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Guo W, Chen Z, Wu Q, Tan L, Ren X, Fu C, Cao F, Gu D, Meng X. Prepared MW-Immunosensitizers Precisely Release NO to Downregulate HIF-1α Expression and Enhance Immunogenic Cell Death. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308055. [PMID: 38037766 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Microwave thermotherapy (MWTT) has limited its application in the clinic due to its high rate of metastasis and recurrence after treatment. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule that can address the high metastasis and recurrence rates after MWTT by increasing thermal sensitivity, down-regulating the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), and inducing the immunogenic cell death (ICD). Therefore, GaMOF-Arg is designed, a gallium-based organic skeleton material derivative loaded with L-arginine (L-Arg), and coupled the mitochondria-targeting drug of triphenylphosphine (TPP) on its surface to obtain GaMOF-Arg-TPP (GAT) MW-immunosensitizers. When GAT MW-immunosensitizers are introduced into mice through the tail vein, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated and L-Arg is released under MW action. Then, L-Arg reacts with ROS to generate NO, which not only downregulates HIF-1 expression to improve tumor hypoxia exacerbated by MW, but also enhances immune responses by augment calreticulin (CRT) exposure, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release, and T-cell proliferation to achieve prevention of tumor metastasis and recurrence. In addition, NO can induce mitochondria damage to increase their sensitivity to MWTT. This study provides a unique insight into the use of metal-organic framework MW-immunosensitizers to enhance tumor therapy and offers a new way to treat cancer efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zengzhen Chen
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Tan
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiangling Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Feng Cao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases & 2nd Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Deen Gu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Wang Q, Zhu X, Meng X, Zhong H. Lenvatinib delivery using a Gd/Fe bimetallic MOF: Enhancing antitumor immunity following microwave-based thermal therapy. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:382-394. [PMID: 37797707 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) thermal therapy has been developed as an effective clinical strategy that can achieve pronounced antitumor activity and also has the potential to trigger antitumor immunity. However, patients generally face high rates of tumor recurrence following MW treatment, limiting the long-term benefits of such treatment. The combination of MW treatment and immunomodulatory strategies may represent a promising means of reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in a manner conducive to lower recurrence rates. In this study, a Lenvatinib-loaded Gd/Fe metal-organic framework (Gd/FeMOF) was designed as a promising approach to enhancing such antitumor immunity. MW-enhanced dynamic Gd/FeMOF sensitization can facilitate high levels of reactive oxygen species production under MW irradiation, resulting in stronger immunogenic tumor cell death. In parallel, the Lenvatinib released from Gd/FeMOF preparations can serve as an immune adjuvant that suppresses programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and drives the reprogramming of the immunosuppressive TME. The Gd and Fe present within this MOF preparation also imbue it with magnetic resonance imaging capabilities. Importantly, in vivo animal model experiments confirmed the ability of GdFeMOF treatment to significantly enhance antitumor immunity while protecting against recurrence. Accordingly, this study offers a foundation for promising strategies aimed at the integrated diagnosis and durable treatment of cancer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: High rates of tumor recurrence following MW thermal therapy limit the long-term benefits of such treatment. We found that the administration of Lenvatinib-loaded Gd/FeMOF nanoparticles significantly reduced tumor recurrence after MW thermal therapy. Under MW irradiation, the Gd/FeMOF nanoparticles were found to augment the immune response due to facilitation of the process of immunogenic cell death. In addition, the released Lenvatinib could act as an immune adjuvant to downregulate the expression of PD-L1 and reprogram the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment, thus further enhancing the immune response. This is significant because MW-induced immune responses are relatively weak and usually fail to effectively prevent tumor recurrence. The combination of MW treatment with an immunomodulatory strategy may solve this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozheng Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Zhu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.29 East Road Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongshan Zhong
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Nie D, Ling Y, Lv W, Liu Q, Deng S, Shi J, Yang J, Yang Y, Ouyang S, Huang Y, Wang Y, Huang R, Shi W. In Situ Attached Photothermal Immunomodulation-Enhanced Nanozyme for the Inhibition of Postoperative Malignant Glioma Recurrence. ACS NANO 2023; 17:13885-13902. [PMID: 37399132 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most challenging malignant brain tumors to treat. Herein, we describe a nanoenzyme hemostatic matrix strategy with the tumor cavity in situ application that simultaneously serves as photothermal agent and induces immunogenic cell death after GBM surgical resection to enhance the antitumor immunity and delay tumor recurrence. The hemostatic matrix system (Surgiflo@PCN) contains Surgiflo, a multispace structure that can be used to penetrate different shapes of tumor cavities to prevent postoperative tumor cavity hemorrhage. As well, porous palladium-copper nanoclusters (PCNs) have adjustable enzyme-like activities (oxidase, peroxidase, and catalase) responsible for formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under near-infrared (808 nm) laser irradiation. When the Surgiflo@PCN entered the resected tumor cavity, the first action was the direct killing of glioma cells via ROS and photothermal therapy (PTT). The second action was the induction of immunogenic cell death by PCN-enhanced oxidative stress and PTT, which reversed the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhanced the antitumor immune response. This eradicated residual glioma cells and prevented recurrence. The collective findings demonstrate that Surgiflo@PCN kills glioma cells directly through ROS and PTT and enhances antiglioma immunity and kills glioma cells indirectly. The "one-stone, two-birds" strategy could become an effective photothermal immunotherapy in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekang Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, The First people's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng 224001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuejuan Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wenxin Lv
