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When material science meets microbial ecology: Bacterial community selection on stainless steels in natural seawater. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 221:112955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kalajahi ST, Mofradnia SR, Yazdian F, Rasekh B, Neshati J, Taghavi L, Pourmadadi M, Haghirosadat BF. Inhibition performances of graphene oxide/silver nanostructure for the microbial corrosion: molecular dynamic simulation study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49884-49897. [PMID: 35220537 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Steel is one of the mainly used materials in the oil and gas industry. However, it is susceptible to the marine corrosion, which 20% of the total marine corrosion is caused by microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). The economic and environmental impacts of corrosion are significant, and it is crucial to fight against corrosion in a proper sustainability context and environmental-friendly methods. In this study, the graphene oxide/silver nanostructure (GO-Ag) inhibitory effect on the corrosion of steel in the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) was investigated, via weight loss (WL) and Tafel polarization measurements. Moreover, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed to obtain a deep understanding of the corrosion inhibition effect of GO-Ag. GO-Ag showed a significant antibacterial effect at 80 ppm. Moreover, WL and Tafel polarization measurements illustrated a great inhibition efficiency, which reached up to 84% reduction of WL and 98% reduction of corrosion current density (Icorr) after 7 days of incubation with GO-Ag. Based on MD simulations, bonding energy reached to the larger value in the presence of GO-Ag, which indicated the ability of graphene oxide nanosheets to be adsorbed on the steel surface and prevent the access of corrosive agents to the steel surface. The radial distribution function (RDF) results implied distance between corrosive agent (water and SRB) and steel surface (Fe atoms), which indicated protection of the steel surface due to the effective adsorption of GO nanosheets through the active sites of the steel surface. The mean square displacement (MSD) result showed smaller displacement of the corrosive particles on the surface of steel, resulting that the GO-Ag molecules bonded with Fe molecules on the surface of steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Taghavi Kalajahi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Yazdian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Science and Technologies, University of Tehran, North Kargar Street, 1439957131, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behnam Rasekh
- Environment and Biotechnology Division, West Blvd. of Azadi Sport Complex, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14665-137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaber Neshati
- Energy and Environment Research Center, West Blvd. of Azadi Sport Complex, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), P.O. Box 14665-137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lobat Taghavi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrab Pourmadadi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bibi Fatemeh Haghirosadat
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Rajala P, Nuppunen-Puputti M, Wheat CG, Carpen L. Fluctuation in deep groundwater chemistry and microbial community and their impact on corrosion of stainless-steels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153965. [PMID: 35182643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Low and intermediate level radioactive waste produced during the operation and decommissioning of nuclear power plants is disposed of in an underground geological repository. The majority of metallic waste is made of various stainless-steels and carbon steel. Microbial communities and groundwater composition in deep bedrock at repository sites were believed to stay stable over time, allowing the prediction of evolution of the repository environment. However, a two-year survey of chemical components and microbial community composition within deep bedrock revealed changes in both. An in situ corrosion monitoring system was developed to monitor real-time corrosion rates of two stainless-steel grades (AISI 304 and 316) to study the evolution of corrosion, and correlation between environmental changes and corrosion rate. Surprisingly, higher corrosion rates of steel coupons were detected in the higher alloyed stainless-steel grade 316 compared to the lower alloyed grade 304. Pitting was the main corrosion form. Sulphate reducing bacteria and methanogenic archaea were enriched on surfaces of both types of steel coupons. These microbes likely have a role in the corrosion of stainless-steel in this environment. The changes in groundwater conditions and microbial communities within deep bedrock groundwater at this repository site may have implications for the nuclide release and transport of radioactive material and the long-term evolution and safety of this repository and continental repositories in general and thus needs to be thoroughly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Rajala
- Materials in Extreme Environments, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Maija Nuppunen-Puputti
- Metals and Materials Recovery, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Finland
| | - C Geoffrey Wheat
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 475, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Leena Carpen
- Materials in Extreme Environments, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Finland
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Rajala P, Cheng DQ, Rice SA, Lauro FM. Sulfate-dependant microbially induced corrosion of mild steel in the deep sea: a 10-year microbiome study. