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Huang S, Liu K, Cheng A, Wang M, Cui M, Huang J, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Wu Y, Yang Q, Zhang S, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Yu Y, Tian B, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yin Z, Jing B, Chen X, Jia R. SOCS Proteins Participate in the Regulation of Innate Immune Response Caused by Viruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:558341. [PMID: 33072096 PMCID: PMC7544739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.558341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The host immune system has multiple innate immune receptors that can identify, distinguish and react to viral infections. In innate immune response, the host recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) in nucleic acids or viral proteins through pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), especially toll-like receptors (TLRs) and induces immune cells or infected cells to produce type I Interferons (IFN-I) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus when the virus invades the host, innate immunity is the earliest immune mechanism. Besides, cytokine-mediated cell communication is necessary for the proper regulation of immune responses. Therefore, the appropriate activation of innate immunity is necessary for the normal life activities of cells. The suppressor of the cytokine signaling proteins (SOCS) family is one of the main regulators of the innate immune response induced by microbial pathogens. They mainly participate in the negative feedback regulation of cytokine signal transduction through Janus kinase signal transducer and transcriptional activator (JAK/STAT) and other signal pathways. Taken together, this paper reviews the SOCS proteins structures and the function of each domain, as well as the latest knowledge of the role of SOCS proteins in innate immune caused by viral infections and the mechanisms by which SOCS proteins assist viruses to escape host innate immunity. Finally, we discuss potential values of these proteins in future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhi Huang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Carter J, Alston CI, Oh J, Duncan LA, Esquibel Nemeno JG, Byfield SN, Dix RD. Mechanisms of AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) generates a significant clinical burden worldwide, particularly among the immune compromised. In approximately 30% of untreated HIV/AIDS patients without access or sufficient response to antiretroviral therapies, for example, HCMV causes a sight-threatening retinitis. To study the mechanisms of AIDS-related HCMV retinitis, our lab has for many years used a mouse model in which a mixture of mouse retroviruses induces murine AIDS after approximately 10 weeks, rendering otherwise resistant mice susceptible to opportunistic pathogens. This immunodeficiency combined with subretinal inoculation of murine cytomegalovirus yields a reproducible model of the human disease, facilitating the discovery of many clinically relevant virologic and immunologic mechanisms of retinal destruction which we summarize in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Carter
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christine I Alston
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jay Oh
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Lauren-Ashley Duncan
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Shauntelle N Byfield
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Richard D Dix
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Alston CI, Dix RD. SOCS and Herpesviruses, With Emphasis on Cytomegalovirus Retinitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:732. [PMID: 31031749 PMCID: PMC6470272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins provide selective negative feedback to prevent pathogeneses caused by overstimulation of the immune system. Of the eight known SOCS proteins, SOCS1 and SOCS3 are the best studied, and systemic deletion of either gene causes early lethality in mice. Many viruses, including herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus, can manipulate expression of these host proteins, with overstimulation of SOCS1 and/or SOCS3 putatively facilitating viral evasion of immune surveillance, and SOCS suppression generally exacerbating immunopathogenesis. This is particularly poignant within the eye, which contains a diverse assortment of specialized cell types working together in a tightly controlled microenvironment of immune privilege. When the immune privilege of the ocular compartment fails, inflammation causing severe immunopathogenesis and permanent, sight-threatening damage may occur, as in the case of AIDS-related human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) retinitis. Herein we review how SOCS1 and SOCS3 impact the virologic, immunologic, and/or pathologic outcomes of herpesvirus infection with particular emphasis on retinitis caused by HCMV or its mouse model experimental counterpart, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). The accumulated data suggests that SOCS1 and/or SOCS3 can differentially affect the severity of viral diseases in a highly cell-type-specific manner, reflecting the diversity and complexity of herpesvirus infection and the ocular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine I Alston
- Department of Biology, Viral Immunology Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Richard D Dix
- Department of Biology, Viral Immunology Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Roles of SMC Complexes During T Lymphocyte Development and Function. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 106:17-42. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Nita-Lazar M, Banerjee A, Feng C, Vasta GR. Galectins regulate the inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells exposed to microbial neuraminidase by modulating the expression of SOCS1 and RIG1. