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The Biology of Ocular Adnexal Marginal Zone Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051264. [PMID: 35267569 PMCID: PMC8908984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the biology of ocular adnexal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) (OAMZL) subtype. The ocular adnexa includes all structures and tissues within the orbit except for the eye bulb. In the region of the ocular adnexa, MALT lymphomas represent the most common subtype of lymphoma, accounting for around 8% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. These lymphomas are often preceded by inflammatory precursor lesions. Either autoantigens or infectious antigens may lead to disease development by functioning as continuous antigenic triggers. This triggering leads to a constitutive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. The role of antigenic stimulation in the pathogenesis of OAMZL is supported by the detection of somatic mutations (partially with further intraclonal diversity) in their rearranged immunoglobulin V genes; hence, their derivation from germinal-center-experienced B cells, by a restricted IGHV gene usage, and the validation of autoreactivity of the antibodies in selected cases. In the established lymphomas, NF-κB activity is further enforced by mutations in various genes regulating NF-κB activity (e.g., TNFAIP3, MYD88), as well as recurrent chromosomal translocations affecting NF-κB pathway components in a subset of cases. Further pathogenetic mechanisms include mutations in genes of the NOTCH pathway, and of epigenetic regulators. While gene expression and sequencing studies are available, the role of differential methylation of lymphoma cells, the role of micro-RNAs, and the contribution of the microenvironment remain largely unexplored.
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Dugge R, Wagener R, Mӧller P, Barth TFE. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis along the progression of gastric marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type. Br J Haematol 2021; 193:369-374. [PMID: 33590882 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Extra-nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is an indolent lymphoma mostly affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The lymphoma initially has small-cell morphology (SC-MZBL) and often arises in the background of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis. In some cases, a clonal malignant progression to large-cell morphology (LC-MZBL) is observed. Here, we studied the DNA methylation profile of 30 gastric MZBLs along their progression. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling, identified 7698 significantly differentially methylated loci during gastric MZBL progression (σ/σmax ≥0·4, q ≤ 0·001). LC-MZBL showed hypermethylation in comparison to SC-MZBL with an enrichment of regions involved in transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, our present data show that the morphological distinction between SC- and LC-MZBL is reflected by characteristic DNA methylation profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Dugge
- Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rabea Wagener
- Ulm University Medical Center, Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Mӧller
- Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Lopetegui‐Lia N, Delasos L, Asad SD, Kumar M, Harrison JS. Primary central nervous system marginal zone B-cell lymphoma arising from the dural meninges: A case report and review of literature. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:491-497. [PMID: 32185043 PMCID: PMC7069868 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) arising from the dural meninges is a rare but indolent disease. This malignancy can present in various ways, hence making it difficult to diagnose. Biopsy results dictate an appropriate treatment plan, which commonly consists of a combination of surgical resection, whole brain radiotherapy and systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Delasos
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Connecticut SystemFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Syed Daniyal Asad
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Connecticut SystemFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Connecticut SystemFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Jonathan S. Harrison
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Connecticut SystemFarmingtonCTUSA
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Tóth DM, Ocskó T, Balog A, Markovics A, Mikecz K, Kovács L, Jolly M, Bukiej AA, Ruthberg AD, Vida A, Block JA, Glant TT, Rauch TA. Amelioration of Autoimmune Arthritis in Mice Treated With the DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor 5'-Azacytidine. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1265-1275. [PMID: 30835944 DOI: 10.1002/art.40877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disease-associated, differentially hypermethylated regions have been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but no DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have been evaluated in either RA or any animal models of RA. The present study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of 5'-azacytidine (5'-azaC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, and explore the cellular and gene regulatory networks involved in the context of autoimmune arthritis. METHODS A disease-associated genome-wide DNA methylation profile was explored by methylated CpG island recovery assay-chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in arthritic B cells. Mice with proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) were treated with 5'-azaC. The effect of 5'-azaC on the pathogenesis of PGIA was explored by measuring serum IgM and IgG1 antibody levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, investigating the efficiency of class-switch recombination (CSR) and Aicda gene expression using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, monitoring germinal center (GC) formation by immunohistochemistry, and determining alterations in B cell subpopulations by flow cytometry. The 5'-azaC-induced regulation of the Aicda gene was explored using RNA interference, ChIP, and luciferase assays. RESULTS We explored arthritis-associated hypermethylated regions in mouse B cells and demonstrated that DNA demethylation had a beneficial effect on autoimmune arthritis. The 5'-azaC-mediated demethylation of the epigenetically inactivated Ahr gene resulted in suppressed expression of the Aicda gene, reduced CSR, and compromised GC formation. Ultimately, this process led to diminished IgG1 antibody production and amelioration of autoimmune arthritis in mice. CONCLUSION DNA hypermethylation plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and its targeted inhibition has therapeutic potential in arthritis management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timea Ocskó
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Attila Balog
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - László Kovács
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - András Vida
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joel A Block
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Tibor A Rauch
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, and University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Marcelis L, Tousseyn T, Sagaert X. MALT Lymphoma as a Model of Chronic Inflammation-Induced Gastric Tumor Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:77-106. [PMID: 31123886 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, or extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of MALT, is an indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma linked with preexisting chronic inflammation. The stomach is the most commonly affected organ and the MALT lymphoma pathogenesis is clearly associated with Helicobacter pylori gastroduodenitis. Inflammation induces the lymphoid infiltrates in extranodal sites, where the lymphoma then subsequently develops. Genetic aberrations arise through the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), H. pylori-induced endonucleases, and other effects. The involvement of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation, a critical regulator of pro-inflammatory responses, further highlights the role of inflammation in gastric MALT lymphoma. The NF-κB pathway regulates key elements of normal lymphocyte function, including the transcription of proliferation-promoting and anti-apoptotic genes. Aberrant constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling can lead to autoimmunity and malignancy. NF-κB pathway activation can happen through both the canonical and non-canonical pathways and can be caused by multiple genetic aberrations such as t(11;18)(q12;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), and t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocations, chronic inflammation and even directly by H. pylori-associated mechanisms. Gastric MALT lymphoma is considered one of the best models of how inflammation initiates genetic events that lead to oncogenesis, determines tumor biology, dictates clinical behavior and leads to viable therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review is to present gastric MALT lymphoma as an outstanding example of the close pathogenetic link between chronic inflammation and tumor development and to describe how this information can be integrated into daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Marcelis
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Lab, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- , O&N IV Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 24, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Lab, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, University Hospitals, Louvain, Belgium
- , O&N IV Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 24, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Lab, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, University Hospitals, Louvain, Belgium.
- , O&N IV Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 24, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
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Abstract
There are three different marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs): the extranodal MZL of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type (MALT lymphoma), the splenic MZL, and the nodal MZL. The three MZLs share common lesions and deregulated pathways but also present specific alterations that can be used for their differential diagnosis. Although trisomies of chromosomes 3 and 18, deletions at 6q23, deregulation of nuclear factor kappa B, and chromatin remodeling genes are frequent events in all of them, the three MZLs differ in the presence of recurrent translocations, mutations affecting the NOTCH pathway, and the transcription factor Kruppel like factor 2 ( KLF2) or the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase delta ( PTPRD). Since a better understanding of the molecular events underlying each subtype may have practical relevance, this review summarizes the most recent and main advances in our understanding of the genetics and biology of MZLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bertoni
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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