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Kessler C, Wootton E, Shafer ABA. Speciation without gene-flow in hybridizing deer. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1117-1132. [PMID: 36516402 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Under the ecological speciation model, divergent selection acts on ecological differences between populations, gradually creating barriers to gene flow and ultimately leading to reproductive isolation. Hybridisation is part of this continuum and can both promote and inhibit the speciation process. Here, we used white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O. hemionus) to investigate patterns of speciation in hybridizing sister species. We quantified genome-wide historical introgression and performed genome scans to look for signatures of four different selection scenarios. Despite ample modern evidence of hybridisation, we found negligible patterns of ancestral introgression and no signatures of divergence with gene flow, rather localized patterns of allopatric and balancing selection were detected across the genome. Genes under balancing selection were related to immunity, MHC and sensory perception of smell, the latter of which is consistent with deer biology. The deficiency of historical gene-flow suggests that white-tailed and mule deer were spatially separated during the glaciation cycles of the Pleistocene and genome wide differentiation accrued via genetic drift. Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities and selection against hybrids are hypothesised to be acting, and diversity correlations to recombination rates suggests these sister species are far along the speciation continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Kessler
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Wootton
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron B A Shafer
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Blank DA. Activity behavior of goitered gazelles in an arid environment. Behav Processes 2023; 204:104804. [PMID: 36565941 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The daily activity pattern in ruminants consists mainly of alternating foraging with bouts of resting, while other behaviors usually play a minor role in the daily activity budgets of ungulates most of the year. Interactions of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors force animals to adopt compromises to form optimal time proportions for foraging and resting to satisfy their daily energy demands. This paper considers the impact of ambient temperature, pasture conditions, body-size, and the effects of lactation and animal growth on the daily activities of goitered gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa). My study found: 1) temperature was the most significant factor leading to the greatest daily hour-to-hour variations in activity, as well as significant monthly changes in activity fluctuations; 2) seasonal improvement of forage conditions did not have a distinctive effect on daily activity; 3) the effect of body size, lactation and fawn growth also did not noticeably change activity fluctuations; but 4) factors related to hiding behavior had a significant impact on goitered gazelle activity. Though goitered gazelles are a sexually dimorphic species, they did not demonstrate any significant deviation between males and females in their daily activities in contrast to typical dimorphic ruminants. The goitered gazelles' hiding behavior may provide a possible explanation for this distinction, as other previously observed dimorphic ungulates were mainly species where fawns followed their mothers from birth. Among other influences, ambient temperature and features of their hiding behavior were the most significant factors influencing diurnal activity of goitered gazelles, while age and sex had a weaker impact on daily behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Blank
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
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Shen L, Gao H, Wu J, Wang G, Liu R, Qi J, Zhang X, Zhang A, Chen L, Zhang Y, Wang C, Qi D, Wang Y, Meng X. Birth-site habitat selection of wild alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in the northeastern qing-tibetan plateau of China. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tan X, Li Y, Sun K, Jin L, Feng J. Mutual mother‐pup acoustic identification in Asian particolored bats. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9554. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Yu Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Keping Sun
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Longru Jin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Avian Ecology and Conservation Genetics Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun China
- College of Life Science Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China
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Wang M, Liu W, Alves da Silva A, Xu W, Yang W, Ruckstuhl KE, Alves J. Low size dimorphism does not lead to reduced sexual segregation: exploring effects of habitat divergence and activity. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Some of the most enduring social connections begin when infants first recognize their caregivers, memories that form the basis of many family relationships. It remains unknown whether these early social memories persist into adulthood in mice and, if so, which brain regions support them. Here we show that mice form memories of their mother within days after birth and that these memories persist into adulthood. Pups display greater interest in the mother than in an unfamiliar dam before weaning, after which this preference reverses. Inhibition of CA2 neurons in the pup temporarily blocks the ability to discriminate between the mother and an unfamiliar dam, whereas doing so in adulthood prevents the formation of short-term memories about conspecifics, as well as social discrimination related to long-term memories of the mother. These results suggest that the CA2 supports memories of the mother during infancy and adulthood with a developmental switch in social preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake J Laham
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Emma J Diethorn
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Blank DA. Female-female aggression in goitered gazelles: the desire for isolation. Behav Processes 2019; 164:186-192. [PMID: 31091464 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to males, which compete with other males for access to mates, females compete with each other for forage-rich sites, birthing grounds, comfortable resting places, and access to sources of water and salt licking locations. This behavior has been observed in many species. However, many agonistic interactions between females occur where resources are not immediately at stake, and the reasons for their rivalry are often unclear. Therefore in this paper, I want to analyze the main causes of female-female aggression in the yearly cycle of goitered gazelles. I found that adult females had conflicts moistly with sub-adult females and less with other adult females; and these behaviors were observed mainly in May, with less in June, and only a few cases displayed during the rest of the year. The months of May-June had the most abundant and highest quality forage of the year, when competition for resources would seem to be least expected. Struggles for resting places occurred throughout the entire year, with only some bias for May that did not represent a primary level of aggression. In reality, the high rate of female-female aggressive interactions was related to the protection of birthing grounds, where mothers isolated themselves to give births, establish a strong selective mother-young bonds, keep their hiding fawns separated from alien offspring (having initial problems with distant visual recognition), and protect them against disturbance from all other females, which can undermine a fawn's hidden status and make it more vulnerable to predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Blank
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
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Blank DA. Vigilance, staring and escape running in antipredator behavior of goitered gazelle. Behav Processes 2018; 157:408-416. [PMID: 30036640 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Predation is a very powerful force that shapes many ungulate traits. It is widely known that increasing vigilance intensity is costly and leads to a decline of forage intake. Consequently, ungulates gather into larger groups to reduce an individual vigilance burden by using the "many eyes" effect and to enhance their survival through the "safety in numbers" effect. Vigilance rate and related aggregation changes are two of the most discussed antipredator responses of ungulates to predation risk, but less considered factors also have a significant impact. To enhance our knowledge on these impact factors, I investigated the antipredator responses (vigilance, staring, and escape running) of goitered gazelles. I found that: a) adult females demonstrated vigilance, staring and escape running significantly more often than adult males, sub-adults and fawns; b) adult gazelles (females and males), having more experience in responding to threats, were more vigilant than young individuals (sub-adults and fawns), having likely more involvement in finding food; c) during the birthing and hiding periods, mothers displayed higher rates of vigilance than in other seasons, while staring and escape running were observed most often at the end of the hiding period, when fawns altering their hiding strategy to following one, started to walk a lot in the absence of mothers, as well; and d) goitered gazelles changed their vigilance rate in response to predation risks before changing group size. The events of the yearly biological cycle (birthing/rearing young for females; rutting for males) also had significant impacts on the antipredator responses (vigilance rate and aggregation) in adult gazelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Blank
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Line Maublanc
- Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, C.S. 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Lucie Daubord
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Lettres, Langues, Sciences Humaines et des Sociétés, Université Paris 13, 99 Avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93439 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Éric Bideau
- Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, C.S. 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Gerard
- Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, C.S. 52627, 31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
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Blank D, Ruckstuhl K, Yang W. Development of juvenile goitered gazelle social behavior during the hiding period. Behav Processes 2017; 144:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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