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Mei H, Li Z, Lv Q, Li X, Wu Y, Feng Q, Jiang Z, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Gao Z, Zhou J, Jiang C, Huang S, Li J. Sema3A secreted by sensory nerve induces bone formation under mechanical loads. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:5. [PMID: 38238300 PMCID: PMC10796360 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone formation and deposition are initiated by sensory nerve infiltration in adaptive bone remodeling. Here, we focused on the role of Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), expressed by sensory nerves, in mechanical loads-induced bone formation and nerve withdrawal using orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) model. Firstly, bone formation was activated after the 3rd day of OTM, coinciding with a decrease in sensory nerves and an increase in pain threshold. Sema3A, rather than nerve growth factor (NGF), highly expressed in both trigeminal ganglion and the axons of periodontal ligament following the 3rd day of OTM. Moreover, in vitro mechanical loads upregulated Sema3A in neurons instead of in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) within 24 hours. Furthermore, exogenous Sema3A restored the suppressed alveolar bone formation and the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs induced by mechanical overload. Mechanistically, Sema3A prevented overstretching of F-actin induced by mechanical overload through ROCK2 pathway, maintaining mitochondrial dynamics as mitochondrial fusion. Therefore, Sema3A exhibits dual therapeutic effects in mechanical loads-induced bone formation, both as a pain-sensitive analgesic and a positive regulator for bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinyi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingchen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yimei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yule Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shishu Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Zhang S, Liu J, Feng F, Jia Y, Xu F, Wei Z, Zhang M. Rational design of viscoelastic hydrogels for periodontal ligament remodeling and repair. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:69-90. [PMID: 38101557 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a distinctive yet critical connective tissue vital for maintaining the integrity and functionality of tooth-supporting structures. However, PDL repair poses significant challenges due to the complexity of its mechanical microenvironment encompassing hard-soft-hard tissues, with the viscoelastic properties of the PDL being of particular interest. This review delves into the significant role of viscoelastic hydrogels in PDL regeneration, underscoring their utility in simulating biomimetic three-dimensional microenvironments. We review the intricate relationship between PDL and viscoelastic mechanical properties, emphasizing the role of tissue viscoelasticity in maintaining mechanical functionality. Moreover, we summarize the techniques for characterizing PDL's viscoelastic behavior. From a chemical bonding perspective, we explore various crosslinking methods and characteristics of viscoelastic hydrogels, along with engineering strategies to construct viscoelastic cell microenvironments. We present a detailed analysis of the influence of the viscoelastic microenvironment on cellular mechanobiological behavior and fate. Furthermore, we review the applications of diverse viscoelastic hydrogels in PDL repair and address current challenges in the field of viscoelastic tissue repair. Lastly, we propose future directions for the development of innovative hydrogels that will facilitate not only PDL but also systemic ligament tissue repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Fan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Yuanbo Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Zhao Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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Yamamoto Y, Fujihara C, Nantakeeratipat T, Matsumoto M, Noguchi T, Kitagawa M, Yamada S, Takata T, Kitaura H, Murakami S. CD40-CD40 ligand interaction between periodontal ligament cells and cementoblasts enhances periodontal tissue remodeling in response to mechanical stress. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:1261-1271. [PMID: 37723604 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed the localization and expression of Cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L) in murine periodontal tissue applied with the orthodontic force to determine the CD40L-expressing cells under mechanical stress. Furthermore, we investigated whether CD40-CD40L interaction played an important role in transducing mechanical stress between periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and cementoblasts and remodeling the periodontal tissue for its homeostasis. BACKGROUND PDL is a complex tissue that contains heterogeneous cell populations and is constantly exposed to mechanical stress, such as occlusal force. CD40 is expressed on PDL cells and upregulated under mechanical stress. However, whether its ligand, CD40L, is upregulated in periodontal tissue in response to mechanical stress, and which functions the CD40-CD40L interaction induces by converting the force to biological functions between the cement-PDL complex, are not fully understood. METHODS The orthodontic treatment was applied to the first molars at the left side of the upper maxillae of mice using a nickel-titanium closed-coil spring. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the localization of CD40L in the periodontal tissue under the orthodontic force. Human cementoblasts (HCEM) and human PDL cells were stretched in vitro and analyzed CD40L and CD40 protein expression using flow cytometry. A GFP-expressing CD40L plasmid vector was transfected into HCEM (CD40L-HCEM). CD40L-HCEM was co-cultured with human PDL cells with higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (hPDS) or lower ALP (hPDF). After co-culturing, cell viability and proliferation were analyzed by propidium iodide (PI) staining and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of cytodifferentiation- and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes was analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CD40L was induced on the cells present at the cementum surface in periodontal tissue at the tension side under the orthodontic treatment in mice. The flow cytometry showed that the in vitro-stretching force upregulated CD40L protein expression on HCEM and CD40 protein expression on human PDL cells. Co-culturing CD40L-HCEM with hPDF enhanced cell viability and proliferation but did not alter the gene expression related to cytodifferentiation and ECM. In contrast, co-culturing CD40L-HCEM with hPDS upregulated cytodifferentiation- and ECM-related genes but did not affect cell viability and proliferation. CONCLUSION We revealed that in response to a stretching force, CD40L expression was induced on cementoblasts. CD40L on cementoblasts may interact with CD40 on heterogeneous PDL cells at the necessary time and location, inducing cell viability, proliferation, and cytodifferentiation, maintaining periodontal tissue remodeling and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chiharu Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teerachate Nantakeeratipat
