-RB and FOXM1 expression. No such effects were observed in CD34+ normal hematopoietic progenitors, although CDK6 was efficiently degraded. Treatment with the CDK6-degrading PROTAC YX-2-107 markedly suppressed leukemia burden in mice injected with de novo or tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant primary Ph+ ALL cells, and this effect was comparable or superior to that of the CDK4/6 enzymatic inhibitor palbociclib. These studies provide "proof of principle" that targeting CDK6 with PROTACs that inhibit its enzymatic activity and promote its degradation represents an effective strategy to exploit the "CDK6 dependence" of Ph+ ALL and, perhaps, of other hematologic malignancies. Moreover, they suggest that treatment of Ph+ ALL with CDK6-selective PROTACs would spare a high proportion of normal hematopoietic progenitors, preventing the neutropenia induced by treatment with dual CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Dominici
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università Statale Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luke F Peterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and
| | - Svetlana Petruk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Camilla Barletta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Mazo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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7
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Kurihara T, Asahi T, Sawamura N. Cereblon-mediated degradation of the amyloid precursor protein via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:236-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Onodera W, Asahi T, Sawamura N. Positive selection of cereblon modified function including its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and binding efficiency with AMPK. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 135:78-85. [PMID: 30836149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate receptor for an E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly binds to target proteins resulting in cellular activities, such as energy metabolism, membrane potential regulation, and transcription factor degradation. Genetic mutations in human CRBN lead to intellectual disabilities. In addition, it draws pathological attention because direct binding with immunomodulatory drugs can cure multiple myeloma (MM) and lymphocytic leukemia. To further explore the function of CRBN, we focused on its molecular evolution. Since CRBN interacts directly with its substrates and is widely conserved in vertebrates, evolutionary study to identify the selective pressure on CRBN that occur during CRBN-substrate interaction is an effective approach to search for a novel active site. Using mammalian CRBN sequences, dN/dS analysis was conducted to detect positive selection. By multiple sequence alignment we found that the residue at position 366 was under positive selection. This residue is present in the substrate-binding domain of CRBN. Most mammals harbor cysteine at position 366, whereas rodents and chiroptera have serine at this site. Subsequently, we constructed a C366S human CRBN to confirm the potential of positive selection. Auto-ubiquitination activity occurs in E3 ubiquitin ligases, including CRBN, and increased in C366S CRBN, which lead to the conclusion that E3 ubiquitin ligase activity may have changed over the course of mammalian evolution. Furthermore, binding with AMP-activated protein kinase was augmented when the substitution was present, which is supported by coevolution analysis. These results suggest that the molecular evolution of CRBN occurred through codon-based positive selection, providing a new approach to investigate CRBN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Onodera
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Japan
| | - Naoya Sawamura
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Japan.
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9
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia, stress and social status, tolerance and dependence, learning and memory, eating and drinking, drug abuse and alcohol, sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology, mental illness and mood, seizures and neurologic disorders, electrical-related activity and neurophysiology, general activity and locomotion, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions, cardiovascular responses, respiration and thermoregulation, and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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10
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The Neuroprotective Effect of Thalidomide against Ischemia through the Cereblon-mediated Repression of AMPK Activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2459. [PMID: 29410497 PMCID: PMC5802741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide was originally used as a sedative and found to be a teratogen, but now thalidomide and its derivatives are widely used to treat haematologic malignancies. Accumulated evidence suggests that thalidomide suppresses nerve cell death in neurologic model mice. However, detailed molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here we examined the molecular mechanism of thalidomide’s neuroprotective effects, focusing on its target protein, cereblon (CRBN), and its binding protein, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which plays an important role in maintaining intracellular energy homeostasis in the brain. We used a cerebral ischemia rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Thalidomide treatment significantly decreased the infarct volume and neurological deficits of MCAO/R rats. AMPK was the key signalling protein in this mechanism. Furthermore, we considered that the AMPK–CRBN interaction was altered when neuroprotective action by thalidomide occurred in cells under ischemic conditions. Binding was strong between AMPK and CRBN in normal SH-SY5Y cells, but was weakened by the addition of H2O2. However, when thalidomide was administered at the same time as H2O2, the binding of AMPK and CRBN was partly restored. These results suggest that thalidomide inhibits the activity of AMPK via CRBN under oxidative stress and suppresses nerve cell death.
