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Evans EP, Helbing CC. Defining components of early thyroid hormone signalling through temperature-mediated activation of molecular memory in cultured Rana [lithobates] catesbeiana tadpole back skin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 347:114440. [PMID: 38159870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential signalling molecules for the postembryonic development of all vertebrates. THs are necessary for the metamorphosis from tadpole to froglet and exogenous TH administration precociously induces metamorphosis. In American bullfrog (Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana) tadpoles, the TH-induced metamorphosis observed at a warm temperature (24 °C) is arrested at a cold temperature (4 °C) even in the presence of exogenous THs. However, when TH-exposed tadpoles are shifted from cold to warm temperatures (4 → 24 °C), they undergo TH-dependent metamorphosis at an accelerated rate even when the initial TH signal is no longer present. Thus, they possess a "molecular memory" of TH exposure that establishes the TH-induced response program at the cold temperature and prompts accelerated metamorphosis after a shift to a warmer temperature. The components of the molecular memory that allow the uncoupling of initiation from the execution of the metamorphic program are not understood. To investigate this, we used cultured tadpole back skin (C-Skin) in a repeated measures experiment under 24 °C only, 4 °C only, and 4 → 24 °C temperature shifted regimes and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses. RNA-seq identified 570, 44, and 890 transcripts, respectively, that were significantly changed by TH treatment. These included transcripts encoding transcription factors and proteins involved in mRNA structure and stability. Notably, transcripts associated with molecular memory do not overlap with those identified previously in cultured tail fin (C-fin) except for TH-induced basic leucine zipper-containing protein (thibz) suggesting that thibz may have a central role in molecular memory that works with tissue-specific factors to establish TH-induced gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - C C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.
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2
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Tatemoto P, Pértille F, Bernardino T, Zanella R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Zanella AJ. An enriched maternal environment and stereotypies of sows differentially affect the neuro-epigenome of brain regions related to emotionality in their piglets. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2196656. [PMID: 37192378 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2196656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are important modulators of neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring of animals challenged during pregnancy. Pregnant sows living in a confined environment are challenged with stress and lack of stimulation which may result in the expression of stereotypies (repetitive behaviours without an apparent function). Little attention has been devoted to the postnatal effects of maternal stereotypies in the offspring. We investigated how the environment and stereotypies of pregnant sows affected the neuro-epigenome of their piglets. We focused on the amygdala, frontal cortex, and hippocampus, brain regions related to emotionality, learning, memory, and stress response. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were investigated in these brain regions of male piglets born from sows kept in an enriched vs a barren environment. Within the latter group of piglets, we compared the brain methylomes of piglets born from sows expressing stereotypies vs sows not expressing stereotypies. DMRs emerged in each comparison. While the epigenome of the hippocampus and frontal cortex of piglets is mainly affected by the maternal environment, the epigenome of the amygdala is mainly affected by maternal stereotypies. The molecular pathways and mechanisms triggered in the brains of piglets by maternal environment or stereotypies are different, which is reflected on the differential gene function associated to the DMRs found in each piglets' brain region . The present study is the first to investigate the neuro-epigenomic effects of maternal enrichment in pigs' offspring and the first to investigate the neuro-epigenomic effects of maternal stereotypies in the offspring of a mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Tatemoto
- Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pértille
- Avian Behavioral Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo - Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Physiology and Environmental Toxicology Program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thiago Bernardino
- Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduation Program in One Health, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo Zanella
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna
- Avian Behavioral Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Physiology and Environmental Toxicology Program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adroaldo José Zanella
- Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li D, Yan J, Li K, Yang Q, Bian L, Lin B, Liu X, Xi Z. Identification of potential glioma drug resistance target proteins based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry differential proteomics. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16426. [PMID: 38054015 PMCID: PMC10695112 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, to screen for candidate markers of temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in glioblastoma, we artificially established TMZ drug-resistant glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines, U251-TMZ and U87-TMZ. In the U251-TMZ and U87-TMZ cell lines, we screened and analyzed differentially expressed proteins using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) differential proteomics. Compared with the U251 and U87 control cell lines, 95 differential proteins were screened in the U251-TMZ and U87-TMZ cell lines, of which 28 proteins were upregulated and 67 proteins were down-regulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of the co-upregulated proteins showed that most of the differentially expressed proteins were located in the cytoplasm and were significantly upregulated in the biological processes related to vesicular transport in the intimal system and inflammatory response mediated by myeloid leukocytes. Seven candidates were identified as potential GBM markers of TMZ resistance. Combined with existing research findings, our study supports that UAP1L1 and BCKDK are promising potential markers of TMZ resistance in GBM. This is important for further understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive the development and enhancement of TMZ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kang Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingcheng Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Liping Bian
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bencheng Lin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Kong L, Chu G, Ma W, Liang J, Liu D, Liu Q, Wei X, Jia S, Gu H, He Y, Luo W, Cao S, Zhou X, He R, Yuan Z. Mutations in VWA8 cause autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa via aberrant mitophagy activation. J Med Genet 2023; 60:939-950. [PMID: 37012052 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common type of hereditary retinal dystrophy, approximately 25%-45% of cases remain without a molecular diagnosis. von Willebrand factor A domain containing 8 (VWA8) encodes a mitochondrial matrix-targeted protein; its molecular function and pathogenic mechanism in RP remain unexplained. METHODS Family members of patients with RP underwent ophthalmic examinations, and peripheral blood samples were collected for exome sequencing, ophthalmic targeted sequencing panel and Sanger sequencing. The importance of VWA8 in retinal development was demonstrated by a zebrafish knockdown model and cellular and molecular analysis. RESULTS This study recruited a Chinese family of 24 individuals with autosomal-dominant RP and conducted detailed ophthalmic examinations. Exome sequencing analysis of six patients revealed heterozygous variants in VWA8, namely, the missense variant c.3070G>A (p.Gly1024Arg) and nonsense c.4558C>T (p.Arg1520Ter). Furthermore, VWA8 expression was significantly decreased both at the mRNA and protein levels. The phenotypes of zebrafish with VWA8 knockdown are similar to those of clinical individuals harbouring VWA8 variants. Moreover, VWA8 defects led to severe mitochondrial damage, resulting in excessive mitophagy and the activation of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS VWA8 plays a significant role in retinal development and visual function. This finding may provide new insights into RP pathogenesis and potential genes for molecular diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guoming Chu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiajian Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiushi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yiwen He
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Songying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Rong He
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhengwei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Mickolajczyk KJ, Olinares PDB, Chait BT, Liu S, Kapoor TM. The MIDAS domain of AAA mechanoenzyme Mdn1 forms catch bonds with two different substrates. eLife 2022; 11:73534. [PMID: 35147499 PMCID: PMC8837202 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Catch bonds are a form of mechanoregulation wherein protein-ligand interactions are strengthened by the application of dissociative tension. Currently, the best-characterized examples of catch bonds are between single protein-ligand pairs. The essential AAA (ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities) mechanoenzyme Mdn1 drives at least two separate steps in ribosome biogenesis, using its MIDAS domain to extract the ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain-containing proteins Rsa4 and Ytm1 from ribosomal precursors. However, it must subsequently release these assembly factors to reinitiate the enzymatic cycle. The mechanism underlying the switching of the MIDAS-UBL interaction between strongly and weakly bound states is unknown. Here, we use optical tweezers to investigate the force dependence of MIDAS-UBL binding. Parallel experiments with Rsa4 and Ytm1 show that forces up to ~4 pN, matching the magnitude of force produced by AAA proteins similar to Mdn1, enhance the MIDAS domain binding lifetime up to 10-fold, and higher forces accelerate dissociation. Together, our studies indicate that Mdn1's MIDAS domain can form catch bonds with more than one UBL substrate, and provide insights into how mechanoregulation may contribute to the Mdn1 enzymatic cycle during ribosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Mickolajczyk
