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Dehghan Niestanak V, Unsworth LD. Detailing Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Interaction Mechanisms with Human Serum Albumin in the Pursuit of Designing Competitive Binders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087452. [PMID: 37108613 PMCID: PMC10139063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is the gradual progression of kidney dysfunction and involves numerous co-morbidities, one of the leading causes of mortality. One of the primary complications of kidney dysfunction is the accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream, particularly protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), which have a high affinity for plasma proteins. The buildup of PBUTs in the blood reduces the effectiveness of conventional treatments, such as hemodialysis. Moreover, PBUTs can bind to blood plasma proteins, such as human serum albumin, alter their conformational structure, block binding sites for other valuable endogenous or exogenous substances, and exacerbate the co-existing medical conditions associated with kidney disease. The inadequacy of hemodialysis in clearing PBUTs underscores the significance of researching the binding mechanisms of these toxins with blood proteins, with a critical analysis of the methods used to obtain this information. Here, we gathered the available data on the binding of indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, indole 3-acetic acid, hippuric acid, 3-carboxyl-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan propanoic acid, and phenylacetic acid to human serum albumin and reviewed the common techniques used to investigate the thermodynamics and structure of the PBUT-albumin interaction. These findings can be critical in investigating molecules that can displace toxins on HSA and improve their clearance by standard dialysis or designing adsorbents with greater affinity for PBUTs than HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Dehghan Niestanak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada
| | - Larry D Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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2
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Gong X, Zhang F, Li Y, Peng C. Study on the mechanism of acute liver injury protection in Rhubarb anthraquinone by metabolomics based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1141147. [PMID: 36950014 PMCID: PMC10025310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1141147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese medicine, rhubarb has been used in a variety of liver diseases and it is widely used in clinic to prevent and treat acute liver injury. Anthraquinone, as the main medicinal component of rhubarb, can reverse the further development of liver fibrosis caused by acute liver injury. In this study, metabonomics was used to explore the mechanism of different doses of rhubarb anthraquinone on acute liver injury in rats. Rhubarb anthraquinone was administered intragastric to rats at doses of 3.9, 7.8 and 15.6 mg/kg, respectively, for 7 days, and then 30% CCl4 was injected intraperitoneally at the dose of 1 ml/kg to replicate the acute liver injury model. The biochemical indicators content of ALT, AST, ALP, γ-GT, TG, TC, LDL, HDL in serum and GSH, Hyp, SOD, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in liver tissue extract were tested respectively, and liver tissue was histopathologically analysis. At the same time, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with non-targeted metabolomics were used to study the metabolites and metabolic pathways of rhubarb anthraquinone in treating acute liver injury. Compared with normal rats, the contents of ALT, AST, ALP, TG, TC, LDL, γ-GT in serum and Hyp, MDA, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α in the liver tissue extract were significantly increased in model rats (p < 0.05, p < 0.01), and the content of HDL in the serum was significantly decreased (p < 0.05); the activities of GSH and SOD in liver tissue extract were also significantly decreased (p < 0.05). After administration of rhubarb anthraquinone, compared with the model group, with the increase of dosage, some biochemical indexes showed opposite changes, and gradually approached to normal rats. 12 different metabolites were identified by metabonomics, and the biosynthesis and metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, the metabolism of amino sugars, nucleotide sugars and pyrimidines metabolism, and the biosynthesis of steroid hormone were identified based on the biomarker analysis. Based on the biochemical analysis and metabonomics analysis of rats with acute liver injury treated with different doses of rhubarb anthraquinone, combined with histopathological observation, the results show that the protective effect of rhubarb anthraquinone on acute liver injury is related to the dosage; Meanwhile, the metabolic pathway analysis suggested that rhubarb anthraquinone alleviate acute liver injury by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis disorders. This study explained the therapeutic effect of rhubarb anthraquinone on acute liver injury from both material basis and action pathway, and provided safe and effective research ideas for clinical application of rhubarb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunxia Li
