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Scott M, de Lange O, Quaranto X, Cardiff R, Klavins E. Open-source workflow design and management software to interrogate duckweed growth conditions and stress responses. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:95. [PMID: 37653538 PMCID: PMC10472582 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds, a family of floating aquatic plants, are ideal model plants for laboratory experiments because they are small, easy to cultivate, and reproduce quickly. Duckweed cultivation, for the purposes of scientific research, requires that lineages are maintained as continuous populations of asexually propagating fronds, so research teams need to develop optimized cultivation conditions and coordinate maintenance tasks for duckweed stocks. Additionally, computational image analysis is proving to be a powerful duckweed research tool, but researchers lack software tools to assist with data collection and storage in a way that can feed into scripted data analysis. We set out to support these processes using a laboratory management software called Aquarium, an open-source application developed to manage laboratory inventory and plan experiments. We developed a suite of duckweed cultivation and experimentation operation types in Aquarium, which we then integrated with novel data analysis scripts. We then demonstrated the efficacy of our system with a series of image-based growth assays, and explored how our framework could be used to develop optimized cultivation protocols. We discuss the unexpected advantages and the limitations of this approach, suggesting areas for future software tool development. In its current state, our approach helps to bridge the gap between laboratory implementation and data analytical software for duckweed biologists and builds a foundation for future development of end-to-end computational tools in plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Scott
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Orlando de Lange
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Xavaar Quaranto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ryan Cardiff
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Eric Klavins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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2
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Ziegler P, Appenroth KJ, Sree KS. Survival Strategies of Duckweeds, the World's Smallest Angiosperms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112215. [PMID: 37299193 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are small, simply constructed aquatic higher plants that grow on or just below the surface of quiet waters. They consist primarily of leaf-like assimilatory organs, or fronds, that reproduce mainly by vegetative replication. Despite their diminutive size and inornate habit, duckweeds have been able to colonize and maintain themselves in almost all of the world's climate zones. They are thereby subject to multiple adverse influences during the growing season, such as high temperatures, extremes of light intensity and pH, nutrient shortage, damage by microorganisms and herbivores, the presence of harmful substances in the water, and competition from other aquatic plants, and they must also be able to withstand winter cold and drought that can be lethal to the fronds. This review discusses the means by which duckweeds come to grips with these adverse influences to ensure their survival. Important duckweed attributes in this regard are a pronounced potential for rapid growth and frond replication, a juvenile developmental status facilitating adventitious organ formation, and clonal diversity. Duckweeds have specific features at their disposal for coping with particular environmental difficulties and can also cooperate with other organisms of their surroundings to improve their survival chances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ziegler
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus J Appenroth
- Matthias Schleiden Institute-Plant Physiology, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - K Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
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Makino A, Nakai R, Yoneda Y, Toyama T, Tanaka Y, Meng XY, Mori K, Ike M, Morikawa M, Kamagata Y, Tamaki H. Isolation of Aquatic Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria for the Floating Plant Duckweed (Lemna minor). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081564. [PMID: 36013982 PMCID: PMC9416352 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can exert beneficial growth effects on their host plants. Little is known about the phylogeny and growth-promoting mechanisms of PGPB associated with aquatic plants, although those of terrestrial PGPB have been well-studied. Here, we report four novel aquatic PGPB strains, MRB1–4 (NITE P-01645–P-01648), for duckweed Lemna minor from our rhizobacterial collection isolated from Lythrum anceps. The number of L. minor fronds during 14 days co-culture with the strains MRB1–4 increased by 2.1–3.8-fold, compared with an uninoculated control; the plant biomass and chlorophyll content in co-cultures also increased. Moreover, all strains possessed an indole-3-acetic acid production trait in common with a plant growth-promoting trait of terrestrial PGPB. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three strains, MRB-1, -3, and -4, were affiliated with known proteobacterial genera (Bradyrhizobium and Pelomonas); this report is the first to describe a plant-growth promoting activity of Pelomonas members. The gammaproteobacterial strain MRB2 was suggested to be phylogenetically novel at the genus level. Under microscopic observation, the Pelomonas strain MRB3 was epiphytic and adhered to both the root surfaces and fronds of duckweed. The duckweed PGPB obtained here could serve as a new model for understanding unforeseen mechanisms behind aquatic plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Makino
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Hokkaido, Japan; (A.M.); (R.N.)
| | - Ryosuke Nakai
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo 062-8517, Hokkaido, Japan; (A.M.); (R.N.)