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Paul Dominic B Olinares
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Shixin Liu
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biophysics and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
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Mousa M, Vurivi H, Kannout H, Uddin M, Alkaabi N, Mahboub B, Tay GK, Alsafar HS. Genome-wide association study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United Arab Emirates. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103695. [PMID: 34775353 PMCID: PMC8587122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heterogeneity in symptomatology and phenotypic profile attributable to COVID-19 is widely unknown. The objective of this manuscript is to conduct a trans-ancestry genome wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of COVID-19 severity to improve the understanding of potentially causal targets for SARS-CoV-2. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 646 participants in the UAE that were divided into two phenotypic groups based on the severity of COVID-19 phenotypes, hospitalized (n=482) and non-hospitalized (n=164) participants. Hospitalized participants were COVID-19 patients that developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia or progression to respiratory failure that required supplemental oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation support or had severe complications such as septic shock or multi-organ failure. We conducted a trans-ancestry meta-analysis GWAS of European (n=302), American (n=102), South Asian (n=99), and East Asian (n=107) ancestry populations. We also carried out comprehensive post-GWAS analysis, including enrichment of SNP associations in tissues and cell-types, expression quantitative trait loci and differential expression analysis. FINDINGS Eight genes demonstrated a strong association signal: VWA8 gene in locus 13p14·11 (SNP rs10507497; p=9·54 x10-7), PDE8B gene in locus 5q13·3 (SNP rs7715119; p=2·19 x10-6), CTSC gene in locus 11q14·2 (rs72953026; p=2·38 x10-6), THSD7B gene in locus 2q22·1 (rs7605851; p=3·07x10-6), STK39 gene in locus 2q24·3 (rs7595310; p=4·55 x10-6), FBXO34 gene in locus 14q22·3 (rs10140801; p=8·26 x10-6), RPL6P27 gene in locus 18p11·31 (rs11659676; p=8·88 x10-6), and METTL21C gene in locus 13q33·1 (rs599976; p=8·95 x10-6). The genes are expressed in the lung, associated to tumour progression, emphysema, airway obstruction, and surface tension within the lung, as well as an association to T-cell-mediated inflammation and the production of inflammatory cytokines. INTERPRETATION We have discovered eight highly plausible genetic association with hospitalized cases in COVID-19. Further studies must be conducted on worldwide population genetics to facilitate the development of population specific therapeutics to mitigate this worldwide challenge. FUNDING This review was commissioned as part of a project to study the host cell receptors of coronaviruses funded by Khalifa University's CPRA grant (Reference number 2020-004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Mousa
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproduction Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hema Vurivi
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hussein Kannout
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maimunah Uddin
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nawal Alkaabi
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- Dubai Health Authority, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Guan K Tay
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Habiba S Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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7
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Umair M, Farooq Khan M, Aldrees M, Nashabat M, Alhamoudi KM, Bilal M, Alyafee Y, Al Tuwaijri A, Aldarwish M, Al-Rumayyan A, Alkhalaf H, Wadaan MAM, Alfadhel M. Mutated VWA8 Is Associated With Developmental Delay, Microcephaly, and Scoliosis and Plays a Novel Role in Early Development and Skeletal Morphogenesis in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:736960. [PMID: 34660594 PMCID: PMC8517341 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.736960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Willebrand A domain-containing protein 8 (VWA8), also named KIAA0564, is a poorly characterized, mitochondrial matrix-targeted protein having a putative ATPase activity. VWA8 is comprising of ATPase-associated domains and a VWFA domain associated with ATPase activity inside the cell. In the present study, we describe a large consanguineous family of Saudi origin segregating a complex developmental syndrome in an autosomal recessive fashion. All the affected individuals exhibited severe developmental disorders. DNA from three patients was subjected to whole-exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing. VWA8 knock-down zebrafish morpholinos were used to study the phenotypic effect of this gene on zebrafish development. A homozygous missense variant [c.947A > G; p.