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:194-202. [PMID: 26355912 PMCID: PMC4624043 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Influenza patients frequently display increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infection and sepsis, the prevalent cause of mortality during influenza pandemics. However, the detailed mechanisms by which an influenza infection predisposes patients to suffer pneumococcal pneumonia are not fully understood. A murine model for influenza infection closely reflects the observations in human patients, since if the animals that have recovered from influenza A virus (IAV) sublethal infection are challenged with S. pneumoniae, they undergo a usually fatal uncontrolled cytokine response. We have previously demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo that the expression and secretion of galectin-1 (Gal1) and galectin-3 (Gal3) are modulated during IAV infection, and that the viral neuraminidase unmasks galactosyl moieties in the airway epithelia. In this study we demonstrate in vitro that the binding of secreted Gal1 and Gal3 to the epithelial cell surface modulates the expression of SOCS1 and RIG1, and activation of ERK, AKT or JAK/STAT1 signaling pathways, leading to a disregulated expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that the activity of the viral and pneumococcal neuraminidases on the surface of the airway epithelial cells function as a "danger signal" that leads to rapid upregulation of SOCS1 expression to prevent an uncontrolled inflammatory response. The binding of extracellular Gal1 or Gal3 to the galactosyl moieties unmasked on the surface of airway epithelial cells can either "fine-tune" or severely disregulate this process, respectively, the latter potentially leading to hypercytokinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Nita-Lazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Chiguang Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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Zhang S, Wang D, Wang X, Li S, Li J, Li H, Yan Z. Aqueous extract of Bai-Hu-Tang, a classical Chinese herb formula, prevents excessive immune response and liver injury induced by LPS in rabbits. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:321-7. [PMID: 23827759 PMCID: PMC7127582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bai-Hu-Tang (BHT) was traditionally used to reduce fever heat and promote generation of body fluids. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect and mechanism of BHT in the prevention of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fever in manners of immune modulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The model of fever syndrome of Chinese medicine pattern was imitated by LPS injection i.v. in rabbits, and BHT was gavaged. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6, 10) and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and IgM) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were tested by biochemical methods. Liver tissue damage was detected by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stain. Subpopulation of T cells was detected by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS). Genes expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) in liver tissue were assayed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULT The results demonstrated that BHT prevented sudden increase of IL-10, TNF-α, ALT and AST, and liver damage induced by LPS. BHT also prevented significant decrease of the percentage of CD(8+) T cells since LPS injection. At the same time, BHT did not affect the gene expression of TLR4 and serum concentration of three immunoglobulins, which were increased by LPS, but made gene expression of LBP higher. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated that BHT played an important role in immunity protection and anti-injury through preventing immunoinflammatory damage by LPS. The achievement thereby scientifically provided mechanism of BHT in the prevention of febrile disease, and supported its traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Research Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xurong Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shihong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Research Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Discovery, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Research Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zuoting Yan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Corresponding author at: Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China. Tel.: +86 931 2115261; fax: +86 931 2115191.
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Ranji N, Sadeghizadeh M, Shokrgozar MA, Bakhshandeh B, Karimipour M, Amanzadeh A, Azadmanesh K. MiR-17-92 cluster: an apoptosis inducer or proliferation enhancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:229-38. [PMID: 23681423 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Study of the non-coding RNA roles in the regulation of adaptive immune responses through T cells could be the basis of novel therapeutic applications. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNAs that control the cell's functions and destination. To investigate the role of miRNAs in T cell activation, herein the expressions of miR-17-92 cluster and its paralogs were studied in naïve CD4(+)T cells that were activated by anti-CD2, -CD3, -CD28 microbeads and induced with or without IL-2. Proliferation and apoptosis rate of the cultured cells were determined by BrdU incorporation assay (ELISA) and propidium iodide staining, respectively. In continuation the expressions of eight miRNAs of the mentioned clusters were analyzed quantitatively. In addition their potential targets were predicted using multiple algorithms; as a confirmation, the transcription of PIK3R3 (a putative target of modulated miRNAs) was evaluated. Stimulation index (SI) of activated cells was decreased on day 6; whereas, the IL-2 induced cells showed increase in SI in the assay time. Evaluation of eight members of the aforementioned cluster showed upregulation of miR-92a-2* (~15 times) in IL-2 un-induced (activated) cells relative to the IL-2 induced cells. In silico investigations revealed that the suggested miRNAs targeted genes that were involved in cell proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Transcriptional analysis of PIK3R3 illustrated decrease in activated cells relative to IL-2 induced cells. According to our findings, it seems that multiple members of miR-17-92 families in activated CD4(+)T cells inhibited negative regulators of IL-2 such as DUSP, PTPN, and SOCS families after IL-2 induction. According to our findings, it seems that multiple genes of cell proliferation-related families such as MAPK, E2F, AKT, STAT, and JAK as well as PIK3R3 are inhibited by miR-17-92 cluster in activated cells. As FASL is a putative target of over-expressed miRNAs in activated cell, antigen-induced cell death (AICD) might be occurred in FASL-independent manner. Altogether this study suggested that clonal expansion through IL-2 signaling pathway does not depend on the members of miR-17-92 family; while, it appears that AICD in activated CD4(+)T cells without IL-2 induction is affected by these miRNA clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Ranji
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 1477893855, Tehran, Iran.