| | - Yasuko Yoneda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan; (Y.Y.); (X.-Y.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Tadashi Toyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8511, Yamanashi, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Yamanashi, Japan;
| | - Xian-Ying Meng
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan; (Y.Y.); (X.-Y.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kazuhiro Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8511, Yamanashi, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Michihiko Ike
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Masaaki Morikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Kamagata
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan; (Y.Y.); (X.-Y.M.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hideyuki Tamaki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan; (Y.Y.); (X.-Y.M.); (Y.K.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Center, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-861-6592
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Radulović O, Stanković S, Stanojević O, Vujčić Z, Dojnov B, Trifunović-Momčilov M, Marković M. Antioxidative Responses of Duckweed ( Lemna minor L.) to Phenol and Rhizosphere-Associated Bacterial Strain Hafnia paralvei C32-106/3. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111719. [PMID: 34829590 PMCID: PMC8615135 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Duckweed (L. minor) is a cosmopolitan aquatic plant of simplified morphology and rapid vegetative reproduction. In this study, an H. paralvei bacterial strain and its influence on the antioxidative response of the duckweeds to phenol, a recalcitrant environmental pollutant, were investigated. Sterile duckweed cultures were inoculated with H. paralvei in vitro and cultivated in the presence or absence of phenol (500 mg L−1), in order to investigate bacterial effects on plant oxidative stress during 5 days. Total soluble proteins, guaiacol peroxidase expression, concentration of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde as well as the total ascorbic acid of the plants were monitored. Moreover, bacterial production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was measured in order to investigate H. paralvei’s influence on plant growth. In general, the addition of phenol elevated all biochemical parameters in L. minor except AsA and total soluble proteins. Phenol as well as bacteria influenced the expression of guaiacol peroxidase. Different isoforms were associated with phenol compared to isoforms expressed in phenol-free medium. Considering that duckweeds showed increased antioxidative parameters in the presence of phenol, it can be assumed that the measured parameters might be involved in the plant’s defense system. H. paralvei is an IAA producer and its presence in the rhizosphere of duckweeds decreased the oxidative stress of the plants, which can be taken as evidence that this bacterial strain acts protectively on the plants during phenol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Radulović
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.T.-M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Slaviša Stanković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski Trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Olja Stanojević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski Trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Zoran Vujčić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 12-16 Studentski Trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Biljana Dojnov
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 12 Njegoševa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milana Trifunović-Momčilov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.T.-M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marija Marković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar Despota Stefana, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.T.-M.); (M.M.)
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Acosta K, Appenroth KJ, Borisjuk L, Edelman M, Heinig U, Jansen MAK, Oyama T, Pasaribu B, Schubert I, Sorrels S, Sree KS, Xu S, Michael TP, Lam E. Return of the Lemnaceae: duckweed as a model plant system in the genomics and postgenomics era. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3207-3234. [PMID: 34273173 PMCID: PMC8505876 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic Lemnaceae family, commonly called duckweed, comprises some of the smallest and fastest growing angiosperms known on Earth. Their tiny size, rapid growth by clonal propagation, and facile uptake of labeled compounds from the media were attractive features that made them a well-known model for plant biology from 1950 to 1990. Interest in duckweed has steadily regained momentum over the past decade, driven in part by the growing need to identify alternative plants from traditional agricultural crops that can help tackle urgent societal challenges, such as climate change and rapid population expansion. Propelled by rapid advances in genomic technologies, recent studies with duckweed again highlight the potential of these small plants to enable discoveries in diverse fields from ecology to chronobiology. Building on established community resources, duckweed is reemerging as a platform to study plant processes at the systems level and to translate knowledge gained for field deployment to address some of society's pressing needs. This review details the anatomy, development, physiology, and molecular characteristics of the Lemnaceae to introduce them to the broader plant research community. We highlight recent research enabled by Lemnaceae to demonstrate how these plants can be used for quantitative studies of complex processes and for revealing potentially novel strategies in plant defense and genome maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Acosta
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Klaus J Appenroth
- Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute, University of Jena, Jena 07737, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- The Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Marvin Edelman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
| | - Tokitaka Oyama
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Buntora Pasaribu
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ingo Schubert
- The Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben D-06466, Germany
| | - Shawn Sorrels
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - K Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye 671320, India
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | | | - Eric Lam
- Author for correspondence: (E.L.), (T.P.M.)
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Ishizawa H, Kuroda M, Inoue D, Morikawa M, Ike M. Community dynamics of duckweed-associated bacteria upon inoculation of plant growth-promoting bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5843272. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have recently been demonstrated as a promising agent to improve wastewater treatment and biomass production efficiency of duckweed hydrocultures. With a view to their reliable use in aqueous environments, this study analysed the plant colonization dynamics of PGPB and the ecological consequences for the entire duckweed-associated bacterial community. A PGPB strain, Aquitalea magnusonii H3, was inoculated to duckweed at different cell densities or timings in the presence of three environmental bacterial communities. The results showed that strain H3 improved duckweed growth by 11.7–32.1% in five out of nine experiments. Quantitative-PCR and amplicon sequencing analyses showed that strain H3 successfully colonized duckweed after 1 and 3 d of inoculation in all cultivation tests. However, it significantly decreased in number after 7 d, and similar bacterial communities were observed on duckweed regardless of H3 inoculation. Predicted metagenome analysis suggested that genes related to bacterial chemotactic motility and surface attachment systems are consistently enriched through community assembly on duckweed. Taken together, strain H3 dominantly colonized duckweed for a short period and improved duckweed growth. However, the inoculation of the PGPB did not have a lasting impact due to the strong resilience of the natural duckweed microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Ishizawa
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Kuroda
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Morikawa
- Division of Biosphere Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W5 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michihiko Ike
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Suita, Osaka, Japan
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