MT4-MMP promotes invadopodia formation and cell motility in FaDu head and neck cancer cells

Serum cell division control 42 reflects treatment response and survival profiles in recurrent or metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma patients who receive programmed death-1 inhibitors

OBJECTIVES

Cell division control 42 (CDC42) facilitates tumor growth, migration, and immune escape to accelerate the pathogenesis and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study intended to explore the optimal cut-value of serum CDC42 for predicting treatment response to programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors and survival in recurrent or metastatic (R/M) OSCC patients.

METHODS

CDC42 was detected from serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 45 R/M OSCC patients before initiating PD-1 inhibitors with or without chemotherapy. Different cutoff values (500, 600, 700, and 800 pg/mL) of CDC42 were selected for further analyses.

RESULTS

The median (interquartile range) value of CDC42 was 604.0 (477.5-867.5) pg/mL in R/M OSCC patients. Generally, objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 37.8 % and 62.2 %. Additionally, ORR (P = 0.030) and DCR (P = 0.004) were decreased in patients with CDC42 ≥ 700 pg/mL versus those with CDC42 < 700 pg/mL; meanwhile, DCR was also reduced in patients with CDC42 ≥ 800 pg/mL versus those with CDC42 < 800 pg/mL (P = 0.014). Interestingly, CDC42 ≥ 600 (P = 0.023), 700 (P = 0.007), and 800 (P = 0.039) pg/mL were related to shorter progression-free survival (PFS). While only CDC42 ≥ 700 (P = 0.004) and 800 (P = 0.046) pg/mL were correlated with worse overall survival (OS). After adjustment, only CDC42 ≥ 700 pg/mL (yes vs. no) independently estimated poor PFS (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.637, P = 0.005) and OS (HR = 5.824, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

CDC42 ≥ 700 pg/mL exerts the optimal prognostic ability to reflect poor treatment response and survival profiles in R/M OSCC patients who receive PD-1 inhibitors.

Role of Microenvironmental Components in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is one of the ten most common malignant neoplasms, characterized by an aggressive course, high recurrence rate, poor response to treatment, and low survival rate. This creates the need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of this cancer. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of HNSCC consists of stromal and immune cells, blood and lymphatic vessels, and extracellular matrix. It is known that HNSCC is characterized by complex relationships between cancer cells and TME components. TME components and their dynamic interactions with cancer cells enhance tumor adaptation to the environment, which provides the highly aggressive potential of HNSCC and resistance to antitumor therapy. Basic research aimed at studying the role of TME components in HNSCC carcinogenesis may serve as a key to the discovery of both new biomarkers-predictors of prognosis and targets for new antitumor drugs. This review article focuses on the role and interaction with cancer of TME components such as newly formed vessels, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix.

Immunomodulatory roles of metalloproteinases in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune pathology characterized by persistent synovial inflammation and gradually advancing bone destruction. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as a family of zinc-containing enzymes, have been found to play an important role in degradation and remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs participate in processes of cell proliferation, migration, inflammation, and cell metabolism. A growing number of persons have paid attention to their function in inflammatory and immune diseases. In this review, the details of regulation of MMPs expression and its expression in RA are summarized. The role of MMPs in ECM remodeling, angiogenesis, oxidative and nitrosative stress, cell migration and invasion, cytokine and chemokine production, PANoptosis and bone destruction in RA disease are discussed. Additionally, the review summarizes clinical trials targeting MMPs in inflammatory disease and discusses the potential of MMP inhibition in the therapeutic context of RA. MMPs may serve as biomarkers for drug response, pathology stratification, and precision medicine to improve clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis.

Molecular Mechanisms Driven by MT4-MMP in Cancer Progression

MT4-MMP (or MMP-17) belongs to the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs), a distinct subset of the MMP family that is anchored to the cell surface, in this case by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) motif. Its expression in a variety of cancers is well documented. However, the molecular mechanisms by which MT4-MMP contributes to tumor development need further investigation. In this review, we aim to summarize the contribution of MT4-MMP in tumorigenesis, focusing on the molecular mechanisms triggered by the enzyme in tumor cell migration, invasiveness, and proliferation, in the tumor vasculature and microenvironment, as well as during metastasis. In particular, we highlight the putative substrates processed and signaling cascades activated by MT4-MMP that may underlie these malignancy processes and compare this with what is known about its role during embryonic development. Finally, MT4-MMP is a relevant biomarker of malignancy that can be used for monitoring cancer progression in patients as well as a potential target for future therapeutic drug development.

TEM1 up-regulates MMP-2 and promotes ECM remodeling for facilitating invasion and migration of uterine sarcoma

OBJECTIVES

To explore the correlation between tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) in uterine sarcoma and their roles in the progression of uterine sarcoma.

