1
|
Ko JCK, Choi YWY, Poon ESK, Wyre N, Sin SYW. Prevalence, genotypes, and infection risk factors of psittacine beak and feather disease virus and budgerigar fledgling disease virus in captive birds in Hong Kong. Arch Virol 2024; 169:91. [PMID: 38578455 PMCID: PMC10997714 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) and budgerigar fledgling disease virus (BFDV) are significant avian pathogens that threaten both captive and wild birds, particularly parrots, which are common hosts. This study involved sampling and testing of 516 captive birds from households, pet shops, and an animal clinic in Hong Kong for PBFDV and BFDV. The results showed that PBFDV and BFDV were present in 7.17% and 0.58% of the samples, respectively. These rates were lower than those reported in most parts of Asia. Notably, the infection rates of PBFDV in pet shops were significantly higher compared to other sources, while no BFDV-positive samples were found in pet shops. Most of the positive samples came from parrots, but PBFDV was also detected in two non-parrot species, including Swinhoe's white-eyes (Zosterops simplex), which had not been reported previously. The ability of PBFDV to infect both psittacine and passerine birds is concerning, especially in densely populated urban areas such as Hong Kong, where captive flocks come into close contact with wildlife. Phylogenetic analysis of the Cap and Rep genes of PBFDV revealed that the strains found in Hong Kong were closely related to those in Europe and other parts of Asia, including mainland China, Thailand, Taiwan, and Saudi Arabia. These findings indicate the presence of both viruses among captive birds in Hong Kong. We recommend implementing regular surveillance for both viruses and adopting measures to prevent contact between captive and wild birds, thereby reducing the transmission of introduced diseases to native species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Cheuk Kei Ko
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yannes Wai Yan Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Shui Kei Poon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nicole Wyre
- Zodiac Pet & Exotic Hospital, 101A-103A Victoria Centre, 15 Watson Road, Fortress Hill, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Yung Wa Sin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morales A, Sibrián X, Porras FD. Survey of Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV) in Guatemalan Neotropical Psittacine Birds. J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:325-332. [PMID: 34677031 DOI: 10.1647/20-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), a circovirus, is the etiologic agent of psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), a progressive and often fatal disease in Psittaciformes. Even though neotropical psittacine species are more resistant to clinical infection than Old World species, BFDV is recognized as a threat to immunologically naïve wild psittacine flocks and its epidemiologic control is paramount for conservation efforts in Neotropical species. Samples were collected from multiple psittacine species, including Ara species, Amazona species, and the white-crowned parrot (Pionus senilis) from the only rescue center in Guatemala with formal psittacine rehabilitation and reintroduction programs. A total of 117 birds, with 101 adults and 16 juveniles of unknown sex, were tested for BFDV by means of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The BFDV prevalence found in this study was 0%, (95% confidence interval, 0%-6.0%). Seven 2-8-year-old scarlet macaws (Ara macao cyanoptera) with positive results from previous surveys by conventional PCR yielded negative results in this study, suggesting complete infection resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Morales
- Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Association (ARCAS), Principal Avenue, El Arrozal, Flores, Petén, Guatemala 17001
| | - Ximena Sibrián
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of San Carlos of Guatemala (USAC), University City, Guatemala City 01012, ,
| | - Flor Dinorah Porras
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of San Carlos of Guatemala (USAC), University City, Guatemala City 01012
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Hein G, Gil IA, Sanchez R, Huaracan B. Prevalence of Aves Polyomavirus 1 and Beak and Feather Disease Virus From Exotic Captive Psittacine Birds in Chile. J Avian Med Surg 2020; 33:141-149. [PMID: 31251501 DOI: 10.1647/2018-349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Avian polyomavirus disease and psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) are both contagious viral diseases in psittacine birds with similar clinical manifestations and characterized by abnormal feathers. To determine the prevalence of Aves polyomavirus 1 (APyV) and beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in captive, exotic psittacine birds in Chile, feathers from 250 psittacine birds, representing 17 genera, were collected and stored during the period 2013-2016. Polymerase chain reaction testing was used to detect APyV and BFDV were detected in feather bulb samples. The results indicated that 1.6% (4/250) of the samples were positive for APyV, 23.2% (58/250) were positive to BFDV, and 0.8% (2/250) were positive to both APyV and BFDV. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of APyV and BFDV prevalence in captive, exotic psittacine birds in South America. Analysis of 2 Chilean partial sequences of the gene encoding agnoprotein 1a (APyV) and the replication-associated protein (BFDV) extends the knowledge of genomic variability for both APyV and BFDV isolates and their spectrum of hosts. No geographical marker was detected for the local isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Aguirre Gil
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Patología Acuaática, Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Sanchez
- Bioingentech, Bernardo O'Higgins 1186 oficina 1307, Concepción 4070242, Chile
| | - Bernardo Huaracan
