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De Vita S, Colarusso E, Chini MG, Bifulco G, Lauro G. PharmaCore: The Automatic Generation of 3D Structure-Based Pharmacophore Models from Protein/Ligand Complexes. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:4263-4276. [PMID: 38728062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present PharmaCore: a new, completely automatic workflow aimed at generating three-dimensional (3D) structure-based pharmacophore models toward any target of interest. The proposed approach relies on using cocrystallized ligands to create the input files for generating the pharmacophore hypotheses, integrating not only the three-dimensional structural information on the ligand but also data concerning the binding mode of these molecules put in the protein cavity. We developed a Python library that, starting from the specific UniProt ID of the protein under investigation as the only element that requires user intervention, subsequently collects and aligns the corresponding structures bearing a known ligand in a fully automated fashion, bringing them all into the same coordinate system. The protocol includes a final phase in which the aligned small molecules are used to produce the pharmacophore hypotheses directly onto the protein structure using a specific software, e.g., Phase (Schrödinger LLC). To validate the entire procedure and highlight the possible applications in the field of drug discovery and repositioning, we first generated pharmacophores for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and compared with already-published ones. Then, we reproduced the binding profile of a reported selective binder of ATAD2 bromodomain (AM879), testing it against a panel of 1741 pharmacophores related to 16 epigenetic proteins and automatically generated with PharmaCore, finally disclosing putative unprecedented off-targets. The computational predictions were successfully validated with AlphaScreen assays, highlighting the applicability of the proposed workflow in drug discovery and repositioning. Finally, the process was also validated on tankyrase 2 and SARS-CoV-2 MPro, confirming the robustness of PharmaCore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Vita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Ester Colarusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, Pesche, Isernia 86090, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Gazzillo E, Colarusso E, Giordano A, Chini MG, Potenza M, Hofstetter RK, Iorizzi M, Werz O, Lauro G, Bifulco G. Repositioning of Small Molecules through the Inverse Virtual Screening in silico Tool: Case of Benzothiazole-Based Inhibitors of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (sEH). Chempluschem 2024:e202400234. [PMID: 38753468 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Computational techniques accelerate drug discovery by identifying bioactive compounds for specific targets, optimizing molecules with moderate activity, or facilitating the repositioning of inactive items onto new targets. Among them, the Inverse Virtual Screening (IVS) approach is aimed at the evaluation of one or a small set of molecules against a panel of targets for addressing target identification. In this work, a focused library of benzothiazole-based compounds was re-investigated by IVS. Four items, originally synthesized and tested on bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9) but yielding poor binding, were critically re-analyzed, disclosing only a partial fit with 3D structure-based pharmacophore models, which, in the meanwhile, were developed for this target. Afterwards, these compounds were re-evaluated through IVS on a panel of proteins involved in inflammation and cancer, identifying soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) as a putative interacting target. Three items were subsequently confirmed as able to interfere with sEH activity, leading to inhibition percentages spanning from 70 % up to 30 % when tested at 10 μM. Finally, one benzothiazole-based compound emerged as the most promising inhibitor featuring an IC50 in the low micromolar range (IC50=6.62±0.13 μM). Our data confirm IVS as a predictive tool for accelerating the target identification and repositioning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gazzillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Ester Colarusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Assunta Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, I-80078, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, Pesche, 86090, Italy
| | - Marianna Potenza
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Robert Klaus Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Maria Iorizzi
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, Pesche, 86090, Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
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Lavrentaki V, Kousaxidis A, Theodosis-Nobelos P, Papagiouvannis G, Koutsopoulos K, Nicolaou I. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of indazole carboxamides of N-substituted pyrrole derivatives as soybean lipoxygenase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10775-8. [PMID: 38145424 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we attempted to develop a novel class of compounds against lipoxygenase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes implicated in a series of inflammatory diseases. Given the absence of appropriate human 5-lipoxygenase crystallographic data, solved soybean lipoxygenase-1 and -3 structures were used as a template to generate an accurate pharmacophore model which was further used for virtual screening purposes. Eight compounds (1-8) have been derived from the in-house library consisting of N-substituted pyrroles conjugated with 5- or 6-indazole moieties through a carboxamide linker. This study led to the discovery of hit molecule 8 bearing a naphthyl group with the IC50 value of 22 μM according to soybean lipoxygenase in vitro assay. Isosteric replacement of naphthyl ring with quinoline moieties and reduction of carbonyl carboxamide group resulted in compounds 9-12 and 13, respectively. Compound 12 demonstrated the most promising enzyme inhibition. In addition, compounds 8 and 12 were found to reduce the carrageenan-induced paw edema in vivo by 52.6 and 49.8%, respectively. In view of the encouraging outcomes concerning their notable in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, compounds 8 and 12 could be further optimized for the discovery of novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors in future. A structure-based 3D pharmacophore model was used in the virtual screening of in-house library to discover novel potential 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lavrentaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Kousaxidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Papagiouvannis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, 1036, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Gazzillo E, Pierri M, Colarusso E, Chini MG, Ferraro MG, Piccolo M, Irace C, Bruno I, Bifulco G, Terracciano S, Lauro G. Exploring the chemical space of functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-based compounds targeting the bromodomain of BRD9. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106677. [PMID: 37352721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) study related to [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-based compounds targeting the reader module of bromodomain containing-protein 9 (BRD9). 3D structure-based pharmacophore models, previously introduced by us, were here employed to evaluate a second generation of compounds, exploring different substitution patterns on the heterocyclic core. Starting from the promising data obtained from our previously identified [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-based compounds 1-4, the combination of in silico studies, chemical synthesis, biophysical and in vitro assays led to the identification of a new set of derivatives, selected for thoroughly exploring the chemical space of the bromodomain binding site. In more details, the investigation of different linkers at C-4 position highlighted the amine spacer as mandatory for the binding with the protein counterpart and the crucial role of the alkyl substituents at C-1 for increasing the selectivity toward BRD9. Additionally, the importance of a hydrogen bond donor group, critical to anchor the ZA region and required for the interaction with Ile53 residue, was inferred from the analysis of our collected results. Herein we also propose an optimization and an update of our previously reported "pharm-druglike2" 3D structure-based pharmacophore model, introducing it as "pharm-druglike2.1". Compounds 24-26, 32, 34 and 36 were identified as new valuable BRD9 binders featuring IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Among them, 24 and 36 displayed an excellent selectivity towards BRD9 and a good antiproliferative effect on a panel of leukemia models, especially toward CCRF-CEM cell line, with no cytotoxicity on healthy cells. Notably, the interaction of 24 and 36 with the bromodomain and PHD finger-containing protein 1 (BRPF1) also emerged, disclosing them as new and unexplored dual inhibitors for these two proteins highly involved in leukemia. These findings highlight the potential for the identification of new attractive dual epidrugs as well as a promising starting point for the development of chemical degraders endowed with anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gazzillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Martina Pierri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Ester Colarusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, Pesche 86090, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ferraro
- BioChem Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- BioChem Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- BioChem Lab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Ines Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | - Stefania Terracciano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano 84084, Italy.
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De Vita S, Chini MG, Bifulco G, Lauro G. Target identification by structure-based computational approaches: Recent advances and perspectives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 83:129171. [PMID: 36739998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of computational techniques in the early stages of drug discovery has recently experienced a boost, especially in the target identification step. Finding the biological partner(s) for new or existing synthetic and/or natural compounds by "wet" approaches may be challenging; therefore, preliminary in silico screening is even more recommended. After a brief overview of some of the most known target identification techniques, recent advances in structure-based computational approaches for target identification are reported in this digest, focusing on Inverse Virtual Screening and its recent applications. Moreover, future perspectives concerning the use of such methodologies, coupled or not with other approaches, are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Vita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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Colarusso E, Ceccacci S, Monti MC, Gazzillo E, Giordano A, Chini MG, Ferraro MG, Piccolo M, Ruggiero D, Irace C, Terracciano S, Bruno I, Bifulco G, Lauro G. Identification of 2,4,5-trisubstituted-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one-based small molecules as selective BRD9 binders. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115018. [PMID: 36577218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Targeting bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9) represents a promising strategy for the development of new agents endowed with anticancer properties. With this aim, a set of 2,4,5-trisubstituted-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one-based compounds was investigated following a combined approach that relied on in silico studies, chemical synthesis, biophysical and biological evaluation of the most promising items. The protocol was initially based on molecular docking experiments, accounting a library of 1896 potentially synthesizable items tested in silico against the bromodomain of BRD9. A first set of 21 compounds (1-21) was selected and the binding on BDR9 was assessed through AlphaScreen assays. The obtained results disclosed compounds 17 and 20 able to bind BRD9 in the submicromolar range (IC50 = 0.35 ± 0.18 μM and IC50 = 0.14 ± 0.03 μM, respectively) showing a promising selectivity profile when tested against further nine bromodomains. Taking advantage of 3D structure-based pharmacophore models, additional 10 derivatives were selected in silico for the synthetic step and binding assessment, highlighting seven compounds (22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31) able to selectively bind BRD9 among different bromodomains. The ability of the identified BRD9 binders to cross artificial membranes in vitro was also assessed, revealing a very good passive permeability profile. Preliminary studies were carried out on a panel of healthy and cancer human cell lines to explore the biological behavior of the selected compounds, disclosing a moderate activity and significant selectivity profile towards leukaemia cells. These results highlighted the applicability of the reported multidisciplinary approach for accelerating the selection of promising items and for driving the chemical synthesis of novel selective BRD9 binders. Moreover, the low molecular weight of the reported 2,4,5-trisubstituted-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one-based BRD9 binders suggests the possibility for further exploring the chemical space in order to obtain new analogues with improved potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Colarusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Sara Ceccacci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Erica Gazzillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Assunta Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy; Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, C.da Fonte Lappone, Pesche, 86090, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Piccolo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Dafne Ruggiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Stefania Terracciano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Ines Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, 84084, Italy.