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Chueh FY, Yu CL. Engagement of T-cell antigen receptor and CD4/CD8 co-receptors induces prolonged STAT activation through autocrine/paracrine stimulation in human primary T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:242-6. [PMID: 22935418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are key signaling molecules in response to cytokines and in regulating T cell biology. However, there are contradicting reports on whether STAT is involved in T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. To better define the role of STAT in TCR signaling, we activated the CD4/CD8-associated Lck kinase by co-crosslinking TCR and CD4/CD8 co-receptors in human peripheral blood T cells. Sequential STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 activation was observed 1 h after TCR stimulation suggesting that STAT proteins are not the immediate targets in the TCR complex. We further identified interferon-γ as the key cytokine in STAT1 activation upon TCR engagement. In contrast to transient STAT activation in cytokine response, this autocrine/paracrine-induced STAT activation was sustained. It correlated with the absence of two suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins, SOCS3 and cytokine-inducible SH2 containing protein that are negative feedback regulators of STAT signaling. Moreover, enforced expression of SOCS3 inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of zeta-associated protein kinase of 70 kD in TCR-stimulated human Jurkat T cells. This is the first report demonstrating delayed and prolonged STAT activation coordinated with the loss of SOCS expression in human primary T cells after co-crosslinking of TCR and CD4/CD8 co-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yu Chueh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Zhang M, Liu F, Jia H, Zhang Q, Yin L, Liu W, Li H, Yu B, Wu J. Inhibition of microRNA let-7i depresses maturation and functional state of dendritic cells in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation via targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1674-83. [PMID: 21742974 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can initiate immune responses or confer immune tolerance depending on functional status. LPS-induced DC maturation is defined by enhanced surface expression of CD80 and CD86. MicroRNAs are critical for the regulation of DC function and immunity, and the microRNA let-7i was upregulated during LPS-induced DC maturation. Downregulation of let-7i significantly impeded DC maturation as evidenced by reduced CD80 and CD86 expression. DCs stimulated by LPS promoted T cell proliferation in coculture, whereas LPS-stimulated DCs with downregulated let-7i were not effective at stimulating T cell proliferation but promoted expansion of the regulatory T cell (Treg) population. There were two subpopulations of LPS-stimulated DCs with downregulated let-7i, CD86(-) and CD86(+), and it was the CD86(-) DCs that were more effective in inducing T cell hyporesponsiveness and enhancing Treg numbers, indicating that this DC population had tolerogenic properties. Furthermore, Tregs with upregulated IL-10 underscored the tolerogenic effect of CD86(-) DCs. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), a crucial mediator of DC maturation, was confirmed as a let-7i target gene by luciferase construct assay. Suppression or overexpression of let-7i caused reciprocal alterations in SOCS1 protein expression, but had no significant effects on SOCS1 mRNA levels, indicating that let-7i regulated SOCS1 expression by translational suppression. The modulation of SOCS1 protein by let-7i was mainly restricted to CD86(-) DCs. Our study demonstrates that let-7i regulation of SOCS1 is critical for LPS-induced DC maturation and immune function. Dynamic regulation of let-7i may fine-tune immune responses by inducing Ag-specific immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao Zhang
- Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China
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10
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Zhao J, Zhang T, He H, Xie Y. Interleukin-2 inhibits polarization to T helper type 1 cells and prevents mouse acute graft-versus-host disease through up-regulating suppressors of cytokine signalling-3 expression of naive CD4+ T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:479-88. [PMID: 20132230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 1 (Th1)-type polarization plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). The differentiation of T cells into this subtype is dictated by the nature of the donor naive CD4(+) T cell-host antigen presenting cell (APC) interaction. Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) are a family of molecules that act as negative regulators for cytokine signalling, which regulate the negative cytokine signalling pathway through inhibiting the cytokine-induced Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Studies have shown that SOCS proteins are key physiological regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity. These molecules are essential for T cell development and differentiation. SOCS-3 can inhibit polarization to Th1 and contribute to polarization to Th2. In this study, we found that interleukin (IL)-2 pre-incubation of C57BL/6 naive CD4(+) T cells could up-regulate the expression of SOCS-3. Naive CD4(+) T cells constitutively expressed low levels of SOCS-3 mRNA. SOCS-3 mRNA began to rise after 4 h, and reached peak level at 6 h. At 8 h it began to decrease. High expression of SOCS-3 mRNA