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Song Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jinlong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Siguang Ouyang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Strekalova AA, Shesterkina AA, Kustov AL, Kustov LM. Recent Studies on the Application of Microwave-Assisted Method for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts and Catalytic Hydrogenation Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098272. [PMID: 37175978 PMCID: PMC10178948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, microwave radiation is widely used in various chemical processes in order to intensify them and carry out processes within the framework of "green" chemistry approaches. In the last 10 years, there has been a significant increase in the number of scientific publications on the application of microwaves in catalytic reactions and synthesis of nanomaterials. It is known that heterogeneous catalysts obtained under microwave activation conditions have many advantages, such as improved catalytic characteristics and stability, and the synthesis of nanomaterials is accelerated several times compared to traditional methods used to produce catalysts. The present review article is to summarize the results of modern research on the use of microwave radiation for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalytic nanomaterials and discusses the prospects for research in the field of microwave-induced liquid-phase heterogeneous catalysis in hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Strekalova
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry and Ecology, Institute of Ecotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Development and Research of Polyfunctional Catalysts, Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya A Shesterkina
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry and Ecology, Institute of Ecotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L Kustov
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry and Ecology, Institute of Ecotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid M Kustov
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry and Ecology, Institute of Ecotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Development and Research of Polyfunctional Catalysts, Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Zhu H, Deng J, Yuan M, Rong X, Xiang X, Du F, Luo X, Cheng C, Qiu L. Semiconducting Titanate Supported Ruthenium Clusterzymes for Ultrasound-Amplified Biocatalytic Tumor Nanotherapies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206911. [PMID: 36765452 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The external-stimulation-induced reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) generation has attracted increasing attention in therapeutics for malignant tumors. However, engineering a nanoplatform that integrates with efficient biocatalytic ROS generation, ultrasound-amplified ROS production, and simultaneous relief of tumor hypoxia is still a great challenge. Here, we create new semiconducting titanate-supported Ru clusterzymes (RuNC/BTO) for ultrasound-amplified biocatalytic tumor nanotherapies. The morphology and chemical/electronic structure analysis prove that the biocatalyst consists of Ru nanoclusters that are tightly stabilized by Ru-O coordination on BaTiO3 . The peroxidase (POD)- and halogenperoxidase-like biocatalysis reveals that the RuNC/BTO can produce abundant •O2 - radicals. Notably, the RuNC/BTO exhibits the highest turnover number (63.29 × 10-3 s-1 ) among the state-of-the-art POD-mimics. Moreover, the catalase-like activity of the RuNC/BTO facilitates the decomposition of H2 O2 to produce O2 for relieving the hypoxia of the tumor and amplifying the ROS level via ultrasound irradiation. Finally, the systematic cellular and animal experiments have validated that the multi-modal strategy presents superior tumor cell-killing effects and suppression abilities. We believe that this work will offer an effective clusterzyme that can adapt to the tumor microenvironment-specific catalytic therapy and also provide a new pathway for engineering high-performance ROS production materials across broad therapeutics and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiuhong Deng
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Minjia Yuan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiao Rong
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xi Xiang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fangxue Du
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xianglin Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Qin Q, Yang M, Shi Y, Cui H, Pan C, Ren W, Wu A, Hu J. Mn-doped Ti-based MOFs for magnetic resonance imaging-guided synergistic microwave thermal and microwave dynamic therapy of liver cancer. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:72-81. [PMID: 37006824 PMCID: PMC10063380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, precise ablation of tumors without damaging the surrounding normal tissue is still an urgent problem for clinical microwave therapy of liver cancer. Herein, we synthesized Mn-doped Ti MOFs (Mn–Ti MOFs) nanosheets by in-situ doping method and applied them for microwave therapy. Infrared thermal imaging results indicate Mn–Ti MOFs can rapidly increase the temperature of normal saline, attributing to the porous structure improving microwave-induced ion collision frequency. Moreover, Mn–Ti MOFs show higher 1O2 output than Ti MOFs under 2 W of low-power microwave irradiation due to the narrower band-gap after Mn doping. At the same time, Mn endows the MOFs with a desirable T1 contrast of magnetic resonance imaging (r2/r1 = 2.315). Further, results on HepG2 tumor-bearing mice prove that microwave-triggered Mn–Ti MOFs nearly eradicate the tumors after 14 days of treatment. Our study offers a promising sensitizer for synergistic microwave thermal and microwave dynamic therapy of liver cancer. Mn-doped Ti-MOFs nanosheets (Mn–Ti MOFs) were synthesized as novel microwave sensitizers. Mn–Ti MOFs can significantly generate heat and produce ROS under low-power microwave irradiation. The combination of microwave thermal therapy and microwave dynamic therapy can effectively inhibit the growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. The microwave sensitizers have potential application in MRI-guided microwave therapy for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