(Asp316Gly)] was identified in exon 8 of the VWA8 gene, which perfectly segregated with the disease phenotype. Using zebrafish morpholino, we observed delayed development at an early stage, lack of movement, light sensitivity, severe skeletal deformity such as scoliosis, and facial dysmorphism. This is the first homozygous variant identified in the VWA8 gene underlying global developmental delay, microcephaly, scoliosis, limbs, and cardiovascular malformations in humans. We provide genetic and molecular evidence using zebrafish morpholino for a homozygous variant in the VWA8 gene, associated with such a complex developmental syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Farooq Khan
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aldrees
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Nashabat
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kheloud M Alhamoudi
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Alyafee
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Al Tuwaijri
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar Aldarwish
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Rumayyan
- Pediatric Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alkhalaf
- Department of Pediatrics, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A M Wadaan
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Genetics and Precision Medicine Department (GPM), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital (KASCH), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Luo M, Ma W, Zapata-Bustos R, Willis WT, Mandarino LJ. Deletion of Von Willebrand A Domain Containing Protein (VWA8) raises activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100928. [PMID: 33665377 PMCID: PMC7900673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
VWA8 (Von Willebrand A Domain Containing Protein 8) is a AAA+ ATPase that is localized to the mitochondrial matrix and is widely expressed in highly energetic tissues. Originally found to be higher in abundance in livers of mice fed a high fat diet, deletion of the VWA8 gene in differentiated mouse AML12 hepatocytes unexpectedly produced a phenotype of higher mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial oxidative metabolism, higher ROS (reactive oxygen species) production mainly from NADPH oxidases, and increased HNF4a expression. The purposes of this study were first, to determine whether higher mitochondrial oxidative capacity in VWA8 null hepatocytes is the product of higher capacity in all aspects of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, and second, the density of cristae in mitochondria and mitochondrial content was measured to determine if higher mitochondrial oxidative capacity is accompanied by greater cristae area and mitochondrial abundance. Electron transport chain complexes I, II, III, and IV activities all were higher in hepatocytes in which the VWA8 gene had been deleted using CRISPR/Cas9. A comparison of abundance of proteins in electron transport chain complexes I, III and ATP synthase previously determined using an unbiased proteomics approach in hepatocytes in which VWA8 had been deleted showed agreement with the activity assays. Mitochondrial cristae, the site where electron transport chain complexes are located, were quantified using electron microscopy and stereology. Cristae density, per mitochondrial area, was almost two-fold higher in the VWA8 null cells (P < 0.01), and mitochondrial area was two-fold higher in the VWA8 null cells (P < 0.05). The results of this study allow us to conclude that despite sustained, higher ROS production in VWA8 null cells, a global mitochondrial compensatory response was maintained, resulting in overall higher mitochondrial oxidative capacity.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- ANT, adenine nucleotide translocase
- ATP, adenine trinucleotide phosphate
- ETC, electron transport chain
- Electron transport chain
- HNF4, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4
- Hepatocytes
- Mitochondria
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- PFO, perfringolysin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TMHQ, Tetramethylhydroquinone
- TMPD, N,N,N′,N'-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine
- VWA8
- VWA8, Von Willebrand Domain-containing Protein 8
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulun Luo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, USA
| | - Wuqiong Ma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, USA