induced by IL-2 could inhibit the proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells following stimulation with allogeneic antigen. IL-2-induced high SOCS-3 expression in naive CD4(+) T cells could inhibit polarization to Th1 with stimulation of allogeneic antigens. We have demonstrated that IL-2-induced high SOCS-3 expression in naive CD4(+) T cells could reduce the incidence of aGVHD between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) completely mismatched donor and host when high SOCS3 expression of CD4(+)T cells encounter allogeneic antigen in time. These results show that IL-2-induced high SOCS-3 expression can inhibit aGVHD through inhibiting proliferation and polarization to Th1 with the stimulation of allogeneic antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Department of Haematology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Shikama Y, Kuroishi T, Nagai Y, Iwakura Y, Shimauchi H, Takada H, Sugawara S, Endo Y. Muramyldipeptide augments the actions of lipopolysaccharide in mice by stimulating macrophages to produce pro-IL-1β and by down-regulation of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). Innate Immun 2009; 17:3-15. [PMID: 19897531 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909347508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muramyldipeptide (MDP), the minimum essential structure responsible for the immuno-adjuvant activity of peptidoglycan, is recognized by intracellular nuclear-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2). Muramyldipeptide enhances the activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but the mechanism underlying this effect is unclear. Here, we obtained evidence that intravenously injected MDP augments LPS-induced hypothermia in wild-type mice, but not in mice deficient in interleukin (IL)-1α/β and/or tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Muramyldipeptide also: (i) increased pro-IL-1β in tissues, but did not increase IL-1β in serum (since caspase-1 was not activated by MDP); (ii) downregulated the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1; a negative-feedback regulator of LPS-induced signaling); and (iii) augmented the LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-12 p40, and interferon (IFN)-γ. Moreover, by performing in vivo and in vitro experiments, we obtained evidence that macrophages were involved in these effects of MDP. These results suggest that two different mechanisms may underlie the augmenting effect of MDP: namely, stimulation of pro-IL-1β production by, and down-regulation of SOCS1 in, macrophages. We consider that this work may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of mixed bacterial infections, including septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Shikama
- Divisions of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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12
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Palmer DC, Restifo NP. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in T cell differentiation, maturation, and function. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:592-602. [PMID: 19879803 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are key modulators of T cell biology, but their influence can be attenuated by suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), a family of proteins consisting of eight members, SOCS1-7 and CIS. SOCS proteins regulate cytokine signals that control the polarization of CD4(+) T cells into Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory cell lineages, the maturation of CD8(+) T cells from naïve to "stem-cell memory" (Tscm), central memory (Tcm), and effector memory (Tem) states, and the activation of these lymphocytes. Understanding how SOCS family members regulate T cell maturation, differentiation, and function might prove critical in improving adoptive immunotherapy for cancer and therapies aimed at treating autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Palmer
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Croom HA, Izon DJ, Chong MM, Curtis DJ, Roberts AW, Kay TW, Hilton DJ, Alexander WS, Starr R. Perturbed thymopoiesis in vitro in the absence of suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 and 3. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2888-96. [PMID: 18321577 PMCID: PMC4291229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine signals are central to the differentiation of thymocytes and their stepwise progression through defined developmental stages. The intensity and duration of cytokine signals are regulated by the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins. A clear role for SOCS1 during the later stages of thymopoiesis has been established, but little is known about its role during early thymopoiesis, nor the function of its closest relative, SOCS3. Here, we find that both SOCS1 and SOCS3 are expressed during early thymopoiesis, with expression coincident during the double negative (DN)2 and DN3 stages. We examined thymocyte differentiation in vitro by co-culture of SOCS-deficient bone marrow cells with OP9 cells expressing the Notch ligand Delta-like1 (OP9-DL1). Cells lacking SOCS1 were retarded at the DN3:DN4 transition and appeared unable to differentiate into double positive (DP) thymocytes. Cells lacking both SOCS1 and SOCS3 were more severely affected, and displayed an earlier block in T cell differentiation at DN2, the stage at which expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 coincides. This indicates that, in addition to their specific roles, SOCS1 and SOCS3 share overlapping roles during thymopoiesis. This is the first demonstration of functional redundancy within the SOCS family, and has uncovered a vital role for SOCS1 and SOCS3 during two important checkpoints in early T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A. Croom