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:4. [PMID: 35027090 PMCID: PMC8756651 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal corrosion in seawater has been extensively studied in surface and shallow waters. However, infrastructure is increasingly being installed in deep-sea environments, where extremes of temperature, salinity, and high hydrostatic pressure increase the costs and logistical challenges associated with monitoring corrosion. Moreover, there is currently only a rudimentary understanding of the role of microbially induced corrosion, which has rarely been studied in the deep-sea. We report here an integrative study of the biofilms growing on the surface of corroding mooring chain links that had been deployed for 10 years at ~2 km depth and developed a model of microbially induced corrosion based on flux-balance analysis. METHODS We used optical emission spectrometry to analyze the chemical composition of the mooring chain and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry coupled with scanning electron microscopy to identify corrosion products and ultrastructural features. The taxonomic structure of the microbiome was determined using shotgun metagenomics and was confirmed by 16S amplicon analysis and quantitative PCR of the dsrB gene. The functional capacity was further analyzed by generating binned, genomic assemblies and performing flux-balance analysis on the metabolism of the dominant taxa. RESULTS The surface of the chain links showed intensive and localized corrosion with structural features typical of microbially induced corrosion. The microbiome on the links differed considerably from that of the surrounding sediment, suggesting selection for specific metal-corroding biofilms dominated by sulfur-cycling bacteria. The core metabolism of the microbiome was reconstructed to generate a mechanistic model that combines biotic and abiotic corrosion. Based on this metabolic model, we propose that sulfate reduction and sulfur disproportionation might play key roles in deep-sea corrosion. CONCLUSIONS The corrosion rate observed was higher than what could be expected from abiotic corrosion mechanisms under these environmental conditions. High corrosion rate and the form of corrosion (deep pitting) suggest that the corrosion of the chain links was driven by both abiotic and biotic processes. We posit that the corrosion is driven by deep-sea sulfur-cycling microorganisms which may gain energy by accelerating the reaction between metallic iron and elemental sulfur. The results of this field study provide important new insights on the ecophysiology of the corrosion process in the deep sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Rajala
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering/Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Materials in Extreme Environments, Kemistintie 3, 02044-VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Dong-Qiang Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering/Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
| | - Scott A. Rice
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering/Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
- The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
- ithree Institute, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Federico M. Lauro
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering/Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore, 637551 Singapore
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
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Tran TTT, Kannoorpatti K, Padovan A, Thennadil S. A study of bacteria adhesion and microbial corrosion on different stainless steels in environment containing Desulfovibrio vulgaris. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201577. [PMID: 33614090 PMCID: PMC7890485 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stainless steel is an important material used in many applications due to its mechanical strength and corrosion-resistant properties. The high corrosion resistance of stainless steel is provided by the passive film. Different stainless steels have different alloy elements and surface properties which could have a significant influence on bacterial attachment to the surface and thus might result in different microbial corrosion behaviours. In this study, the effect of adhesion of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) on corrosion behaviour in artificial seawater on different stainless steels was investigated. Stainless steel materials used were SS 410, SS 420, SS 316 and DSS 2205 and pure chromium. The contact angle was measured to study the effect of surface properties of materials. Adhesion was measured by counting cells attached to the surface of materials. The corrosion behaviour of the materials was measured by electrochemical testing including measuring open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic behaviour. The long-term corrosion behaviour of each material was studied after six months of exposure by measuring weight loss and surface analysis with scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Hydrophobicity had a strong effect on bacterial attachment. Alloying elements e.g. nickel also had shown its ability to attract bacteria to adhere on the surface. However, the corrosion rate of different materials is determined not only by bacterial attachment but also by the stability of the passive film which is determined by the alloying elements, such as Mo and Cr. Chromium showed high resistance to corrosion, possibly due to toxicity on bacterial attachment. The nature of bacterial attachment and corrosion behaviour of the materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. T. T. Tran
- Energy and Resources Institute, College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia
| | - K. Kannoorpatti
- Energy and Resources Institute, College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia
| | - A. Padovan
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia
| | - S. Thennadil
- Energy and Resources Institute, College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia
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Achinas S, Yska SK, Charalampogiannis N, Krooneman J, Euverink GJW. A Technological Understanding of Biofilm Detection Techniques: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3147. [PMID: 32679710 PMCID: PMC7412299 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling is a persistent problem in almost any water-based application in several industries. To eradicate biofouling-related problems in bioreactors, the detection of biofilms is necessary. The current literature does not provide clear supportive information on selecting biofilm detection techniques that can be applied to detect biofouling within bioreactors. Therefore, this research aims to review all available biofilm detection techniques and analyze their characteristic properties to provide a comparative assessment that researchers can use to find a suitable biofilm detection technique to investigate their biofilms. In addition, it discusses the confluence of common bioreactor fabrication materials in biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Achinas
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.K.Y.); (J.K.); (G.J.W.E.)
| | - Stijn Keimpe Yska
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.K.Y.); (J.K.); (G.J.W.E.)
| | | | - Janneke Krooneman
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.K.Y.); (J.K.); (G.J.W.E.)
| | - Gerrit Jan Willem Euverink
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (S.K.Y.); (J.K.); (G.J.W.E.)