METHODS

Uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS, n = 25) and uterine leiomyoma (n = 25) specimens were collected from a total of 50 patients. Immunohistochemistry assay was conducted to determine the expression of TEM1, MMP-2 and MMP-9. TEM1 over expression (hTEM1) and low expression (shRNA-TEM1) MES-SA cell lines were established as in vitro uterine sarcoma models. MMP-2 mRNA, protein expression and enzymatic activity were verified using qPCR, Western blot and gelatin zymography respectively. MMP-2 expression was downregulated using MMP-2 siRNA in hTEM1 MES-SA cells to better study the role of MMP-2. The invasive and migratory capacities of hTEM1, shRNA-TEM1, and hTEM1 treated with MMP-2 siRNA MES-SA cells were determined using transwell assays. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling mediated by TEM1 was examined using cell-ECM adhesion and fluorescent gelatin-ECM degradation assays. The immunofluorescence of F-actin was examined to analyze the formation of invadopodia. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal xenografts were established to validate the role of TEM1 in promoting uterine sarcoma metastasis.

RESULTS

TEM1 and MMP-2 were expressed in 92% (n = 23) and 88% (n = 22) of uterine leiomyosarcoma specimens, respectively. Both TEM1 and MMP-2 were highly expressed in 100% (n = 17) of high stage (III-IV) uterine leiomyosarcoma specimens. In addition, TEM1 expression was positively correlated with MMP-2 expression in uterine leiomyosarcoma. The successful establishment of in vitro uterine sarcoma models was confirmed with qPCR and Western blotting tests. TEM1 promoted the invasion and metastasis of uterine sarcoma in vivo and in vitro. MMP-2 expression and activity were up-regulated in hTEM1 cells but down-regulated in shRNA-TEM1 cells. Importantly, MMP-2 knockdown impaired the invasive and migratory capacity of hTEM1 cells. TEM1 promoted ECM remodeling by increasing cell-ECM adhesion and ECM degradation. TEM1 overexpression also induced the formation of invadopodia.

CONCLUSION

TEM1 was co-expressed and positively correlated with MMP-2 in uterine leiomyosarcoma specimens. In addition, both TEM1 and MMP-2 were associated with tumor development. TEM1 promoted uterine sarcoma progression by regulating MMP-2 activity and ECM remodeling.

Insights Into the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cancer and its Various Therapeutic Aspects: A Review

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that regulate the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Gross and La Piere discovered MMPs in 1962 during an experiment on tissue samples from a tadpole’s tail. Several subtypes of MMPs have been identified, depending on their substrate specificity and localization. MMPs are involved as essential molecules in multiple and diverse physiological processes, such as reproduction, embryonic development, bone remodeling, tissue repair, and regulation of inflammatory processes. Its activity is controlled at various levels such as at transcription level, pro-peptide activation level and by the activity of a family of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase, endogenous inhibitors of MMPs. Cancer metastasis, which is the spread of a tumor to a distant site, is a complex process that is responsible for the majority of cancer-related death It is considered to be an indicator of cancer metastasis. During metastasis, the tumor cells have to invade the blood vessel and degrade the ECM to make a path to new loci in distant places. The degradation of blood vessels and ECM is mediated through the activity of MMPs. Hence, the MMP activity is critical to determining the metastatic potential of a cancer cell. Evasion of apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer that are found to be correlated with the expression of MMPs. As a result, given the importance of MMPs in cancer, we describe the role of these multifunctional enzymes MMPs in various aspects of cancer formation and their rising possibilities as a novel therapeutic target in this review. There is also a brief discussion of various types of therapeutic components and drugs that function against MMPs.

Src activation in lipid rafts confers epithelial cells with invasive potential to escape from apical extrusion during cell competition

Abnormal/cancerous cells within healthy epithelial tissues undergo apical extrusion to protect against carcinogenesis, although they acquire invasive capacity once carcinogenesis progresses. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells escape from apical extrusion and invade surrounding tissues remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate a molecular mechanism for cell fate switching during epithelial cell competition. We found that during competition within epithelial cell layers, Src transformation promotes maturation of focal adhesions and degradation of extracellular matrix. Src-transformed cells underwent basal delamination by Src activation within sphingolipid/cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains/lipid rafts, whereas they were apically extruded when Src was outside of lipid rafts. A comparative analysis of contrasting phenotypes revealed that activation of the Src-STAT3-MMP axis through lipid rafts was required for basal delamination. CUB-domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) was identified as an Src-activating scaffold and as a Met regulator in lipid rafts, and its overexpression induced basal delamination. In renal cancer models, CDCP1 promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated invasive behavior by activating the Src-STAT3-MMP axis through Met activation. Overall, these results suggest that spatial activation of Src signaling in lipid rafts confers resistance to apical extrusion and invasive potential on epithelial cells to promote carcinogenesis.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the prognostic and immune infiltration characteristics of glycolysis and hypoxia in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

This study aims to construct a new prognostic gene signature in survival prediction and risk stratification for patients with Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

METHOD

The transcriptome profiling data and hallmark gene sets in the Molecular Signatures Database was used to explore the cancer hallmarks most relevant to the prognosis of HNSCC patients. Differential gene expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, univariate COX regression analysis, random forest algorithm and multiple combinatorial screening were used to construct the prognostic gene signature. The predictive ability of gene signature was verified in the TCGA HNSCC cohort as the training set and the GEO HNSCC cohorts (GSE41613 and GSE42743) as the validation sets, respectively. Moreover, the correlations between risk scores and immune infiltration patterns, as well as risk scores and genomic changes were explored.