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11
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Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies Generated from Full Length Human Cereblon: Detection of Cereblon Protein in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091999. [PMID: 28926977 PMCID: PMC5618648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are profoundly active compounds in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, despite the fact that treatment with IMiDs has dramatically improved survival for patients with MM, the majority of MM patients develop IMiDs resistance over time. We have found that expression of functional cereblon is required for IMiDs' action. In addition, it has been reported that cells expressing high levels of cereblon are resistant to proteasome inhibitor, implying that patients with high levels of cereblon should be resistant to proteasome inhibitor. If the above conclusions are correct, cereblon could be considered as a biomarker to determine which standard regimens should be used to treat patients with MM. Unfortunately, the conclusions mentioned above have not been clinically confirmed. In order to confirm these conclusions, we have generated three highly specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against full-length human cereblon. These mAbs can be used to do western blot, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry staining. In addition, their epitopes have been precisely determined and the peptides covering their epitopes completely blocked the antibody binding to cereblon in western blot analysis or in immunohistochemistry staining of MM patients' specimens.
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12
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Cereblon: A Protein Crucial to the Multiple Functions of Immunomodulatory Drugs as well as Cell Metabolism and Disease Generation. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:9130608. [PMID: 28894755 PMCID: PMC5574216 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9130608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that cereblon is a key protein in autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation. Studies have reported that it has an intermediary role in helping immunomodulatory drugs perform their immunomodulatory and tumoricidal effects. In addition, cereblon also regulates the expression, assembly, and activities of other special proteins related to cell proliferation and metabolism, resulting in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. This review details the multiple functions of cereblon and the underlying mechanisms. We also put forward some unsolved problems, including the intrinsic mechanism of cereblon function and the possible regulatory mechanisms of its expression.
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13
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Wakabayashi S, Sawamura N, Voelzmann A, Broemer M, Asahi T, Hoch M. Ohgata, the Single Drosophila Ortholog of Human Cereblon, Regulates Insulin Signaling-dependent Organismic Growth. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25120-25132. [PMID: 27702999 PMCID: PMC5122779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate receptor of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that is highly conserved in animals and plants. CRBN proteins have been implicated in various biological processes such as development, metabolism, learning, and memory formation, and their impairment has been linked to autosomal recessive non-syndromic intellectual disability and cancer. Furthermore, human CRBN was identified as the primary target of thalidomide teratogenicity. Data on functional analysis of CRBN family members in vivo, however, are still scarce. Here we identify Ohgata (OHGT), the Drosophila ortholog of CRBN, as a regulator of insulin signaling-mediated growth. Using ohgt mutants that we generated by targeted mutagenesis, we show that its loss results in increased body weight and organ size without changes of the body proportions. We demonstrate that ohgt knockdown in the fat body, an organ analogous to mammalian liver and adipose tissue, phenocopies the growth phenotypes. We further show that overgrowth is due to an elevation of insulin signaling in ohgt mutants and to the down-regulation of inhibitory cofactors of circulating Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs), named acid-labile subunit and imaginal morphogenesis protein-late 2. The two inhibitory proteins were previously shown to be components of a heterotrimeric complex with growth-promoting DILP2 and DILP5. Our study reveals OHGT as a novel regulator of insulin-dependent organismic growth in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Wakabayashi
- From the Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Naoya Sawamura
- From the Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan,
- the Research Organization for Nano-life Innovation, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - André Voelzmann
- the Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Meike Broemer
- the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), c/o Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Toru Asahi
- From the Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan,
- the Research Organization for Nano-life Innovation, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Michael Hoch
- Program Unit Development, Genetics and Molecular Physiology, Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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