| | - Yu Shi
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
| | - Haijing Cui
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
| | - Chunshu Pan
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516000, PR China
- Corresponding author. Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516000, PR China
- Corresponding author. Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516000, PR China.
| | - Jianqing Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, PR China
- Corresponding author. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, PR China.
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Ding Y, Pan Q, Gao W, Pu Y, Luo K, He B. Reactive oxygen species-upregulating nanomedicines towards enhanced cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1182-1214. [PMID: 36606593 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01833k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in physiological and pathological processes, emerging as a therapeutic target in cancer. Owing to the high concentration of ROS in solid tumor tissues, ROS-based treatments, such as photodynamic therapy and chemodynamic therapy, and ROS-responsive drug delivery systems have been widely explored to powerfully and specifically suppress tumors. However, their anticancer efficacy is still hampered by the heterogeneous ROS levels, and thus comprehensively upregulating the ROS levels in tumor tissues can ensure an enhanced therapeutic effect, which can further sensitize and/or synergize with other therapies to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Herein, we review the recently emerging drug delivery strategies and technologies for increasing the H2O2, ˙OH, 1O2, and ˙O2- concentrations in cancer cells, including the efficient delivery of natural enzymes, nanozymes, small molecular biological molecules, and nanoscale Fenton-reagents and semiconductors and neutralization of intracellular antioxidant substances and localized input of mechanical and electromagnetic waves (such as ultrasound, near infrared light, microwaves, and X-rays). The applications of these ROS-upregulating nanosystems in enhancing and synergizing cancer therapies including chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, phototherapy, and immunotherapy are surveyed. In addition, we discuss the challenges of ROS-upregulating systems and the prospects for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qingqing Pan
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wenxia Gao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yuji Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Zeng Z, Fu C, Sun X, Niu M, Ren X, Tan L, Wu Q, Huang Z, Meng X. Reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment with reduced redox level by microwave-chemo-immunostimulant Ce-Mn MOF for improved immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:512. [PMID: 36463157 PMCID: PMC9719648 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in the tumor is widely deemed to be an effective strategy to improve immune therapy. In particular, the redox balance in TME needs to be well controlled due to its critical role in mediating the functions of various cells, including cancer cells and immune-suppressive cells. RESULTS Here, we propose an efficient strategy to reshape the redox homeostasis to reverse immunosuppressive TME. Specifically, we developed a microwave-chemo-immunostimulant CMMCP to promote the infiltration of the tumor-T cells by simultaneously reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) and improving the oxygen (O2) levels in TME. The CMMCP was designed by loading chemotherapy drugs cisplatin into the bimetallic Ce-Mn MOF nanoparticles coated with polydopamine. The Ce-Mn MOF nanoparticles can effectively improve the catalytic decomposition of ROS into O2 under microwave irradiation, resulting in overcoming hypoxia and limited ROS generation. Besides, the activity of intracellular GSH in TME was reduced by the redox reaction with Ce-Mn MOF nanoparticles. The reprogrammed TME not only boosts the immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by cisplatin and microwave hyperthermia but also gives rise to the polarization of pro-tumor M2-type macrophages to the anti-tumor M1-type ones. CONCLUSION Our in vivo experimental results demonstrate that the microwave-chemo-immunostimulant CMMCP significantly enhances the T cell infiltration and thus improves the antitumor effect. This study presents an easy, safe, and effective strategy for a whole-body antitumor effect after local treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zeng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.458502.e0000 0004 0644 7196CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
| | - Changhui Fu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.458502.e0000 0004 0644 7196CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000 China
| | - Meng Niu
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000 China
| | - Xiangling Ren
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.458502.e0000 0004 0644 7196CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Longfei Tan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.458502.e0000 0004 0644 7196CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Qiong Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.458502.e0000 0004 0644 7196CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Zhongbing Huang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China ,grid.458502.e0000 0004 0644 7196CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing, 100190 China
