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Shukla A, Biswal AS, Chowdhury A, Halder R, Chatterjee S. Aggregation-Induced Modulation of Ground and Excited State Photophysics of 5-( tert-Butyl)-2-Hydroxy-1,3-Isophthalaldehyde (5- tBHI). J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5437-5453. [PMID: 38662934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
5-(tert-Butyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-isophthalaldehyde (5-tBHI) is a photochromic material susceptible to either excited state proton transfer or excited state intramolecular proton transfer, depending upon the solvent. However, it has also been found to aggregate in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. In this current study, based on the steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy, supported by crystallography, quantum chemical density functional theory calculation, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we report on the aggregation of this potential single benzene-based emitter (SBBE) in neat solvents as well as solid phase to modulate its photophysics. It has been found that 5-tBHI forms mixed aggregates of different orders, owing to the presence of both enolic and tautomeric forms, to yield tunable emission, although the emission intensity is quenched. These findings suggest that the intramolecular hydrogen bonding of 5-tBHI not only limits intermolecular interactions but also promotes nonradiative deactivation pathways. Hence, designing and structural engineering, with a focus to suppressing intramolecular hydrogen bonding as well as increasing through space conjugation by replacing the aldehydic moieties with bulky aliphatic or aromatic ketonic groups, can be a plausible approach to yielding improved probes with tunable emission and higher fluorescence quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004 Jharkhand, India
| | - Abhipsa Sekhar Biswal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004 Jharkhand, India
| | - Arkaprava Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Ritaban Halder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
| | - Soumit Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004 Jharkhand, India
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Shukla A, Jha VK, Chatterjee S. Non-trivial ground and excited state photophysics of a substituted phenol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6655-6666. [PMID: 37975741 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
5-(tert-Butyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-isophthalaldehyde (5-tBHI) shows solvent dependent single or dual emission. The photophysics of 5-tBHI has been studied in a variety of solvents and the results were compared with that of the methyl derivative of the probe as well as the 5-tBHI anion. It has been found that the intramolecular H-bonded conformer of 5-tBHI predominantly exists in non-polar solvents, and undergoes facile excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). On the other hand, a dynamic equilibrium can be found in polar, protic solvents, even in the ground state, except in water. NMR analyses confirm the loss of aromaticity of the probe in the ground state via anion formation, in equilibrium with the solvent mediated intermolecularly H-bonded state, in neat polar protic solvents like methanol. The proton transfer process, either intramolecularly or intermolecularly, was found to be of the order of 1 ps, and even faster than the instrumental resolution in the case of water. The current finding provides important insights on the photophysics of this small, substituted phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Vikas Kumar Jha
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Material Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
| | - Soumit Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
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Visualization of degradation of injectable thermosensitive hydroxypropyl chitin modified by aggregation-induced emission. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 293:119739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jin J, Hou J, Long W, Zhang X, Lu YJ, Li D, Zhang K, Wong WL. Synthesis of fluorescent G-quadruplex DNA binding ligands for the comparison of terminal group effects in molecular interaction: Phenol versus methoxybenzene. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103821. [PMID: 32279036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A number of new fluorescent nucleic acid binding ligands were synthesized by utilizing the non-specific thiazole orange dye as the basic scaffold for molecular design. Under simple synthetic conditions, the molecular scaffold of thiazole orange bridged with a terminal side-group (phenol or methoxybenzene) becomes more flexible because the newly added ethylene bridge is relatively less rigid than the methylene of thiazole orange. It was found that these molecules showed better selectivity towards G-quadruplex DNA structure in molecular interactions with different type of nucleic acids. The difference in terms of induced DNA-ligand interaction signal, selectivity, and binding affinity of the ligands with the representative nucleic acids including single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, telomere and promoter G4-DNA and ribosomal RNA were investigated. The position of the terminal methoxyl groups was found showing strong influence both on binding affinity and fluorescent discrimination among 19 nucleic acids tested. The ligand with a methoxyl group substituted at the meta-position of the styryl moiety exhibited the best fluorescent recognition performance towards telo21 G4-DNA. A good linear relationship between the induced fluorescent binding signal and the concentration of telo21 was obtained. The comparison of ligand-DNA interaction properties including equilibrium binding constants, molecular docking, G4-conformation change and stabilization ability for G4-structures was also conducted. Two cancer cell lines (human prostate cancer cell (PC3) and human hepatoma cell (hepG2)) were selected to explore the inhibitory effect of the ligands on the cancer cell growth. The IC50 values obtained in the MTT assay for the two cancer cells were found in the range of 3.4-10.8 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jinqiang Hou
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University and Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, 980 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Wei Long
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China
| | - Yu-Jing Lu
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China.
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