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
| | - David J. Izon
- Haematology and Leukaemia, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
| | - Mark M. Chong
- Immunology and Diabetes, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
| | - David J. Curtis
- Rotary Bone Marrow Research Laboratories, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Roberts
- Division of Cancer and Haematology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Thomas W.H. Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
| | - Douglas J. Hilton
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Warren S. Alexander
- Division of Cancer and Haematology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Robyn Starr
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
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14
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Brender C, Tannahill GM, Jenkins BJ, Fletcher J, Columbus R, Saris CJM, Ernst M, Nicola NA, Hilton DJ, Alexander WS, Starr R. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 regulates CD8 T-cell proliferation by inhibition of interleukins 6 and 27. Blood 2007; 110:2528-36. [PMID: 17609432 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-041541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins regulate the intensity and duration of cytokine responses. SOCS3 is expressed in peripheral T cells, and recent reports have suggested that overexpression of SOCS3 modulates antigen- and/or costimulation-induced T-cell activation. To study the role of SOCS3 in the regulation of T-cell activation, we used a conditional gene-targeting strategy to generate mice that lack SOCS3 in T/natural killer T cells (Socs3ΔLck/ΔLck mice). SOCS3-deficient CD8 T cells showed greater proliferation than wild-type cells in response to T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation despite normal activation of signaling pathways downstream from TCR or CD28 receptors. Signaling in response to the gp130 cytokines interleukin (IL)–6 and IL-27 was prolonged in Socs3ΔLck/ΔLck T cells, and T cells from gp130Y757F/Y757F mice, in which the SOCS3-binding site on gp130 is ablated, showed a striking similarity to SOCS3-deficient CD8 T cells. Although the proliferative defect of Socs3ΔLck/ΔLck T cells was not rescued in the absence of IL-6, suppression of IL-27 signaling was found to substantially reduce anti-CD3–induced proliferation. We conclude that enhanced responses to TCR ligation by SOCS3-deficient CD8 T cells are not caused by aberrant TCR-signaling pathways but, rather, that increased IL-27 signaling drives unregulated proliferation in the absence of SOCS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Brender
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Le Fevre AC, Boitier E, Marchandeau JP, Sarasin A, Thybaud V. Characterization of DNA reactive and non-DNA reactive anticancer drugs by gene expression profiling. Mutat Res 2007; 619:16-29. [PMID: 17374387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling technology is expected to advance our understanding of genotoxic mechanisms involving direct or indirect interaction with DNA. We exposed human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells to 14 anticancer drugs (vincristine, paclitaxel, etoposide, daunorubicin, camptothecin, amsacrine, cytosine arabinoside, hydroxyurea, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), and bleomycin) for 4-h and examined them immediately or after a 20-h recovery period. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, respectively, were evaluated by cell counting and by in vitro micronucleus assay at 24h. Effects on the cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry at 4 and 24h. Gene expression was profiled at both sampling times by using human Affymetrix U133A GeneChips (22K). Bioanalysis was done with Resolver/Rosetta software and an in-house annotation program. Cell cycle analysis and gene expression profiling allowed us to classify the drugs according to their mechanisms of action. The molecular signature is composed of 28 marker genes mainly involved in signal transduction and cell cycle pathways. Our results suggest that these marker genes could be used as a predictive model to classify genotoxins according to their direct or indirect interaction with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Celine Le Fevre
- sanofi aventis R&D, Drug Safety Evaluation, 13 quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-Sur-Seine Cedex, France
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Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins are inhibitors of cytokine signalling pathways. Studies have shown that SOCS proteins are key physiological regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity. These molecules positively and negatively regulate macrophage and dendritic-cell activation and are essential for T-cell development and differentiation. Evidence is also emerging of the involvement of SOCS proteins in diseases of the immune system. In this Review we bring together data from recent studies on SOCS proteins and their role in immunity, and propose a cohesive model of how cytokine signalling regulates immune-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yoshimura
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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