1
|
Mansour AM, Khaled RM, Ferraro G, Shehab OR, Merlino A. Metal-based carbon monoxide releasing molecules with promising cytotoxic properties. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38808485 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide, the "silent killer" gas, is increasingly recognised as an important signalling molecule in human physiology, which has beneficial biological properties. A particular way of achieving controlled CO administration is based on the use of biocompatible molecules that only release CO when triggered by internal or external factors. These approaches include the development of pharmacologically effective prodrugs known as CO releasing molecules (CORMs), which can supply biological systems with CO in well-regulated doses. An overview of transition metal-based CORMs with cytotoxic properties is here reported. The mechanisms at the basis of the biological activities of these molecules and their potential therapeutical applications with respect to their stability and CO releasing properties have been discussed. The activation of metal-based CORMs is determined by the type of metal and by the nature and features of the auxiliary ligands, which affect the metal core electronic density and therefore the prodrug resistance towards oxidation and CO release ability. A major role in regulating the cytotoxic properties of these CORMs is played by CO and/or CO-depleted species. However, several mysteries concerning the cytotoxicity of CORMs remain as intriguing questions for scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rabaa M Khaled
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma Street, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Ola R Shehab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma Street, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kondengadan SM, Bansal S, Yang X, Wang B. Folate-conjugated organic CO prodrugs: Synthesis and CO release kinetic studies. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4213303. [PMID: 38659849 PMCID: PMC11042441 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4213303/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous produced molecule and has shown efficacy in animal models of inflammation, organ injury, colitis and cancer metastasis. Because of its gaseous nature, there is a need for developing efficient CO delivery approaches, especially those capable of targeted delivery. In this study, we aim to take advantage of a previously reported approach of enrichment-triggered prodrug activation to achieve targeted delivery by targeting the folate receptor. The general idea is to exploit folate receptor-mediated enrichment as a way to accelerate a biomolecular Diels-Alder reaction for prodrug activation. In doing so, we first need to find ways to tune the reaction kinetics in order to ensure minimal rection without enrichment and optimal activation upon enrichment. In this feasibility study, we synthesized two diene-dienophile pairs and studied their reaction kinetics and ability to target the folate receptor. We found that folate conjugation significantly affects the reaction kinetics of the original diene-dienophile pairs. Such information will be very useful in future designs of similar targeted approaches of CO delivery.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang X, Mao Q, Wang B. On the Question of CO's Ability to Induce HO-1 Expression in Cell Culture: A Comparative Study Using Different CO Sources. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:725-735. [PMID: 38340055 PMCID: PMC10949199 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
With the recognition of the endogenous signaling roles and pharmacological functions of carbon monoxide (CO), there is an increasing need to understand CO's mechanism of actions. Along this line, chemical donors have been introduced as CO surrogates for ease of delivery, dosage control, and sometimes the ability to target. Among all of the donors, two ruthenium-carbonyl complexes, CORM-2 and -3, are arguably the most commonly used tools for about 20 years in studying the mechanism of actions of CO. Largely based on data using these two CORMs, there has been a widely accepted inference that the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression is one of the key mechanisms for CO's actions. However, recent years have seen reports of very pronounced chemical reactivities and CO-independent activities of these CORMs. We are interested in examining this question by conducting comparative studies using CO gas, CORM-2/-3, and organic CO donors in RAW264.7, HeLa, and HepG2 cell cultures. CORM-2 and CORM-3 treatment showed significant dose-dependent induction of HO-1 compared to "controls," while incubation for 6 h with 250-500 ppm CO gas did not increase the HO-1 protein expression and mRNA transcription level. A further increase of the CO concentration to 5% did not lead to HO-1 expression either. Additionally, we demonstrate that CORM-2/-3 releases minimal amounts of CO under the experimental conditions. These results indicate that the HO-1 induction effects of CORM-2/-3 are not attributable to CO. We also assessed two organic CO prodrugs, BW-CO-103 and BW-CO-111. BW-CO-111 but not BW-CO-103 dose-dependently increased HO-1 levels in RAW264.7 and HeLa cells. We subsequently studied the mechanism of induction with an Nrf2-luciferase reporter assay, showing that the HO-1 induction activity is likely due to the activation of Nrf2 by the CO donors. Overall, CO alone is unable to induce HO-1 or activate Nrf2 under various conditions in vitro. As such, there is no evidence to support attributing the HO-1 induction effect of the CO donors such as CORM-2/-3 and BW-CO-111 in cell culture to CO. This comparative study demonstrates the critical need to consider possible CO-independent effects of a chemical CO donor before attributing the observed biological effects to CO. It is also important to note that such in vitro results cannot be directly extrapolated to in vivo studies because of the increased level of complexity and the likelihood of secondary and/or synergistic effects in the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Qiyue Mao