- Bioingentech, Bernardo O'Higgins 1186 oficina 1307, Concepción 4070242, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gibson DJ, Nemeth NM, Beaufrère H, Varga C, Ojkic D, Marom A, Susta L. Development and use of a triplex real-time PCR assay for detection of three DNA viruses in psittacine birds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:719-725. [PMID: 31423916 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719870218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aves polyomavirus 1, psittacine beak and feather disease virus, and psittacid herpesvirus 1 are important pathogens of psittacine birds with the potential to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Using publically available nucleotide sequences, we developed and validated a triplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) assay to rapidly detect these 3 viruses. The assay had high analytical sensitivity, detecting <6 copies of viral DNA per reaction, and 100% analytical specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with 59 other animal pathogens. Archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from psittacine birds diagnosed at postmortem as infected with each of the viruses as well as virus-negative birds were used to validate the utility of the assay. Birds were selected for the positive cohort if they showed histologic evidence of infection (i.e., characteristic inclusion bodies in tissues); birds in the negative cohort had final diagnoses unrelated to the pathogens of interest. The triplex rtPCR assay confirmed 98% of histopathology-positive cases, and also identified subclinical infections that were not observed by histologic examination, including coinfections. Birds that tested positive only by rtPCR had significantly higher cycle threshold values compared to those with histologic evidence of infection. Positive, negative, and overall percentage agreements as well as the kappa statistic between the results of the assay and histopathology were high, demonstrating the usefulness of the assay as a tool to confirm disease diagnoses, and to improve detection of subclinical infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gibson
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Nicole M Nemeth
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Anna Marom
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Departments of Pathobiology (Gibson, Susta), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Clinical Studies (Beaufrère), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic, Marom), University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada (Varga).,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (Nemeth)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sheykhi A, Sheikhi N, Charkhkar S, Brujeni GN. Detection and Characterization of Circovirus in Canary Flocks. Avian Dis 2018; 62:137-142. [PMID: 29944404 DOI: 10.1637/11776-120417-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Circovirus infections have been documented in adult and nestling canaries (Fringillidae) but the distribution of the virus in the world is not yet known. In captive canary flocks, Circovirus infections have been reported based on the clinical observations. In this study, the presence of both canary circovirus (CaCV) and chicken anemia virus (CAV) in canary flocks was investigated. Virus strains were detected by PCR and direct sequencing of amplified products. Nucleotide sequences were aligned and compared with existing data in GenBank. PCR identified CaCV-positive birds, giving an overall positivity rate of 25%, but all samples were negative for CAV. According to the sequencing data, three distinct strains were identified. Our results indicated a relationship between genetic variation in the replicase gene ( rep) and the geographic regions as well as the feasibility of using the rep gene for virus detection and molecular epidemiology investigations. We are reporting detection and characterization of canary circovirus based on the rep gene. Sequencing results and sequence identity analysis revealed that the rep gene could be used for detecting and discriminating the members of family Circoviridae. This manuscript is the first report of canary circovirus in Iran and of three new strains in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmajid Sheykhi
- A Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Post code: 1477893855
| | - Nariman Sheikhi
- A Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Post code: 1477893855
| | - Saeid Charkhkar
- A Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Post code: 1477893855
| | - Gholamreza Nikbakht Brujeni
- B Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran: 1417614418
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haddadmarandi MR, Madani SA, Nili H, Ghorbani A. Molecular detection and characterization of beak and feather disease virus in psittacine birds in Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2018; 19:22-26. [PMID: 29805458 PMCID: PMC5960768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), a member of genus circovirus, is a small, non-enveloped, single stranded DNA virus. Although BFDVs are among the most well studied circoviruses, there is little to no information about BFDVs in Iran. The aim of the present study was to detect and identify BFDV molecules from the birds referred to the avian clinic of The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Iran. A total of 55 DNA samples were extracted from birds from nine different species of the order psittaciformes. A robust conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to detect the rep gene of the virus. Ten out of 55 samples, from four different species, were tested positive for BFDVs in PCR (Melopsittacus undulates (4), Psittacula Krameri (3), Psittacus erithacus (2), Platycercus eximius (1)). Molecular identification of the detected BFDVs was performed based on their rep gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Iranian BFDVs from this study were clustered into four genetically distinct clades belonging to different genetic subtypes of BFDVs (L1, N1, T1, and I4). Although the relation between the samples and their related subtypes in the tree are discussed, further studies are needed to elucidate the host specificity and incidence of the BFDVs from different genetic subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Haddadmarandi
- Resident of Avian Disease, Department of Avian Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. A. Madani
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Nili
- Department of Avian Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A. Ghorbani
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|