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Jeyaraju DV, Alapa M, Polonskaia A, Risueño A, Subramanyam P, Anand A, Ghosh K, Kyriakopoulos C, Hemerich D, Hurren R, Wang X, Gronda M, Ahsan A, Chiu H, Thomas G, Lind EF, Menezes DL, Schimmer AD, Hagner PR, Gandhi A, Thakurta AG. Extended exposure to low doses of azacitidine induces differentiation of leukemic stem cells through activation of myeloperoxidase. Haematologica 2024; 109:1082-1094. [PMID: 37941406 PMCID: PMC10985425 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.283437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral azacitidine (oral-Aza) treatment results in longer median overall survival (OS) (24.7 vs. 14.8 months in placebo) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in remission after intensive chemotherapy. The dosing schedule of oral-Aza (14 days/28-day cycle) allows for low exposure of Aza for an extended duration thereby facilitating a sustained therapeutic effect. However, the underlying mechanisms supporting the clinical impact of oral-Aza in maintenance therapy remain to be fully understood. In this preclinical work, we explore the mechanistic basis of oral-Aza/extended exposure to Aza through in vitro and in vivo modeling. In cell lines, extended exposure to Aza results in sustained DNMT1 loss, leading to durable hypomethylation, and gene expression changes. In mouse models, extended exposure to Aza, preferentially targets immature leukemic cells. In leukemic stem cell (LSC) models, the extended dose of Aza induces differentiation and depletes CD34+CD38- LSC. Mechanistically, LSC differentiation is driven in part by increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression. Inhibition of MPO activity either by using an MPO-specific inhibitor or blocking oxidative stress, a known mechanism of MPO, partly reverses the differentiation of LSC. Overall, our preclinical work reveals novel mechanistic insights into oral-Aza and its ability to target LSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Evan F Lind
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and the Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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2
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Tossounian MA, Baczynska M, Dalton W, Peak-Chew SY, Undzenas K, Korza G, Filonenko V, Skehel M, Setlow P, Gout I. Bacillus subtilis YtpP and Thioredoxin A Are New Players in the Coenzyme-A-Mediated Defense Mechanism against Cellular Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040938. [PMID: 37107313 PMCID: PMC10136147 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an important cellular metabolite that is critical for metabolic processes and the regulation of gene expression. Recent discovery of the antioxidant function of CoA has highlighted its protective role that leads to the formation of a mixed disulfide bond with protein cysteines, which is termed protein CoAlation. To date, more than 2000 CoAlated bacterial and mammalian proteins have been identified in cellular responses to oxidative stress, with the majority being involved in metabolic pathways (60%). Studies have shown that protein CoAlation is a widespread post-translational modification which modulates the activity and conformation of the modified proteins. The induction of protein CoAlation by oxidative stress was found to be rapidly reversed after the removal of oxidizing agents from the medium of cultured cells. In this study, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based deCoAlation assay to detect deCoAlation activity from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium lysates. We then used a combination of ELISA-based assay and purification strategies to show that deCoAlation is an enzyme-driven mechanism. Using mass-spectrometry and deCoAlation assays, we identified B. subtilis YtpP (thioredoxin-like protein) and thioredoxin A (TrxA) as enzymes that can remove CoA from different substrates. With mutagenesis studies, we identified YtpP and TrxA catalytic cysteine residues and proposed a possible deCoAlation mechanism for CoAlated methionine sulfoxide reducatse A (MsrA) and peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) proteins, which results in the release of both CoA and the reduced form of MsrA or PRDX5. Overall, this paper reveals the deCoAlation activity of YtpP and TrxA and opens doors to future studies on the CoA-mediated redox regulation of CoAlated proteins under various cellular stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Baczynska
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - William Dalton
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sew Yeu Peak-Chew
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kipras Undzenas
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - George Korza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mark Skehel
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
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3
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Filonenko V, Gout I. Discovery and functional characterisation of protein CoAlation and the antioxidant function of coenzyme A. BBA ADVANCES 2023; 3:100075. [PMID: 37082257 PMCID: PMC10074942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor in all living cells which plays critical role in cellular metabolism, the regulation of gene expression and the biosynthesis of major cellular constituents. Recently, CoA was found to function as a major antioxidant in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This unconventional function of CoA is mediated by a novel post-translational modification, termed protein CoAlation. This review will highlight the history of this discovery, current knowledge, and future directions on studying molecular mechanisms of protein CoAlation and whether the antioxidant function of CoA is associated with pathologies, such as neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Filonenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Ivan Gout
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Corresponding authors.