- *Correspondence: Yunxia Li, ; Cheng Peng,
| | - Cheng Peng
- *Correspondence: Yunxia Li, ; Cheng Peng,
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3
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Pieniazek A, Kopera M, Gwozdzinski L, Gwozdzinski K. Indoxyl Sulfate Induces Oxidative Changes in Plasma and Hemolysate. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123848. [PMID: 35744968 PMCID: PMC9231308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The deteriorating function of the kidneys in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated, among other things, with the retention of many unnecessary metabolic products in the body. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) belongs to the group of uremic toxins with a high protein binding affinity. Moreover, this compound can generate oxidative stress. We hypothesized that a high concentration of IS might induce oxidative changes in erythrocytes and plasma components, and could therefore contribute to CKD progression. In this study, we evaluated the influence of IS on the oxidative stress parameters in plasma and hemolysate. Moreover, as a result of the action of IS, we observed a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity and a change in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in hemolysate and plasma. The obtained results indicate that IS induces oxidative damage to hemolysate and plasma components. Greater changes in the parameters of oxidative stress were observed in hemolysate than in plasma treated with indoxyl sulfate. The obtained results suggest that the increased concentration of IS in patients with chronic kidney disease may lead to a decrease in the lifespan of erythrocytes in their bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pieniazek
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-6354410
| | - Michal Kopera
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Lukasz Gwozdzinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-753 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Gwozdzinski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.); (K.G.)
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4
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Uremic Toxins and Their Relation with Oxidative Stress Induced in Patients with CKD. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126196. [PMID: 34201270 PMCID: PMC8229520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of toxins is believed to be a major factor in the development of uremia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Uremic toxins have been divided into 3 groups: small substances dissolved in water, medium molecules: peptides and low molecular weight proteins, and protein-bound toxins. One of the earliest known toxins is urea, the concentration of which was considered negligible in CKD patients. However, subsequent studies have shown that it can lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induce insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo, as well as cause carbamylation of proteins, peptides, and amino acids. Other uremic toxins and their participation in the damage caused by oxidative stress to biological material are also presented. Macromolecules and molecules modified as a result of carbamylation, oxidative stress, and their adducts with uremic toxins, may lead to cardiovascular diseases, and increased risk of mortality in patients with CKD.
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5
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Challenges of reducing protein-bound uremic toxin levels in chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease. Transl Res 2021; 229:115-134. [PMID: 32891787 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the worldwide population is currently estimated between 11% and 13%. Adequate renal clearance is compromised in these patients and the accumulation of a large number of uremic retention solutes results in an irreversible worsening of renal function which can lead to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Approximately three million ESRD patients currently receive renal replacement therapies (RRTs), such as hemodialysis, which only partially restore kidney function, as they are only efficient in removing mainly small, unbound solutes from the circulation while leaving larger and protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) untouched. The accumulation of PBUTs in patients highly increases the risk of cardiovascular events and is associated with higher mortality and morbidity in CKD and ESRD. In this review, we address several strategies currently being explored toward reducing PBUT concentrations, including clinical and medical approaches, therapeutic techniques, and recent developments in RRT technology. These include preservation of renal function, limitation of colon derived PBUTs, oral sorbents, adsorbent RRT technology, and use of albumin displacers. Despite the promising results of the different approaches to promote enhanced removal of a small percentage of the more than 30 identified PBUTs, on their own, none of them provide a treatment with the required efficiency, safety and cost-effectiveness to prevent CKD-related complications and decrease mortality and morbidity in ESRD.