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Payne FM, Nie S, Diffee GM, Wilkins GT, Larsen DS, Harrison JC, Baldi JC, Sammut IA. The carbon monoxide prodrug oCOm-21 increases Ca 2+ sensitivity of the cardiac myofilament. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15974. [PMID: 38491822 PMCID: PMC10943376 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass procedures require inotropic support to improve hemodynamic function and cardiac output. Current inotropes such as dobutamine, can promote arrhythmias, prompting a demand for improved inotropes with little effect on intracellular Ca2+ flux. Low-dose carbon monoxide (CO) induces inotropic effects in perfused hearts. Using the CO-releasing pro-drug, oCOm-21, we investigated if this inotropic effect results from an increase in myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. Male Sprague Dawley rat left ventricular cardiomyocytes were permeabilized, and myofilament force was measured as a function of -log [Ca2+ ] (pCa) in the range of 9.0-4.5 under five conditions: vehicle, oCOm-21, the oCOm-21 control BP-21, and levosimendan, (9 cells/group). Ca2+ sensitivity was assessed by the Ca2+ concentration at which 50% of maximal force is produced (pCa50 ). oCOm-21, but not BP-21 significantly increased pCa50 compared to vehicle, respectively (pCa50 5.52 vs. 5.47 vs. 5.44; p < 0.05). No change in myofilament phosphorylation was seen after oCOm-21 treatment. Pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with the heme scavenger hemopexin, abolished the Ca2+ sensitizing effect of oCOm-21. These results support the hypothesis that oCOm-21-derived CO increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity through a heme-dependent mechanism but not by phosphorylation. Further analyses will confirm if this Ca2+ sensitizing effect occurs in an intact heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fergus M. Payne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtagoNew Zealand
- Otago Medical School, Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtagoNew Zealand
- HeartOtagoUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Samantha Nie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtagoNew Zealand
- HeartOtagoUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Gary M. Diffee
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Gerard T. Wilkins
- Otago Medical School, Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtagoNew Zealand
- HeartOtagoUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - David S. Larsen
- School of Science, Department of ChemistryUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtagoNew Zealand
| | - Joanne C. Harrison
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtagoNew Zealand
- HeartOtagoUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - James C. Baldi
- Otago Medical School, Department of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtagoNew Zealand
- HeartOtagoUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Ivan A. Sammut
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtagoNew Zealand
- HeartOtagoUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anderson SN, Dederich CT, Elsberg JGD, Benninghoff AD, Berreau LM. Investigating the Combined Toxicity of Cu(II) and Carbon Monoxide (CO); Cellular CO Delivery Using a Cu(II) Flavonolato Complex. ChemMedChem 2024:e202300682. [PMID: 38369675 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) delivery molecules are of significant current interest as potential therapeutics, including for anticancer applications. A recent approach toward generating new types of materials-based anticancer agents involves combining the Fenton reactivity of a redox active metal ion with CO delivery. However, small molecule examples of these types of entities have not been systematically studied to evaluate the combined effect on cellular toxicity. Herein we describe a Cu(II) flavonolato complex which produces anticancer effects through a combination of copper-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and light-induced flavonol CO release. Confocal microscopy studies provide evidence of enhanced flavonol uptake in the copper flavonolato system relative to the free flavonol, which leads to an increased amount of CO delivery within cells. Importantly, this work demonstrates that a metal flavonolato species can be used to produce enhanced toxicity effects resulting from both metal ion-induced Fenton reactivity and increased cellular uptake of a flavonol CO donor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Anderson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, United States
| | - C Taylor Dederich
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, United States
| | - Josiah G D Elsberg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, United States
| | - Abby D Benninghoff
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4815, United States
| | - Lisa M Berreau