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Wu Q, Li T, Song J, Sun X, Ren X, Fu C, Chen L, Tan L, Niu M, Meng X. A Novel Instantaneous Self-Assembled Hollow MOF-Derived Nanodrug for Microwave Thermo-Chemotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51656-51668. [PMID: 36355432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hollow materials derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged in the biomedical field due to their unique properties, and different synthesis methods have been proposed. However, so far, the large-scale use of hollow MOFs is mostly limited by the timeliness of synthesis methods. Herein, we propose a new ultrasonic aerosol flow strategy for the instantaneous synthesis of a Zr-MOF-derived hollow sphere complex (ZC-HSC) in only one step. Through rapid transient heating, the coordination between metal salts and organic ligands occurs along with prompt evaporation of the solvent. The whole process lasts for only about 21 s, compared with several steps that take hours or even days for conventional synthesis methods. Based on the ZC-HSC, we designed a nanodrug with the functions of manipulating the tumor microenvironment, which can reshape the tumor microenvironment by improving tumor hypoxia and inflammatory microenvironment and promoting antiangiogenic therapy. Combined with microwave thermo-chemotherapy, the nanodrugs effectively treat triple-negative breast cancer (the tumor cell survival rate was only 34.76 and 31.05% in normoxic and hypoxic states, respectively, and the tumor inhibition rate reached 87.9% at the animal level), providing a new theoretical basis for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. This rapid, one-step, and continuous ultrasonic aerosol flow strategy has bright prospects in the synthesis of MOF-derived hollow materials and promotes the further development of large-scale applications of biological nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Li
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xiangling Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lufeng Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Clinical Medical School and First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Longfei Tan
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Zhong X, Dai X, Wang Y, Wang H, Qian H, Wang X. Copper-based nanomaterials for cancer theranostics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1797. [PMID: 35419993 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper-based nanomaterials (Cu-based NMs) with favorable biocompatibility and unique properties have attracted the attention of many biomedical researchers. Cu-based NMs are one of the most widely studied materials in cancer treatment. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field of biomedicine, especially in the treatment and diagnosis of tumors. This review begins with the classification of Cu-based NMs and the recent synthetic strategies of Cu-based NMs. Then, according to the abundant and special properties of Cu-based NMs, their application in biomedicine is summarized in detail. For biomedical imaging, such as photoacoustic imaging, positron emission tomography imaging, and multimodal imaging based on Cu-based NMs are summarized, as well as strategies to improve the diagnostic effectiveness. Moreover, a series of unique structures and functions as well as the underlying property activity relationship of Cu-based NMs were shown to highlight their promising therapeutic performance. Cu-based NMs have been widely used in monotherapies, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Moreover, the sophisticated design in composition, structure, and surface fabrication of Cu-based NMs can endow these NMs with more modalities in cancer diagnosis and therapy. To further improve the efficiency of cancer treatment, combined therapy based on Cu-based NMs was introduced in detail. Finally, the challenges, critical factors, and future prospects for the clinical translation of Cu-based NMs as multifunctional theranostic agents were also considered and discussed. The aim of this review is to provide a better understanding and key consideration for the rational design of this increasingly important new paradigm of Cu-based NMs as theranostic agents. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhong
- School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haisheng Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianwen Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Research and Engineering Center of Biomedical Materials, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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11
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Zeng Z, Sun X, Huang Z, Fu C, Ren J, Niu M, Tan L, Ren X, Wu Q, Meng X. A multifunctional nanoplatform for improving microwave hyperthermia by a combination therapy of vessel disruptive agent and immune modulator. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112616. [PMID: 35759896 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) hyperthermia is one of the safest and most efficient minimally invasive tumor treatment methods, it is restricted by the bottlenecks of the heat sink effect and ineffective immune activation. Herein, a multifunctional nano platform with the load of nano immune modulator bimetallic metal-organic framework (BM), tumor vessel destructive agent and prodrug for gas production is developed for improving MW hyperthermia. Specifically, the combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) was a vessel destructive agent to reduce MW heat loss by destructing the tumor blood vessel. Moreover, the as designed BM can scavenge the endogenic reactive oxygen species, which is conducive to hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) that produced by bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) to activate immune cells. Our in vivo experimental results demonstrate the destruction of tumor blood vessels coupled with the activated immune system results in the remarkable antitumor effect. This study provides an efficient strategy to improve MW hyperthermia by a combination of vasculature-targeting therapy with systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zeng
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065 China; Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Zhongbing Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065 China.