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6
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Popowski E, Kohl B, Schneider T, Jankowski J, Schulze-Tanzil G. Uremic Toxins and Ciprofloxacin Affect Human Tenocytes In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124241. [PMID: 32545914 PMCID: PMC7353042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a rare but serious complication of quinolone therapy. Risk factors associated with quinolone-induced tendon disorders include chronic kidney disease accompanied by the accumulation of uremic toxins. Hence, the present study explored the effects of the representative uremic toxins phenylacetic acid (PAA) and quinolinic acid (QA), both alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin (CPX), on human tenocytes in vitro. Tenocytes incubated with uremic toxins +/- CPX were investigated for metabolic activity, vitality, expression of the dominant extracellular tendon matrix (ECM) protein type I collagen, cell-matrix receptor β1-integrin, proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β, and the ECM-degrading enzyme matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1. CPX, when administered at high concentrations (100 mM), suppressed tenocyte metabolism after 8 h exposure and at therapeutic concentrations after 72 h exposure. PAA reduced tenocyte metabolism only after 72 h exposure to very high doses and when combined with CPX. QA, when administered alone, led to scarcely any cytotoxic effect. Combinations of CPX with PAA or QA did not cause greater cytotoxicity than incubation with CPX alone. Gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β was reduced by CPX but up-regulated by PAA and QA. Protein levels of type I collagen decreased in response to high CPX doses, whereas PAA and QA did not affect its synthesis significantly. MMP-1 mRNA levels were increased by CPX. This effect became more pronounced in the form of a synergism following exposure to a combination of CPX and PAA. CPX was more tenotoxic than the uremic toxins PAA and QA, which showed only distinct suppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erman Popowski
- Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (E.P.); (B.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Benjamin Kohl
- Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (E.P.); (B.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (E.P.); (B.K.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, Nuremberg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)911-398-6772
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7
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Mohos V, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Lemli B, Zsidó BZ, Hetényi C, Mladěnka P, Horký P, Pour M, Poór M. Testing the Pharmacokinetic Interactions of 24 Colonic Flavonoid Metabolites with Human Serum Albumin and Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E409. [PMID: 32155912 PMCID: PMC7175153 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are abundant polyphenols in nature. They are extensively biotransformed in enterocytes and hepatocytes, where conjugated (methyl, sulfate, and glucuronide) metabolites are formed. However, bacterial microflora in the human intestines also metabolize flavonoids, resulting in the production of smaller phenolic fragments (e.g., hydroxybenzoic, hydroxyacetic and hydroxycinnamic acids, and hydroxybenzenes). Despite the fact that several colonic metabolites appear in the circulation at high concentrations, we have only limited information regarding their pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic interactions. Therefore, in this in vitro study, we investigated the interactions of 24 microbial flavonoid metabolites with human serum albumin and cytochrome P450 (CYP2C9, 2C19, and 3A4) enzymes. Our results demonstrated that some metabolites (e.g., 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone, pyrogallol, O-desmethylangolensin, and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid) form stable complexes with albumin. However, the compounds tested did not considerably displace Site I and II marker drugs from albumin. All CYP isoforms examined were significantly inhibited by O-desmethylangolensin; nevertheless, only its effect on CYP2C9 seems to be relevant. Furthermore, resorcinol and phloroglucinol showed strong inhibitory effects on CYP3A4. Our results demonstrate that, besides flavonoid aglycones and their conjugated derivatives, some colonic metabolites are also able to interact with proteins involved in the pharmacokinetics of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Mohos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.M.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.)
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.M.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.)
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.)
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Zoltán Zsidó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.Z.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.Z.Z.); (C.H.)
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (P.M.)
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (P.H.)
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Zborovská 2089, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pour
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (P.H.)
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (V.M.); (E.F.-N.)
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.L.)