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Ogawa A, Takakura K, Hirai N, Kanematsu H, Kuroda D, Kougo T, Sano K, Terada S. Biofilm Formation Plays a Crucial Rule in the Initial Step of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Air and Water Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E923. [PMID: 32092999 PMCID: PMC7079648 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the relationship between the effect of a zinc coating on protecting carbon steel against biofilm formation in both air and water environments. SS400 carbon steel coupons were covered with a zinc thermal spray coating or copper thermal spray coating. Coated coupons were exposed to either air or water conditions. Following exposure, the surface conditions of each coupon were observed using optical microscopy, and quantitatively analyzed using an x-ray fluorescence analyzer. Debris on the surface of the coupons was used for biofilm analysis including crystal violet staining for quantification, Raman spectroscopic analysis for qualification, and microbiome analysis. The results showed that the zinc thermal spray coating significantly inhibited iron corrosion as well as biofilm formation in both air and water environments. The copper thermal spray coating, however, accelerated iron corrosion in both air and water environments, but accelerated biofilm formation only in a water environment. microbially-influenced-corrosion-related bacteria were barely detected on any coupons, whereas biofilms were detected on all coupons. To summarize these results, electrochemical corrosion is dominant in an air environment and microbially influenced corrosion is strongly involved in water corrosion. Additionally, biofilm formation plays a crucial rule in carbon steel corrosion in both air and water, even though microbially-influenced-corrosion-related bacteria are barely involved in this corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (K.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Keito Takakura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (K.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Nobumitsu Hirai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (K.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Hideyuki Kanematsu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (H.K.); (D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (H.K.); (D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Takeshi Kougo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (H.K.); (D.K.); (T.K.)
| | | | - Satoshi Terada
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
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Ogawa A, Takakura K, Sano K, Kanematsu H, Yamano T, Saishin T, Terada S. Microbiome Analysis of Biofilms of Silver Nanoparticle-Dispersed Silane-Based Coated Carbon Steel Using a Next-Generation Sequencing Technique. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7040091. [PMID: 30360360 PMCID: PMC6315966 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that silver nanoparticle-dispersed silane-based coating could inhibit biofilm formation in conditions where seawater was used as a bacterial source and circulated in a closed laboratory biofilm reactor. However, it is still unclear whether the microbiome of a biofilm of silver nanoparticle-dispersed silane-based coating samples (Ag) differs from that of a biofilm of non-dispersed silane-based coating samples (Non-Ag). This study aimed to perform a microbiome analysis of the biofilms grown on the aforementioned coatings using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique. For this, a biofilm formation test was conducted by allowing seawater to flow through a closed laboratory biofilm reactor; subsequently, DNAs extracted from the biofilms of Ag and Non-Ag were used to prepare 16S rRNA amplicon libraries to analyze the microbiomes by NGS. Results of the operational taxonomy unit indicated that the biofilms of Non-Ag and Ag comprised one and no phyla of archaea, respectively, whereas Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum for both biofilms. Additionally, in both biofilms, Non-Ag and Ag, Marinomonas was the primary bacterial group involved in early stage biofilm formation, whereas Anaerospora was primarily involved in late-stage biofilm formation. These results indicate that silver nanoparticles will be unrelated to the bacterial composition of biofilms on the surface of silane-based coatings, while they control biofilm formation there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan.
| | - Keito Takakura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan.
| | | | - Hideyuki Kanematsu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Yamano
- Department of Marine Technology, National Institute of Technology, Toba College, Toba 517-8501, Japan.
| | - Toshikazu Saishin
- Department of Marine Technology, National Institute of Technology, Toba College, Toba 517-8501, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Terada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
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Benedetti A, Gambaro S, Valenza F, Faimali M, Colli M, Hostaša J, Delucchi M. Ag and AgCu as brazing materials for Ti6Al4V-Y3Al5O12 joints: Does ennoblement affect the galvanic behaviour in seawater? Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xin J, Tang F, Yan J, La C, Zheng X, Liu W. Investigating the efficiency of microscale zero valent iron-based in situ reactive zone (mZVI-IRZ) for TCE removal in fresh and saline groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:638-649. [PMID: 29898552 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, long-term column experiments were conducted in three media (Milli-Q water, fresh groundwater and saline groundwater) to evaluate the trichloroethylene (TCE) removal performance, electron efficiency (EE), and permeability loss of a microscale zero valent iron-based in situ reactive zone (mZVI-IRZ) under different field conditions. A potential scenario of in situ contamination plume remediation was simulated by adding a TCE-containing influent to columns filled with mixed mZVI particles and silica sand at a flow rate of 4 mL h-1 for 6 months. Results showed that, over the course of 100 pore volumes (PV) for 6 months, mZVI displayed the lowest TCE breakthrough rate (0.0026 PV-1) and highest TCE removal capacity (43.72 mg) but the poorest EE value (25-40%) in saline groundwater. Mineral characterization (SEM, XRD), ion concentration analysis, and geochemical modeling corroborated that different dominant solid precipitates (magnetite, siderite, dolomite/magnetite) were identified inside the three columns. The column containing saline groundwater experienced the greatest porosity loss, approximately 30.23 mL over the course of 100 PVs. This study illustrates that, to improve designs of mZVI-IRZs, EE as well as hydraulic conductivity should be taken into consideration for predictive evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Fenglin Tang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Yan
- North China Sea Maritime Engineering Prospecting Institute of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Chenghong La
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xilai Zheng
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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