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Colarusso E, Gazzillo E, Boccia E, Giordano A, Chini MG, Bifulco G, Lauro G. 6‐Methylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one Based Compounds as BRD9 Epigenetic Reader Binders: A Rational Combination of in silico Studies and Chemical Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Colarusso
- University of Salerno: Universita degli Studi di Salerno Department of Pharmacy ITALY
| | - Erica Gazzillo
- University of Salerno: Universita degli Studi di Salerno Department of Pharmacy ITALY
| | - Eleonora Boccia
- University of Salerno: Universita degli Studi di Salerno Department of Pharmacy ITALY
| | - Assunta Giordano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB) ITALY
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- University of Molise: Universita degli Studi del Molise Department of Biosciences and Territory ITALY
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- University of Salerno Farmacia Via Giovanni Paolo II 132Faculty of Pharmacy 84084 Fisciano SA ITALY
| | - Gianluigi Lauro
- University of Salerno: Universita degli Studi di Salerno Department of Pharmacy ITALY
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Repositioning of Quinazolinedione-Based Compounds on Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (sEH) through 3D Structure-Based Pharmacophore Model-Driven Investigation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123866. [PMID: 35744994 PMCID: PMC9228872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The development of new bioactive compounds represents one of the main purposes of the drug discovery process. Various tools can be employed to identify new drug candidates against pharmacologically relevant biological targets, and the search for new approaches and methodologies often represents a critical issue. In this context, in silico drug repositioning procedures are required even more in order to re-evaluate compounds that already showed poor biological results against a specific biological target. 3D structure-based pharmacophoric models, usually built for specific targets to accelerate the identification of new promising compounds, can be employed for drug repositioning campaigns as well. In this work, an in-house library of 190 synthesized compounds was re-evaluated using a 3D structure-based pharmacophoric model developed on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Among the analyzed compounds, a small set of quinazolinedione-based molecules, originally selected from a virtual combinatorial library and showing poor results when preliminarily investigated against heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), was successfully repositioned against sEH, accounting the related built 3D structure-based pharmacophoric model. The promising results here obtained highlight the reliability of this computational workflow for accelerating the drug discovery/repositioning processes.
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Yang J, Li X, Yang H, Zhao W, Li Y. OPFRs in e-waste sites: Integrating in silico approaches, selective bioremediation, and health risk management of residents surrounding. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128304. [PMID: 35074750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multilevel index system of organophosphate flame retardant bioremediation effect in an e-waste handling area was established under three bioremediation scenarios (scenario I, plant absorption; scenario II, plant-microbial combined remediation; scenario III, microbial degradation). Directional modification of OPFR substitutes with high selective bioremediation was performed. The virtual amino acid mutation approach was utilised to generate high-efficiency selective absorption/degradation mutant proteins (MPs) in a plant-microbial system under varying conditions. In scenario III, the MP's microbial degrading ability to replace molecules was increased to the greatest degree (165.82%). Appropriate foods such as corn, pig liver, and yam should be consumed, whereas the simultaneous consumption of high protein foods such as pig liver and walnut should be avoided; sweet potato and yam are believed to be prevent OPFRs and substitute molecules from entering the human body through multiple pathways for reduced genotoxicity of OPFRs in the populations of e-waste handling areas (the reduction degree can reach 85.12%). The study provides a theoretical basis for the development of ecologically acceptable OPFR substitutes and innovative high-efficiency bioremediation MPs, as well as for the reduction of the joint toxicity risk of multiple ingestion route exposure/gene damage of OPFRs in high OPFR exposure sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xixi Li
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's NL A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Wenjin Zhao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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