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8
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A biophysical insight into structural and functional state of human serum albumin in uremia mimic milieu. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:697-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Yi D, Monteiro EB, Chambert S, Soula HA, Daleprane JB, Soulage CO. Determination of the binding properties of p-cresyl glucuronide to human serum albumin. Biochimie 2018; 150:1-7. [PMID: 29705133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
p-Cresyl glucuronide (p-CG) is a by-product of tyrosine metabolism that accumulates in patients with end-stage renal disease. p-CG binding to human serum albumin in physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.40) was studied by ultrafiltration (MWCO 10 kDa) and data were analyzed assuming one binding site. The estimated value of the association constant was 2.77 × 103 M-1 and a maximal stoichiometry of 3.80 mol per mole. At a concentration relevant for end-stage renal patients, p-CG was 23% bound to albumin. Competition experiments, using fluorescent probes, demonstrated that p-CG did not bind to Sudlow's site I or site II. The p-CG did not interfere with the binding of p-cresyl-sulfate or indoxyl sulfate to serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yi
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elisa Bernardes Monteiro
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; Laboratory for Studies of Interactions Between Nutrition and Genetics, LEING, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stéphane Chambert
- INSA Lyon, ICBMS, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, Bât J. Verne, 20 av A. Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Hédi A Soula
- Sorbonne Universités, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Julio B Daleprane
- Laboratory for Studies of Interactions Between Nutrition and Genetics, LEING, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christophe O Soulage
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INRA U1397, INSA de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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10
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Vanholder R, Pletinck A, Schepers E, Glorieux G. Biochemical and Clinical Impact of Organic Uremic Retention Solutes: A Comprehensive Update. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10010033. [PMID: 29316724 PMCID: PMC5793120 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, the biological/biochemical impact (toxicity) of a large array of known individual uremic retention solutes and groups of solutes is summarized. We classified these compounds along their physico-chemical characteristics as small water-soluble compounds or groups, protein bound compounds and middle molecules. All but one solute (glomerulopressin) affected at least one mechanism with the potential to contribute to the uremic syndrome. In general, several mechanisms were influenced for each individual solute or group of solutes, with some impacting up to 7 different biological systems of the 11 considered. The inflammatory, cardio-vascular and fibrogenic systems were those most frequently affected and they are one by one major actors in the high morbidity and mortality of CKD but also the mechanisms that have most frequently been studied. A scoring system was built with the intention to classify the reviewed compounds according to the experimental evidence of their toxicity (number of systems affected) and overall experimental and clinical evidence. Among the highest globally scoring solutes were 3 small water-soluble compounds [asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA); trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO); uric acid], 6 protein bound compounds or groups of protein bound compounds [advanced glycation end products (AGEs); p-cresyl sulfate; indoxyl sulfate; indole acetic acid; the kynurenines; phenyl acetic acid;] and 3 middle molecules [β2-microglobulin; ghrelin; parathyroid hormone). In general, more experimental data were provided for the protein bound molecules but for almost half of them clinical evidence was missing in spite of robust experimental data. The picture emanating is one of a complex disorder, where multiple factors contribute to a multisystem complication profile, so that it seems of not much use to pursue a decrease of concentration of a single compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Vanholder
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen Pletinck
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eva Schepers
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Griet Glorieux
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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11
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Florens N, Yi D, Juillard L, Soulage CO. Using binding competitors of albumin to promote the removal of protein-bound uremic toxins in hemodialysis: Hope or pipe dream? Biochimie 2017; 144:1-8. [PMID: 28987629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is associated with the accumulation of a large range of uremic retention solutes as referred to as uremic toxins. Some of these compounds belong to the group of Protein Bound Uremic Toxins (PBUT) due to their tight interactions with plasma proteins and especially serum albumin. These PBUT therefore exist in the bloodstream into two forms: a major bound (and non-diffusible) fraction and a minor free fraction. As a result, these compounds are poorly removed by most of the renal replacement therapies (such as hemodialysis) and their concentration can hardly be decreased in end-stage renal disease patients. An increase of the free fraction of PBUT could be achieved using chemical displacers that could compete with PBUT for binding to serum albumin. This review summarizes and discusses the interest of chemicals displacers as a valuable option to enhance PBUT removal in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nans Florens
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1397, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, F-69003, France.
| | - Dan Yi
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1397, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Juillard
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1397, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Department of Nephrology, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, F-69003, France
| | - Christophe O Soulage
- Univ. Lyon, CarMeN, INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, INRA U1397, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Men L, Pi Z, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Wei M, Song F, Liu Z. Metabolomics insights into diabetes nephropathy and protective effects of Radix Scutellariae on rats using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS based metabolomics combined with multivariate statistical analysis for evaluating protective effects ofRadix Scutellariaeon DN rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Men
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Mengying Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
| | - Fengrui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- China
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