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Miko E, Barakonyi A. The Role of Hydrogen-Peroxide (H 2O 2) Produced by Vaginal Microbiota in Female Reproductive Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051055. [PMID: 37237921 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Female reproductive health is strongly associated with healthy vaginal microbiota, which is thought to be ensured by the dominance of certain Lactobacillus species. Lactobacilli control the vaginal microenvironment through several factors and mechanisms. One of them is their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The role of Lactobacillus-derived H2O2 in the vaginal microbial community has been intensively investigated in several studies with many designs. However, results and data are controversial and challenging to interpret in vivo. Defining the underlying mechanisms responsible for a physiological vaginal ecosystem is crucial since it could directly affect probiotic treatment attempts. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the topic, focusing on probiotic treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 20 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Aliz Barakonyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 20 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Wang Y, Moon A, Huang J, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. Antiviral Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Probiotics as Promising Antivirals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:928050. [PMID: 35734576 PMCID: PMC9207339 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.928050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics exert a variety of beneficial effects, including maintaining homeostasis and the balance of intestinal microorganisms, activating the immune system, and regulating immune responses. Due to the beneficial effects of probiotics, a wide range of probiotics have been developed as probiotic agents for animal and human health. Viral diseases cause serious economic losses to the livestock every year and remain a great challenge for animals. Moreover, strategies for the prevention and control of viral diseases are limited. Viruses enter the host through the skin and mucosal surface, in which are colonized by hundreds of millions of microorganisms. The antiviral effects of probiotics have been proved, including modulation of chemical, microbial, physical, and immune barriers through various probiotics, probiotic metabolites, and host signaling pathways. It is of great significance yet far from enough to elucidate the antiviral mechanisms of probiotics. The major interest of this review is to discuss the antiviral effects and underlying mechanisms of probiotics and to provide targets for the development of novel antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuan Sun
- *Correspondence: Hua-Ji Qiu, ; Yuan Sun,
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- *Correspondence: Hua-Ji Qiu, ; Yuan Sun,
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Mane A, Angadi M, Vidhate P, Bembalkar S, Khan I, Bichare S, Ghate M, Thakar M. Characterization of vaginal lactobacilli from HIV-negative and HIV-positive Indian women and their association with genital HIV-1 shedding. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1471-1475. [PMID: 28945188 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the crucial determinants for successful administration of lactobacilli to the vaginal niche is the use of appropriate Lactobacillus species. In this cross-sectional study 54 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and 76 HIV-positive antiretroviral treatment-naïve women were evaluated for culturable vaginal lactobacilli and their association with genital HIV-1 shedding. Lactobacillus species were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing while cervical and plasma HIV-1 viral load was determined by Abbott real-time PCR. Lactobacilli were isolated in 77.8 % HIV-negative and 73.7 % HIV-positive women. The mean log10 plasma and cervical HIV-1 viral loads (RNA copies ml-1) were 3.73±1.02 and 2.85±0.32 respectively. We observed that presence of L. crispatus, L. gasseri or L. jensenii species was associated with undetectable cervical HIV-1 (P=0.046) and reduced genital HIV-1 shedding (P=0.048) compared to other species. Our findings endorse using Lactobacillus-based strategies to aid the prevention of HIV-1 transmission among Indian women, however confirmation by future prospective studies is indeed warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati Mane
- National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411026, India
| | - Mansa Angadi
- National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411026, India
| | - Pallavi Vidhate
- National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411026, India
| | - Shilpa Bembalkar
- National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411026, India
| | - Ishrat Khan
- National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411026, India
| | - Shubhangi Bichare
- National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411026, India
| | - Manisha Ghate
- National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411026, India
| | - Madhuri Thakar
- National AIDS Research Institute, '73' G block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411026, India