| | | | - Wayne T. Willis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Mandarino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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Long-range intramolecular allostery and regulation in the dynein-like AAA protein Mdn1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18459-18469. [PMID: 32694211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002792117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mdn1 is an essential mechanoenzyme that uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to physically reshape and remodel, and thus mature, the 60S subunit of the ribosome. This massive (>500 kDa) protein has an N-terminal AAA (ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities) ring, which, like dynein, has six ATPase sites. The AAA ring is followed by large (>2,000 aa) linking domains that include an ∼500-aa disordered (D/E-rich) region, and a C-terminal substrate-binding MIDAS domain. Recent models suggest that intramolecular docking of the MIDAS domain onto the AAA ring is required for Mdn1 to transmit force to its ribosomal substrates, but it is not currently understood what role the linking domains play, or why tethering the MIDAS domain to the AAA ring is required for protein function. Here, we use chemical probes, single-particle electron microscopy, and native mass spectrometry to study the AAA and MIDAS domains separately or in combination. We find that Mdn1 lacking the D/E-rich and MIDAS domains retains ATP and chemical probe binding activities. Free MIDAS domain can bind to the AAA ring of this construct in a stereo-specific bimolecular interaction, and, interestingly, this binding reduces ATPase activity. Whereas intramolecular MIDAS docking appears to require a treatment with a chemical inhibitor or preribosome binding, bimolecular MIDAS docking does not. Hence, tethering the MIDAS domain to the AAA ring serves to prevent, rather than promote, MIDAS docking in the absence of inducing signals.
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10
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Imanaka T, Kawaguchi K. A novel dynein-type AAA+ protein with peroxisomal targeting signal type 2. J Biochem 2020; 167:429-432. [PMID: 32027355 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal matrix proteins are imported into peroxisomes in a process mediated by peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) type 1 and 2. The PTS2 proteins are imported into peroxisomes after binding with Pex7p. Niwa et al. (A newly isolated Pex7-binding, atypical PTS2 protein P7BP2 is a novel dynein-type AAA+ protein. J Biochem 2018;164:437-447) identified a novel Pex7p-binding protein in CHO cells and characterized the subcellular distribution and molecular properties of the human homologue, 'P7BP2'. Interestingly, P7BP2 possesses PTS2 at the NH2 terminal and six putative AAA+ domains. Another group has suggested that the protein also possesses mitochondrial targeting signal at the NH2 terminal. In fact, the P7BP2 expressed in mammalian cells is targeted to both peroxisomes and mitochondria. The purified protein from Sf9 cells is a monomer and has a disc-like ring structure, suggesting that P7BP2 is a novel dynein-type AAA+ family protein. The protein expressed in insect cells exhibits ATPase activity. P7BP2 localizes to peroxisomes and mitochondria, and has a common function related to dynein-type ATPases in both organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Imanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshinkai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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11
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Luo M, Ma W, Sand Z, Finlayson J, Wang T, Brinton RD, Willis WT, Mandarino LJ. Von Willebrand factor A domain-containing protein 8 (VWA8) localizes to the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:158-163. [PMID: 31630795 PMCID: PMC6928414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
VWA8 is a poorly characterized mitochondrial AAA + ATPase protein. The specific submitochondrial localization of VWA8 remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the specific submitochondrial compartment within which VWA8 resides in order to provide more insight into the function of this protein. Bioinformatics analysis showed that VWA8 has a 34 amino acid N-terminal Matrix-Targeting Signal (MTS) that is similar to those in proteins known to localize to the mitochondrial matrix. Experiments in C2C12 mouse myoblasts using confocal microscopy showed that deletion of the VWA8 MTS (vMTS) resulted in cytosolic, rather than mitochondrial, localization of VWA8. Biochemical analysis using differential sub-fractionation of mitochondria isolated from rat liver showed that VWA8 localizes to the matrix side of inner mitochondrial membrane, similar to the inner mitochondrial membrane protein Electron Transfer Flavoprotein-ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (ETFDH). The results of these experiments show that the vMTS is essential for localization to the mitochondrial matrix and that once there, VWA8 localizes to the matrix side of inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulun Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wuqiong Ma
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Zoe Sand
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jean Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wayne T Willis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lawrence J Mandarino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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12
