Design, synthesis, antimicrobial screening and molecular modeling of novel 6,7 dimethylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one and thiazole derivatives targeting DNA gyrase enzyme

Novel aminothiazoximone-corbelled ethoxycarbonylpyrimidones with antibiofilm activity to conquer Gram-negative bacteria through potential multitargeting effects

The emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms threatens human health, and it is usually exacerbated by the formation of biofilm, which forces the development of new antibacterial agents with antibiofilm activity. In this work, a novel category of aminothiazoximone-corbelled ethoxycarbonylpyrimidones (ACEs) was designed and synthesized, and some of the prepared ACEs showed potent bioactivity against the tested bacteria. In particular, imidazolyl ACE 6c showed better inhibitory activity towards Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli with MIC values both of 0.0066 mmol/L than norfloxacin. It was also revealed that imidazolyl ACE 6c not only possessed inconspicuous hemolytic rate and cytotoxicity, low drug resistance and no risk of penetrating the blood-brain barrier, but also exhibited obvious biofilm inhibition and eradication activities. The preliminary mechanism research suggested that imidazolyl ACE 6c could induce metabolic dysfunction by deactivating lactate dehydrogenase and promote the accumulation of reactive oxygen species to decrease the reduced glutathione and ultimately cause oxidative damage in bacteria. Furthermore, ACE 6c was also found that could insert into DNA to form the supramolecular complex of 6c-DNA and trigger cell death. The multidimensional effect might promote bacterial cell rupture, leading to the leakage of intracellular content. These findings manifested that novel imidazolyl ACE 6c as a potential multitargeting antibacterial agent with potent antibiofilm activity could provide new possibility for the treatment of refractory biofilm-intensified bacterial infections.

The patent review of the biological activity of tropane containing compounds

INTRODUCTION

Tropane-derived medications have historically played a substantial role in pharmacotherapy. Both natural and synthetic derivatives of tropane find application in addressing diverse medical conditions. Prominent examples of tropane-based drugs include hyoscine butylbromide, recognized for its antispasmodic properties, atropine, employed as a mydriatic, maraviroc, known for its antiviral effects. trospium chloride, utilized as a spasmolytic for overactive bladder, and ipratropium, a bronchodilator.

AREAS COVERED

We compiled patents pertaining to the biological activity of substances containing tropane up to the year 2023 and categorized them according to the specific type of biological activity they exhibit. ScienceFinder, ScienceDirect, and Patent Guru were used to search for scientific articles and patent literature up to 2023.

EXPERT OPINION

Pharmaceutical researchers in academic and industrial settings have shown considerable interest in tropane derivatives. Despite this, there remains a substantial amount of work to be undertaken. A focused approach is warranted for the exploration and advancement of both natural and synthetic bioactive molecules containing tropane, facilitated through collaborative efforts between academia and industry. Leveraging contemporary techniques and technologies in medicinal and synthetic chemistry, including high throughput screening, drug repurposing,and biotechnological engineering, holds the potential to unveil novel possibilities and accelerate the drug discovery process for innovative tropane-based pharmaceuticals.