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Claßen R, Diener M, Pouokam E. Gasotransmitters do not prevent changes in transepithelial ion transport induced by hypoxia followed by reoxygenation. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 35:61-70. [PMID: 38263911 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES How gaseous signalling molecules affect ion transport processes contributing to the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract under hypoxic conditions still needs to be clarified. The objective of the present study was to characterize the impact of gaseous signalling molecules on parameters of colonic ion transport during a hypoxia/reoxygenation cycle and the remaining secretory capacity of the epithelium after such a cycle. METHODS Short-circuit current (Isc) and tissue conductance (Gt) recordings in Ussing chamber experiments were performed on rat colon samples using CORM-2 (putative CO donor; 35 and 350 µM), sodium nitroprusside (NO donor; 100 µM), NaHS (fast H2S donor; 10 - 1,000 µM), GYY 4137 (slow H2S donor; 50 µM) and Angeli's salt (HNO donor; 100 µM) as donors for gasotransmitters. Inhibition of endogenous synthesis of H2S was operated by inhibitors of cystathionin-γ-lyase, i.e. dl-propargylglycine (1 mM) or β-cyano-l-alanine (5 mM), and the inhibitor of cystathionine-β-synthase, amino-oxyacetate (5 mM). RESULTS The fast gasotransmitter donors NaHS, sodium nitroprusside and Angeli's salt, administered 5 min before the onset of hypoxia, induced an increase in Isc. The response to the subsequently applied hypoxia was characterized by a decrease in Isc, which tended to be reduced only in the presence of the lowest concentration of NaHS (10 µM) tested. Reoxygenation resulted in a slow increase in Isc, which was unaffected by all donors or inhibitors tested. The stable acetylcholine derivative carbachol (50 µM) was administered at the end of each hypoxia/reoxygenation cycle to test the secretory capacity of the epithelium. Pretreatment of the tissue with the putative CO donor CORM-2 suppressed the secretory response induced by carbachol. The same was observed when cystathionin-γ-lyase and cystathionin-γ-synthase were inhibited simultaneously. Under both conditions, Gt drastically increased suggesting an impaired tissue integrity. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that none of the exogenous gasotransmitter releasing drugs significantly ameliorated the changes in epithelial ion transport during the hypoxia/reoxygenation cycle ex vivo. In contrast, the putative CO donor CORM-2 exerted a toxic effect on the epithelium. The endogenous production of H2S, however, seems to have a protective effect on the mucosal integrity and the epithelial transport functions, which - when inhibited - leads to a loss of the secretory ability of the mucosa. This observation together with the trend for improvement observed with a low concentration of the H2S donor NaHS suggests a moderate protective role of low concentrations of H2S under hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Claßen
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ervice Pouokam
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Human Medicine, MSB Medical School Berlin, Rüdesheimer Str. 50, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Wang Y, Liu M, Pan Y, Ni Z, Min Q, Wang B, Ke H, Ji X. Reactive Oxygen Species-Activated Metal-Free Carbon Monoxide Prodrugs for Targeted Cancer Treatment. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14583-14596. [PMID: 37909153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide has shown promise as a therapeutic agent against cancers. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-activated CO prodrugs are highly demanded for targeted cancer treatment but remain sporadic. In addition, little attention is on how the release rate affects CO's biological effects. Herein, we describe a new type of ROS-activated metal-free CO prodrug, which releases CO with tunable release rates in response to multiple ROS and exhibits very pronounced tumor suppression effects in a mouse 4t1 breast tumor model. Importantly, for the first time, we observe both in vitro and in vivo that CO release rate has a direct impact on its antiproliferative potency and a correlation between release rate and antiproliferative activity is observed. In aggregates, our results not only deliver ROS-sensitive CO prodrugs for cancer treatment but also represent a promising starting point for further in-depth studies of how CO release kinetics affect anticancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yongming Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Yiyao Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Zihui Ni
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Qingqiang Min
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hengte Ke
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Xingyue Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva LDD, Pinheiro JLS, Rodrigues LHM, Santos VMRD, Borges JLF, Oliveira RRD, Maciel LG, Araújo TDSL, Martins CDS, Gomes DA, Lira EC, Souza MHLP, Medeiros JVR, Damasceno ROS. Crucial role of carbon monoxide as a regulator of diarrhea caused by cholera toxin: Evidence of direct interaction with toxin. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115791. [PMID: 37689274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1)/carbon monoxide (CO) pathway in the cholera toxin-induced diarrhea and its possible action mechanism. The pharmacological modulation with CORM-2 (a CO donor) or Hemin (a HO-1 inducer) decreased the intestinal fluid secretion and Cl- efflux, altered by cholera toxin. In contrast, ZnPP (a HO-1 inhibitor) reversed the antisecretory effect of Hemin and potentiated cholera toxin-induced intestinal secretion. Moreover, CORM-2 also prevented the alteration of intestinal epithelial architecture and local vascular permeability promoted by cholera toxin. The intestinal absorption was not altered by any of the pharmacological modulators. Cholera toxin inoculation also increased HO-1 immunoreactivity and bilirubin levels, a possible protective physiological response. Finally, using fluorometric technique, ELISA assay and molecular docking simulations, we show evidence that CO directly interacts with cholera toxin, forming a complex that affects its binding to GM1 receptor, which help explain the antisecretory effect. Thus, CO is an essential molecule for protection against choleric diarrhea and suggests its use as a possible therapeutic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Duarte da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dayane Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carvalho Lira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Jand Venes Rolim Medeiros
- Biotechnology and Biodiversity Center Research, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|