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Luo M, Willis WT, Coletta DK, Langlais PR, Mengos A, Ma W, Finlayson J, Wagner GR, Shi CX, Mandarino LJ. Deletion of the Mitochondrial Protein VWA8 Induces Oxidative Stress and an HNF4α Compensatory Response in Hepatocytes. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4983-4996. [PMID: 31702900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
von Willebrand A domain-containing protein 8 (VWA8) is a poorly characterized, mitochondrial matrix-targeted protein with an AAA ATPase domain and ATPase activity that increases in livers of mice fed a high-fat diet. This study was undertaken to use CRISPR/Cas9 to delete VWA8 in cultured mouse hepatocytes and gain insight into its function. Unbiased omics techniques and bioinformatics were used to guide subsequent assays, including the assessment of oxidative stress and the determination of bioenergetic capacity. Metabolomics analysis showed VWA8 null cells had higher levels of oxidative stress and protein degradation; assays of hydrogen peroxide production revealed higher levels of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proteomics and transcriptomics analyses showed VWA8 null cells had higher levels of expression of mitochondrial proteins (electron transport-chain Complex I, ATP synthase), peroxisomal proteins, and lipid transport proteins. The pattern of higher protein abundance in the VWA8 null cells could be explained by a higher level of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) expression. Bioenergetic assays showed higher rates of carbohydrate oxidation and mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial lipid oxidation in intact and permeabilized cells. Inhibitor assays localized sites of ROS production to peroxisomes and NOX1/4. The rescue of VWA8 protein restored the wild-type phenotype, and treatment with antioxidants decreased the level of HNF4α expression. Thus, loss of VWA8 produces a mitochondrial defect that may be sensed by NOX4, leading to an increase in the level of ROS that results in a higher level of HNF4α. The compensatory HNF4α response results in a higher oxidative capacity and an even higher level of ROS production. We hypothesize that VWA8 is an AAA ATPase protein that plays a role in mitochondrial protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulun Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , Arizona 85724 , United States
| | - Wayne T Willis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , Arizona 85724 , United States
| | - Dawn K Coletta
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , Arizona 85724 , United States
| | - Paul R Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , Arizona 85724 , United States
| | - April Mengos
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona , Scottsdale , Arizona 85259 , United States
| | - Wuqiong Ma
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , Arizona 85724 , United States
| | - Jean Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , Arizona 85724 , United States
| | - Gregory R Wagner
- Metabolon, Inc. , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709 , United States
| | - Chang-Xin Shi
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona , Scottsdale , Arizona 85259 , United States
| | - Lawrence J Mandarino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , Arizona 85724 , United States
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13
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Niwa H, Miyauchi-Nanri Y, Okumoto K, Mukai S, Noi K, Ogura T, Fujiki Y. A newly isolated Pex7-binding, atypical PTS2 protein P7BP2 is a novel dynein-type AAA+ protein. J Biochem 2018; 164:437-447. [PMID: 30204880 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly isolated binding protein of peroxisomal targeting signal type 2 (PTS2) receptor Pex7, termed P7BP2, is transported into peroxisomes by binding to the longer isoform of Pex5p, Pex5pL, via Pex7p. The binding to Pex7p and peroxisomal localization of P7BP2 depends on the cleavable PTS2 in the N-terminal region, suggesting that P7BP2 is a new PTS2 protein. By search on human database, three AAA+ domains are found in the N-terminal half of P7BP2. Protein sequence alignment and motif search reveal that in the C-terminal region P7BP2 contains additional structural domains featuring weak but sufficient homology to AAA+ domain. P7BP2 behaves as a monomer in gel-filtration chromatography and the single molecule observed under atomic force microscope shapes a disc-like ring. Collectively, these results suggest that P7BP2 is a novel dynein-type AAA+ family protein, of which domains are arranged into a pseudo-hexameric ring structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Niwa
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miyauchi-Nanri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Mukai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Noi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teru Ogura