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4
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Baković J, López Martínez D, Nikolaou S, Yu BYK, Tossounian MA, Tsuchiya Y, Thrasivoulou C, Filonenko V, Gout I. Regulation of the CoA Biosynthetic Complex Assembly in Mammalian Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031131. [PMID: 33498827 PMCID: PMC7865483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor present in all living cells. Under physiological conditions, CoA mainly functions to generate metabolically active CoA thioesters, which are indispensable for cellular metabolism, the regulation of gene expression, and the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. When cells are exposed to oxidative or metabolic stress, CoA acts as an important cellular antioxidant that protects protein thiols from overoxidation, and this function is mediated by protein CoAlation. CoA and its derivatives are strictly maintained at levels controlled by nutrients, hormones, metabolites, and cellular stresses. Dysregulation of their biosynthesis and homeostasis has deleterious consequences and has been noted in a range of pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes, Reye’s syndrome, cardiac hypertrophy, and neurodegeneration. The biochemistry of CoA biosynthesis, which involves five enzymatic steps, has been extensively studied. However, the existence of a CoA biosynthetic complex and the mode of its regulation in mammalian cells are unknown. In this study, we report the assembly of all five enzymes that drive CoA biosynthesis, in HEK293/Pank1β and A549 cells, using the in situ proximity ligation assay. Furthermore, we show that the association of CoA biosynthetic enzymes is strongly upregulated in response to serum starvation and oxidative stress, whereas insulin and growth factor signaling downregulate their assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Baković
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - David López Martínez
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Savvas Nikolaou
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Bess Yi Kun Yu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Maria-Armineh Tossounian
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yugo Tsuchiya
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
| | - Christopher Thrasivoulou
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Centre for Cell and Molecular Dynamics, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (J.B.); (D.L.M.); (S.N.); (B.Y.K.Y.); (M.-A.T.); (Y.T.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Coenzyme A levels influence protein acetylation, CoAlation and 4'-phosphopantetheinylation: Expanding the impact of a metabolic nexus molecule. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118965. [PMID: 33450307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a key molecule in cellular metabolism including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis and lipid metabolism. Moreover, CoA is required for biological processes like protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) including acylation. CoA levels affect the amount of histone acetylation and thereby modulate gene expression. A direct influence of CoA levels on other PTMs, like CoAlation and 4'-phosphopantetheinylation has been relatively less addressed and will be discussed here. Increased CoA levels are associated with increased CoAlation, whereas decreased 4'-phosphopantetheinylation is observed under circumstances of decreased CoA levels. We discuss how these two PTMs can positively or negatively influence target proteins depending on CoA levels. This review highlights the impact of CoA levels on post-translational modifications, their counteractive interplay and the far-reaching consequences thereof.
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Zhyvoloup A, Yu BYK, Baković J, Davis-Lunn M, Tossounian MA, Thomas N, Tsuchiya Y, Peak-Chew SY, Wigneshweraraj S, Filonenko V, Skehel M, Setlow P, Gout I. Analysis of disulphide bond linkage between CoA and protein cysteine thiols during sporulation and in spores of Bacillus species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:fnaa174. [PMID: 33206970 PMCID: PMC8127865 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spores of Bacillus species have novel properties, which allow them to lie dormant for years and then germinate under favourable conditions. In the current work, the role of a key metabolic integrator, coenzyme A (CoA), in redox regulation of growing cells and during spore formation in Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis is studied. Exposing these growing cells to oxidising agents or carbon deprivation resulted in extensive covalent protein modification by CoA (termed protein CoAlation), through disulphide bond formation between the CoA thiol group and a protein cysteine. Significant protein CoAlation was observed during sporulation of B. megaterium, and increased largely in parallel with loss of metabolism in spores. Mass spectrometric analysis identified four CoAlated proteins in B. subtilis spores as well as one CoAlated protein in growing B. megaterium cells. All five of these proteins have been identified as moderately abundant in spores. Based on these findings and published studies, protein CoAlation might be involved in facilitating establishment of spores' metabolic dormancy, and/or protecting sensitive sulfhydryl groups of spore enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zhyvoloup
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Bess Yi Kun Yu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jovana Baković
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mathew Davis-Lunn
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria-Armineh Tossounian
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Naam Thomas
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yugo Tsuchiya
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sew Yeu Peak-Chew
- Biological Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Trumpington, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sivaramesh Wigneshweraraj
- Section of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo St., Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Mark Skehel
- Biological Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Trumpington, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Peter Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo St., Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
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7
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Bellany F, Tsuchiya Y, Tran TM, Chan AWE, Allan H, Gout I, Tabor AB. Design and synthesis of Coenzyme A analogues as Aurora kinase A inhibitors: An exploration of the roles of the pyrophosphate and pantetheine moieties. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115740. [PMID: 33007553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a highly selective inhibitor of the mitotic regulatory enzyme Aurora A kinase, with a novel mode of action. Herein we report the design and synthesis of analogues of CoA as inhibitors of Aurora A kinase. We have designed and synthesised modified CoA structures as potential inhibitors, combining dicarbonyl mimics of the pyrophosphate group with a conserved adenosine headgroup and different length pantetheine-based tail groups. An analogue with a -SH group at the end of the pantotheinate tail showed the best IC50, probably due to the formation of a covalent bond with Aurora A kinase Cys290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bellany
- Department of Chemistry, UCL, Christopher Ingold Building, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Yugo Tsuchiya
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Trang M Tran
- Department of Chemistry, UCL, Christopher Ingold Building, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - A W Edith Chan
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen Allan
- Department of Chemistry, UCL, Christopher Ingold Building, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alethea B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, UCL, Christopher Ingold Building, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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8
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Mattes K, Vellenga E, Schepers H. Differential redox-regulation and mitochondrial dynamics in normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem cells: A potential window for leukemia therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 144:102814. [PMID: 31593878 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for many patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poor, mainly due to disease relapse driven by leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Recent studies have highlighted the unique metabolic properties of LSCs, which might represent opportunities for LSC-selective targeting. LSCs characteristically have low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which apparently result from a combination of low mitochondrial activity and high activity of ROS-removing pathways such as autophagy. Due to this low activity, LSCs are highly dependent on mitochondrial regulatory mechanisms. These include the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, which also has crucial roles in regulating the mitochondrial membrane potential, and proteins involved in mitophagy. Here we review the different pathways that impact mitochondrial activity and redox-regulation, and highlight their relevance for the functionality of both HSCs and LSCs. Additionally, novel AML therapy strategies that are based on interference with those pathways, including the promising BCL-2 inhibitor Venetoclax, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mattes
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edo Vellenga
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hein Schepers
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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