Good treatment-free survival of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance associated pure red cell aplasia after bortezomib plus dexamethasone

The role of daratumumab in complications post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a single-center prospective study on PRCA and AIHA

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are an unmet medical need with no established standard of care, significantly affecting the patient quality of life and posing a challenge for clinicians. The anti-CD38 IgG-kappa Daratumumab appears to be a safe and efficace treatment compared to prior drugs. Our study is a prospective monocentric investigation assessing the use of daratumumab in these complications following allo-HSCT. Here we describe our experience on six patients with a median age of 65 years. All treated patients, except one, who died because of sepsis during GVHD exacerbation, reached transfusion independence with erythropoietin suspension. Poor graft function remains a management challenge for clinicians and has a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Currently, therapeutic options for PRCA and for the least common AIHA, appear ineffective, making it difficult to address the diverse needs of post-transplant patients. Although our data and those previously reported in the literature are preliminary, daratumumab prompts further reflection on its use in this setting of patients.

Effective treatment of refractory monoclonal gammopathy-associated pure red cell aplasia with isatuximab, pomalidomide and dexamethasone

Monoclonal gammopathy-associated pure red cell aplasia (MG-PRCA) is characterized by the absence or pronounced hypoplasia of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, causing reticulocytopenia and a normocytic, normochromic anaemia in a patient with a monoclonal plasma cell dyscrasia. We report here on the successful treatment of MG-PRCA with isatuximab, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone after multiple lines of immunosuppressive and anti-plasma cell-directed treatments.

Pure red cell aplasia: The second hundred years

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare hematologic syndrome, characterized by an isolated normocytic anemia with severe reticulocytopenia, and defined by absence or near absence of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. First described in 1922, PRCA may be a primary autoimmune or clonal myeloid or lymphoid disorder, but may also be secondary to other disorders of immune dysregulation/autoimmunity, to infections, to neoplasms, or to drugs. Insights from the study of PRCA have helped illuminate the understanding of the regulation of erythropoiesis. This review summarizes the classification, diagnostic, and therapeutic approach to PRCA as it begins its second century, with a particular focus on opportunities and challenges provided by new developments in the role of T-cells and T-cell regulatory mutations; the role of clonal hematopoiesis; and new developments in therapy for refractory PRCA and PRCA associated with ABO incompatible stem cell transplantation.

CB-LPD, MGUS, T-LGLL, and PRCA: A rare case report of 4 concomitant hematological disorders

RATIONALE

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a clinically asymptomatic clonal plasma cell or lymphoplasmacytic proliferative disorder. Recently, some case reports have described the association of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) with MGUS, even with a relatively low monoclonal immunoglobulin burden. T large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGLL) is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by clonal expansion of T large granular lymphocytes, which is rare in China. There are some reports about T-LGL leukemia in patients with B-cell lymphoma; however, it is very rare that T-LGLL coexists with MGUS and clonal B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (CB-LPD).

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 77-year-old man was hospitalized because of anemia. He was diagnosed with MGUS, CB-LPD, and PRCA. During the development of the disease, a group of abnormal T lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry of peripheral blood.

DIAGNOSIS

Combining clinical manifestations with the result of T cell receptor gene rearrangement and immunophenotype, it was consistent with the diagnosis of T large granular lymphocyte leukemia.

INTERVENTIONS

The patient was treat with bortezomib and dexamethasone regimen, Rituximab and sirolimus.

OUTCOMES

The patient was transfusion independent after therapies.

LESSONS

We report a patient with 4 concomitant hematological disorders: T-LGLL, MGUS, CB-LPD, and PRCA, aiming to represent the clinical and flow cytometry characteristics of these concomitant diseases, analyze the mechanism between diseases, and provide a clinical reference.