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masae Kitagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology and Regenerative Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Zheng X, Zhao N, Peng L, Li Z, Liu C, You Q, Fang B. Biological characteristics of microRNAs secreted by exosomes of periodontal ligament stem cells due to mechanical force. Eur J Orthod 2023:7188171. [PMID: 37262013 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) has previously been considered an inflammatory process. However, recent studies suggest that exosomes may play an important role in the cellular microenvironment of OTM. microRNAs (miRNAs) are one of the major constituents of exosomes. This study aims to investigate the biological characteristics of miRNAs secreted by exosomes of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) due to mechanical forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, we established a mechanical stress model. The PDLSCs were loaded under different force values and exosomes were extracted after 48 h. High-throughput sequencing of exosomal miRNAs was performed to further evaluate their biological functions and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS The morphology and functions of exosomes were not significantly different between the loading and non-loading PDLSC groups. The optimal loading time and force were 48 h and 1 g/cm2, respectively. After sequencing, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway and network analyses were performed and 10 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified according to a literature search. These are miR-99a-5p, miR-485-3P, miR-29a-3p,miR-21-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR140-3p, miR-1306-5p, miR-126-5p, miR-125a-5p, and miR-23a-3p. LIMITATIONS Extracting exosomes needs a large amount of PDLSCs. More functional experiments need to be done to confirm the exact mechanism of exosomal miRNAs of PDLSCs due to mechanical force. CONCLUSIONS The expression levels of miRNAs secreted by PDLSC-derived exosomes due to mechanical force were very different compared to PDLSC-derived exosomes under nonmechanical stress. The function of many of the identified exosomal miRNAs was found to be related to osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Further validation is required. A functional investigation of these miRNA could provide novel insights into their mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liying Peng
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxia Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingling You
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Chen Y, Zhang C. Role of noncoding RNAs in orthodontic tooth movement: new insights into periodontium remodeling. J Transl Med 2023; 21:101. [PMID: 36759852 PMCID: PMC9912641 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is biologically based on the spatiotemporal remodeling process in periodontium, the mechanisms of which remain obscure. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, play a pivotal role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels. Under force stimuli, mechanosensitive ncRNAs with altered expression levels transduce mechanical load to modulate intracellular genes. These ncRNAs regulate the biomechanical responses of periodontium in the catabolic, anabolic, and coupling phases throughout OTM. To achieve this, down or upregulated ncRNAs actively participate in cell proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, inflammatory, immune, and neurovascular responses. This review highlights the regulatory mechanism of fine-tuning ncRNAs in periodontium remodeling during OTM, laying the foundation for safe, precise, and personalized orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Chen
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280 China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Ligament Alteration in Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195719. [PMID: 36233586 PMCID: PMC9572847 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue ageing is accelerated by the progressive accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The formation of AGEs is characteristic for diabetes mellitus (DM) progression and affects only specific proteins with relatively long half-lives. This is the case of fibrillar collagens that are highly susceptible to glycation. While collagen provides a framework for plenty of organs, the local homeostasis of specific tissues is indirectly affected by glycation. Among the many age- and diabetes-related morphological changes affecting human connective tissues, there is concurrently reduced healing capacity, flexibility, and quality among ligaments, tendons, bones, and skin. Although DM provokes a wide range of known clinical disorders, the exact mechanisms of connective tissue alteration are still being investigated. Most of them rely on animal models in order to conclude the patterns of damage. Further research and more well-designed large-cohort studies need to be conducted in order to answer the issue concerning the involvement of ligaments in diabetes-related complications. In the following manuscript, we present the results from experiments discovering specific molecules that are engaged in the degenerative process of connective tissue alteration. This review is intended to provide the report and sum up the investigations described in the literature concerning the topic of ligament alteration in DM, which, even though significantly decreasing the quality of life, do not play a major role in research.
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Wang Y, Zhu G, Pei F, Wang Y, Liu J, Lu C, Zhao Z. RNA-Sequence Reveals the Regulatory Mechanism of miR-149 on Osteoblast Skeleton under Mechanical Tension. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:9640878. [PMID: 36193254 PMCID: PMC9525771 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9640878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Based on RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), the regulation of miRNAs differentially expressed in dental, periodontal, and alveolar bone tissue of orthodontic tree shrews on osteoblast skeleton under tension was investigated. Methods Tree shrews were used to construct orthodontic models. We used RNA-seq to identify differentially expressed miRNAs in periodontal tissues of the treatment group and control group tree shrews. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used for enrichment analysis. Human osteoblast MG63 was treated with 5000 U mechanical tension. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detected the expression of miR-149 and ARFGAP with SH3 domain, Ankyrin repeat, and Ph domain 3 (ASAP3) mRNA. Western blot detected the protein levels of ASAP3, F-actin, osteogenic markers bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). Rhodamine phalloidin was used to observe the fluorescence intensity of F-actin. Validation of the targeting relationship between miR-149 and ASAP3 by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Results By performing miRNA-seq analysis on the dental and periodontal tissue of tree shrews in the treatment group and control group, we identified 51 upregulated miRNAs and 13 downregulated miRNAs. The expression of miR-149 in the dental and periodontal tissue of tree shrew and MG63 cells treated with mechanical tension was decreased, and miR-149 targeted ASAP3. Knockdown of ASAP3 inhibited the fluorescence intensity of F-actin in MG63 cells treated with 5000 U tension for 36 h, and overexpression of ASAP3 promoted the expression of F-actin and osteogenic markers BMP2 and RUNX2. Conclusions These findings revealed that miR-149 could modulate osteoblast differentiation under orthodontics mechanical tension through targeting ASAP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yigan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Lu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 650106 Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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