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Longfei Tan
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiangling Ren
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Wang M, Zhang L, Hao H, Hu X, Xin Z, Zhu Y, Shen Y, Wang J. Synergistic H 2O 2 self-supplying and NIR-responsive drug delivery nanoplatform for chemodynamic-photothermal-chemotherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 213:112412. [PMID: 35184000 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing effectively synergistic multi-mode drug delivery nanoplatform for cancer treatment is of great significance but still challenging. Here, we construct core-shell (CaO2@Au nanoshells) nanoparticles coated with doxorubicin-loaded hyaluronic acid. The developed platform can be used as synergistic H2O2 self-supplying and near-infrared-enhanced reactive oxygen species producer for chemodynamic-photothermal-chemotherapy multi-mode drug delivery. In this platform, the CaO2 possesses a high capacity of self-supplying H2O2 in acidic conditions, while retains desired stability under physiological conditions. The in-situ deposited Au nanoshells not only provide a remarkable photothermal therapy, but function as peroxidase mimics to catalyze H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radical to afford highly efficient chemodynamic therapy. Furthermore, the outer layer hyaluronic acid can load doxorubicin and target overexpressed receptor CD44 of cancer cell, meanwhile, trigger release of DOX in photothermal condition and acidic tumor microenvironment. The results of in vitro cell viability and in vivo tumor inhibition indicate that the developed synergistic nanoplatform hold the potential as an efficient strategy for chemodynamic-photothermal-chemotherapy combination therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichuan Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Li R, Tian Y, Zhu B, Wang Y, Dang R, Zhao L, Yang S, Li Y, Wen N. Graphene-containing metal-organic framework nanocomposites for enhanced microwave ablation of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1308-1317. [PMID: 36133686 PMCID: PMC9419482 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00729g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC), one of the most common malignant tumors in the head and neck region, is characterized by high postoperative recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Microwave (MW) ablation possesses advantages in preserving SACC patients' facial aesthetics and oral function, but unfortunately, it suffers from low therapeutic efficacy due to the limited MW-thermal efficiency. Moreover, the insufficient thermal ablation may aggravate hypoxic state in tumors, which is deleterious to the treatment of residual tumors and aggressive tumors. Hence, MW ablation has been rarely applied in treating head and neck tumors in recent years. To minimize the unfavorable outcomes and maximize the therapeutic effects of MW ablation, a MW sensitizer coupled with a self-sufficient oxygen nanoagent was employed for the first time in MW ablation to treat head and neck tumors. We prepared a graphene-containing metal-organic framework (ZIF67@Gr-PEG), which exhibited excellent MW thermal conversion ability endowed by the incorporated Gr and showed in situ oxygen generation capacity derived from the ZIF67 matrix. In an animal experiment, ZIF67@Gr-PEG-based MW ablation with a temperature up to 66.1 °C exhibited a high tumor ablation rate. More importantly, insufficient MW ablation-induced high expressions of HIF-1α and VEGF were observed in our experiment, whereas the levels of tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis were efficiently decreased in MW ablation with the assistance of ZIF67@Gr-PEG nanocomposites (NCs). Notably, our strategy for MW ablation not only evidences the great potential of ZIF67@Gr-PEG but also promotes the translation of thermotherapeutic graphene from basic research to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhen Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA Beijing 100853 China
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital No. 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853 China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Birth Defects Prevention and Control Technology Research Center, Translational Medicine Research Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital 28 FuXing Road Beijing 100853 China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital No. 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Air Force Medical Center, PLA No. 30 FuCheng Road, Haidian District Beijing 100142 China
| | - Ruijie Dang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital No. 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853 China
| | - Lisheng Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital No. 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853 China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital No. 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853 China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital No. 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853 China
| | - Ning Wen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital No. 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853 China
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