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Yuan F, Wang W, Cheng H. Co-expression network analysis of gene expression profiles of HER2 + breast cancer-associated brain metastasis. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:7008-7019. [PMID: 30546434 PMCID: PMC6256326 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis occurs in ~30% of patients with breast cancer, and patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ breast cancer have a particularly high frequency of brain metastasis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was conducted to identify the hub differentially expressed genes from patients with HER2+ breast cancer between brain metastases and primary tumors. The potential candidate genes were investigated in another set of patient samples to confirm their relevance. The results indicated that a number of pathways altered significantly when breast cancer metastasized to the brain. Cyclophilin A (CypA) and ribosomal protein L17 (RPL17) were overexpressed in breast cancer-associated brain metastases, whereas tumor protein 63 (TP63) and von Willebrand factor A domain-containing 8 (VWA8) were significantly downregulated in breast cancer brain metastases. Furthermore, the expression of CypA and RPL17 in brain metastases were significantly increased compared with that in primary breast tumors, and the expression of TP63 and VWA8 in brain metastases were significantly decreased. This result indicated that the significant differences in expression observed between primary breast tumors and brain metastases were derived from significantly altered systems, including gene modules rather than single genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yuan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Cheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
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15
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Wurtz KE, Siegford JM, Ernst CW, Raney NE, Bates RO, Steibel JP. Genome-wide association analyses of lesion counts in group-housed pigs. Anim Genet 2018; 49:628-631. [PMID: 30132933 DOI: 10.1111/age.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aggression in group-housed pigs is a welfare concern and can negatively affect production. Skin lesions are reliable indicators of aggression and are moderately heritable, suggesting that selective breeding may reduce aggression. To further understand the genetic control of behavioral traits, such as the aggressive response to regrouping, associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be identified within the genome, and the region in which these SNPs are located can be related to known genes. To investigate SNPs associated with aggression, 1093 purebred Yorkshire pigs were strategically remixed into new groups of familiar and unfamiliar animals at three life stages and lesion counts were recorded. Genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) models were fitted for each trait. The genetic additive effect was obtained from a genetic relationship matrix constructed from the 50 924 SNPs. SNP effects and their variances were estimated from the GBLUP objects. SNPs that were associated with a significant portion of the trait variance were identified for lesions to the anterior (three SNPs, FDR <5%) and central (one SNP, FDR <5%) portions of the body in grow-finish pigs. These SNPs were located on chromosome 11, suggesting that chromosome 11 contains a region explaining variation in lesion counts that should be further explored to identify genes underlying biological control of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wurtz
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - J M Siegford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - C W Ernst
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - N E Raney
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - R O Bates
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - J P Steibel
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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16
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The spatial and developmental expression of mouse Vwa8 (von Willebrand domain-containing protein 8). Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 29:39-46. [PMID: 29660410 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila gene c12.2 was isolated in a screen examining mRNA binding proteins. Drosophila c12.2 is the mouse Vwa8 homolog. Various genome-wide associated studies have linked human Vwa8 to both neurological and oncological pathologies, which include autism, bipolar disorder, comorbid migraine, and acute myeloid leukemia, however, the function and role of the VWA8 protein remain poorly understood. To further analyze the Vwa8 gene in mouse, gene structure, protein homology modeling, and gene expression patterns were examined throughout mouse development. Our analyses indicate that the mouse Vwa8 gene produces two transcripts; the full-length Vwa8a is highly expressed relative to the truncated Vwa8b transcript across all developmental time points and tissues analyzed. Protein homology modeling indicates that VWA8a belongs to a novel protein superfamily containing both the midasin and cytoplasmic dynein 1 heavy chain 1 proteins. These data establish the development timeline and expression profile for both Vwa8a and Vwa8b, paving the way for future studies to determine the cellular role(s) of this highly conserved protein family.
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