RESULTS

A total of 3391 differentially expressed genes in HNSCC were screened. Glycolysis and hypoxia were screened as the main risk factors for OS in HNSCC. Using univariate Cox analysis, 97 prognostic candidates were identified (P < 0.05). Top 10 important genes were then screened out by random forest. Using multiple combinatorial screening, a combination with less genes and more significant P value was used to construct the prognostic gene signature (RNF144A, STC1, P4HA1, FMNL3, ANO1, BASP1, MME, PLEKHG2 and DKK1). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with higher risk scores had worse overall survival (p < 0.001). The ROC curve showed that the risk score had a good predictive efficiency (AUC > 0.66). Subsequently, the predictive ability of the risk score was verified in the validation sets. Moreover, the two-factor survival analysis combining the cancer hallmarks and risk scores suggested that HNSCC patients with the high hypoxia or glycolysis & high risk-score showed the worst prognosis. Besides, a nomogram based on the nine-gene signature was established for clinical practice. Furthermore, the risk score was significantly related to tumor immune infiltration profiles and genome changes.

CONCLUSION

This nine-gene signature associated with glycolysis and hypoxia can not only be used for prognosis prediction and risk stratification, but also may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with HNSCC.

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Associated with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Review

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are aggressive, recurrent, and metastatic neoplasms with a high occurrence around the world and can lead to death when not treated appropriately. Several molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the malignant conversion process. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been described in HNSCCs, a major type of aggressive carcinoma. EMT describes the development of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells, which depends on several molecular interactions and signaling pathways that facilitate mesenchymal conversion. This is related to interactions with the microenvironment of the tumor, hypoxia, growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases, and the presence of viral infections. In this review, we focus on the main molecules related to EMT, their interactions with the tumor microenvironment, plasticity phenomena, epigenetic regulation, hypoxia, inflammation, their relationship with immune cells, and the inhibition of EMT in the context of HNSCCs.

Advances in Understanding TKS4 and TKS5: Molecular Scaffolds Regulating Cellular Processes from Podosome and Invadopodium Formation to Differentiation and Tissue Homeostasis

Scaffold proteins are typically thought of as multi-domain "bridging molecules." They serve as crucial regulators of key signaling events by simultaneously binding multiple participants involved in specific signaling pathways. In the case of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding, the activated EGFR contacts cytosolic SRC tyrosine-kinase, which then becomes activated. This process leads to the phosphorylation of SRC-substrates, including the tyrosine kinase substrates (TKS) scaffold proteins. The TKS proteins serve as a platform for the recruitment of key players in EGFR signal transduction, promoting cell spreading and migration. The TKS4 and the TKS5 scaffold proteins are tyrosine kinase substrates with four or five SH3 domains, respectively. Their structural features allow them to recruit and bind a variety of signaling proteins and to anchor them to the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane. Until recently, TKS4 and TKS5 had been recognized for their involvement in cellular motility, reactive oxygen species-dependent processes, and embryonic development, among others. However, a number of novel functions have been discovered for these molecules in recent years. In this review, we attempt to cover the diverse nature of the TKS molecules by discussing their structure, regulation by SRC kinase, relevant signaling pathways, and interaction partners, as well as their involvement in cellular processes, including migration, invasion, differentiation, and adipose tissue and bone homeostasis. We also describe related pathologies and the established mouse models.

Tumor Cellular and Microenvironmental Cues Controlling Invadopodia Formation

During the metastatic progression, invading cells might achieve degradation and subsequent invasion into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the underlying vasculature using invadopodia, F-actin-based and force-supporting protrusive membrane structures, operating focalized proteolysis. Their formation is a dynamic process requiring the combined and synergistic activity of ECM-modifying proteins with cellular receptors, and the interplay with factors from the tumor microenvironment (TME). Significant advances have been made in understanding how invadopodia are assembled and how they progress in degradative protrusions, as well as their disassembly, and the cooperation between cellular signals and ECM conditions governing invadopodia formation and activity, holding promise to translation into the identification of molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. These findings have revealed the existence of biochemical and mechanical interactions not only between the actin cores of invadopodia and specific intracellular structures, including the cell nucleus, the microtubular network, and vesicular trafficking players, but also with elements of the TME, such as stromal cells, ECM components, mechanical forces, and metabolic conditions. These interactions reflect the complexity and intricate regulation of invadopodia and suggest that many aspects of their formation and function remain to be determined. In this review, we will provide a brief description of invadopodia and tackle the most recent findings on their regulation by cellular signaling as well as by inputs from the TME. The identification and interplay between these inputs will offer a deeper mechanistic understanding of cell invasion during the metastatic process and will help the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.