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Leroy J, Lecointe K, Coulon P, Sendid B, Robert R, Poulain D. Antibodies as Models and Tools to Decipher Candida albicans Pathogenic Development: Review about a Unique Monoclonal Antibody Reacting with Immunomodulatory Adhesins. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:636. [PMID: 37367572 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis, caused mainly by Candida albicans, a natural commensal of the human digestive tract and vagina, is the most common opportunistic fungal infection at the mucosal and systemic levels. Its high morbi-mortality rates have led to considerable research to identify the molecular mechanisms associated with the switch to pathogenic development and to diagnose this process as accurately as possible. Since the 1980s, the advent of monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology has led to significant progress in both interrelated fields. This linear review, intended to be didactic, was prompted by considering how, over several decades, a single mAb designated 5B2 contributed to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis based on β-1,2-linked oligomannoside expression in Candida species. These contributions starting from the structural identification of the minimal epitope as a di-mannoside from the β-1,2 series consisted then in the demonstration that it was shared by a large number of cell wall proteins differently anchored in the cell wall and the discovery of a cell wall glycoplipid shed by the yeast in contact of host cells, the phospholipomannan. Cytological analysis revealed an overall highly complex epitope expression at the cell surface concerning all growth phases and a patchy distribution resulting from the merging of cytoplasmic vesicles to plasmalema and further secretion through cell wall channels. On the host side, the mAb 5B2 led to identification of Galectin-3 as the human receptor dedicated to β-mannosides and signal transduction pathways leading to cytokine secretion directing host immune responses. Clinical applications concerned in vivo imaging of Candida infectious foci, direct examination of clinical samples and detection of circulating serum antigens that complement the Platelia Ag test for an increased sensitivity of diagnosis. Finally, the most interesting character of mAb 5B2 is probably its ability to reveal C. albicans pathogenic behaviour in reacting specifically with vaginal secretions from women infected versus colonized by this species as well as to display higher reactivity with strains isolated in pathogenic circumstances or even linked to an unfavourable prognosis for systemic candidiasis. Together with a detailed referenced description of these studies, the review provides a complementary reading frame by listing the wide range of technologies involving mAb 5B2 over time, evidencing a practical robustness and versatility unique so far in the Candida field. Finally, the basic and clinical perspectives opened up by these studies are briefly discussed with regard to prospects for future applications of mAb 5B2 in current research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Leroy
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- INSERM U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Karine Lecointe
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- INSERM U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pauline Coulon
- CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Boualem Sendid
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- INSERM U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Raymond Robert
- Kalidiv ZA, La Garde Bâtiment 1 B, Allée du 9 Novembre 1989, F-49240 Avrillé, France
| | - Daniel Poulain
- CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- INSERM U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Veloso DFMC, Benedetti NIGM, Ávila RI, Bastos TSA, Silva TC, Silva MRR, Batista AC, Valadares MC, Lima EM. Intravenous delivery of a liposomal formulation of voriconazole improves drug pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and enhances antifungal activity. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1585-1594. [PMID: 30044149 PMCID: PMC6060385 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1492046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Voriconazole (VCZ), a triazole with a large spectrum of action is one of the most recommended antifungal agents as the first line therapy against several clinically important systemic fungal infections, including those by Candida albicans. This antifungal has moderate water solubility and exhibits a nonlinear pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. By entrapping VCZ into liposomes, it is possible to circumvent certain downsides of the currently available product such as a reduction in the rate of its metabolization into an inactive form, avoidance of the toxicity of the sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin (SBECD), vehicle used to increase its solubility. PKs and biodistribution of VCZ modified by encapsulation into liposomes resulted in improved antifungal activity, due to increased specificity and tissue penetration. In this work, liposomal VCZ resulted in AUC0-24/MIC ratio of 53.51 ± 11.12, whereas VFEND® resulted in a 2.5-fold lower AUC0-24/MIC ratio (21.51 ± 2.88), indicating favorable antimicrobial systemic activity. VCZ accumulation in the liver and kidneys was significantly higher when the liposomal form was used. Protection of the drug from biological degradation and reduced rate of metabolism leads to a 30% reduction of AUC of the inactive metabolite voriconazole-N-oxide (VNO) when the liposomal drug was administered. Liposomal VCZ presents an alternative therapeutic platform, leading to a safe and effective treatment against systemic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo F. M. C. Veloso
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology – FamaTec, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Naiara I. G. M. Benedetti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology – FamaTec, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Renato I. Ávila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology – FarmaTec, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Thaísa C. Silva
- Laboratory of Micology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Maria R. R. Silva
- Laboratory of Micology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Aline C. Batista
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Dental School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marize C. Valadares
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology – FarmaTec, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Eliana M. Lima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology – FamaTec, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Ifrim DC, Quintin J, Courjol F, Verschueren I, van Krieken JH, Koentgen F, Fradin C, Gow NAR, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, van de Veerdonk F, Netea MG. The Role of Dectin-2 for Host Defense Against Disseminated Candidiasis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:267-76. [PMID: 27046240 PMCID: PMC4827303 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that Candida albicans is an important human fungal pathogen and Dectin-2 is a major pattern recognition receptor for fungi, our knowledge regarding the role of Dectin-2 for the host defense against disseminated candidiasis is limited. Dectin-2 deficient (Dectin-2−/−) mice were more susceptible to systemic candidiasis, and the susceptibility was mirrored by an elevated fungal load in the kidneys that correlated with the presence of large inflammatory foci. Phagocytosis of Candida by the macrophages lacking the Dectin-2 receptor was moderately decreased, while production of most of the macrophage-derived cytokines from Dectin-2−/− mice with systemic candidiasis was decreased. No striking differences among several Candida mutants defective in mannans could be detected between naïve wild-type and Dectin-2−/− mice, apart from the β-mannan-deficient bmt1Δ/bmt2Δ/bmt5Δ triple mutant, suggesting that β-mannan may partially mask α-mannan detection, which is the major fungal structure recognized by Dectin-2. Deciphering the mechanisms responsible for host defense against the majority of C. albicans strains represents an important step in understanding the pathophysiology of systemic candidiasis, which might lead to the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Ifrim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Quintin
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Flavie Courjol
- 2 Inserm U995 , Lille, France .,3 Université de Lille , Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France
| | - Ineke Verschueren
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Han van Krieken
- 4 Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chantal Fradin
- 2 Inserm U995 , Lille, France .,3 Université de Lille , Faculté de Médecine, Lille, France
| | - Neil A R Gow
- 6 Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van de Veerdonk
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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