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Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the composition and ecology of the vaginal microbial environment in healthy women is necessary for understanding lactobacilli-dominated normal microbiota and the mechanisms by which it reduces disease risk. The vagina and its microbiota form a balanced ecosystem; any movement outside the normal range for this ecosystem of obligate and/or facultative microbes, termed dysbacteriosis, can lead to infection and disease. This review summarizes recent research on the vaginal ecosystem, the Lactobacillus species that dominate it, and the means by which they suppress the growth, development, and/or proliferation of pathogenic microbial species. Lactobacilli colonization is believed to be beneficial since it prevents other microorganisms from colonizing the vaginal epithelium via competitive adhesion, interactions with the local immunity and plasminogen-plasmin system, and the production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and antibacterial substances. In addition, lactobacilli also constitute an important part of the urogenital tract microbiota and the lactobacilli-dominated vaginal microbiome is a major determinant for female urogenital health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kovachev
- a Department of General and Oncogynecology , Military Medical Academy , Sofia , Bulgaria
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Mucosal immunity in the female genital tract, HIV/AIDS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:350195. [PMID: 25313360 PMCID: PMC4181941 DOI: 10.1155/2014/350195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. Despite having been the subject of intensive studies, it is not fully elucidated what exactly occurs after HIV contact with the female genital tract mucosa. The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. Several characteristics of the female genital tract make it suitable for inoculation, establishment of infection, and systemic spread of the virus, which causes local changes that may favor the development of infections by other pathogens, often called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The relationship of these STDs with HIV infection has been widely studied. Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs.
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Kovachev SM. Obstetric and gynecological diseases and complications resulting from vaginal dysbacteriosis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 68:173-184. [PMID: 24711012 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the composition and ecology of vaginal microbial environment of a healthy woman is necessary for the understanding of normal flora and how to reduce the risk for diseases. Vagina and its microflora form a balanced ecosystem in which dominated bacteria are vaginal lactobacilli. There are dynamic changes in this ecosystem having structure and composition depending on many factors. The term dysbacteriosis defines any movement outside the normal range for the given biotope of obligate and/or facultative microflora. Such a change in the quantity and quality of the respective microbial balance is fraught with danger and requires correction and recovery. The purpose of this overview is to examine obstetric and gynecological diseases that can cause vaginal impaired microbial balance. Vaginal dysbacteriosis is a cause, predecessor, and often also consequence of vaginal infections. In essence, any vaginal infection can be seen as dysbacteriosis, developed to the most severe extent. Here, there is a dominant microorganism other than lactic acid bacteria in the vagina (clinically manifested or not, respectively), depletion of defense mechanisms of the vagina associated with the shift of lactobacilli from their dominant role in the vaginal balance, decrease in their number and species diversity, and a resulting change in the healthy status of the vagina. Vaginal dysbacteriosis can be found in pathogenetic mechanism, whereby many obstetric and gynecological diseases develop. Most of these diseases lead directly to increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality, so it is important to understand the reasons for them and the arrangements for their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Miladinov Kovachev
- Department of Gynecology, Military Medical Academy, "P.U.Todorov" bul. bl. No. 5, entr. B, fl. No. 25, 1404, Sofia, Bulgaria,
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Mane A, Kulkarni S, Ghate M, Risbud A, Thakar M. HIV-1 RNA shedding in the female genital tract is associated with reduced quantity of Lactobacilli in clinically asymptomatic HIV-positive women. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 75:112-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Spurbeck RR, Arvidson CG. Lactobacilli at the front line of defense against vaginally acquired infections. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:567-82. [PMID: 21585263 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are microorganisms that provide a health benefit to the host and are promoted as alternatives for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases and other conditions. One of the most rapidly developing areas of probiotic research is in the management of vaginally acquired infections. Several Lactobacillus species produce compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of vaginally acquired pathogens. Other lactobacilli reduce the adherence of pathogens to urogenital epithelial cells in culture. This article discusses the mechanisms by which vaginal lactobacilli prevent pathogen colonization of the urogenital tract, and potential mechanisms that warrant investigation. Animal models and clinical studies, while limited, are discussed with the idea that these are the next critical steps to advance the study of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of vaginally acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Spurbeck
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824-1101, USA
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