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Fakhri B, Emechebe N, Manzoor BS, Jawaid D, Alhasani H, Edwards M, Tuncer HH. Real-World Health Care Resource Use and Costs Among Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treated With Venetoclax-Based and Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Based Regimens in the Second-Line Setting. JCO Oncol Pract 2024:OP2300630. [PMID: 38626366 DOI: 10.1200/op.23.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Real-world evidence comparing health care resource use (HRU) and costs between novel targeted therapies among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is lacking. We compared all-cause and CLL-specific HRU and costs between patients initiated on B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor (venetoclax)- or Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi)-based regimens in the second-line (2L) setting. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study using Optum Clinformatics Data Mart of adult patients with CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma who received 2L venetoclax- or BTKi-based regimens (January 2018-December 2021) for the first time and had ≥one CLL diagnostic claim after 2L initiation and ≥two claims for venetoclax or BTKi. Baseline characteristics were balanced using stabilized inverse probability of treatment weights. Mean monthly cost difference (MMCD) between cohorts for all-cause and CLL-specific per patient per month (PPPM) costs was estimated. Rates of PPPM-HRU were compared between cohorts using rate ratios (RRs). RESULTS Of 280 patients, median age 75.5 years, 64.6% and 35.4% received BTKi- versus venetoclax-based regimens, respectively. Most BTKi-treated patients received monotherapy (88.4%), whereas 62.3% of venetoclax-treated patients received combination therapy with anti-CD20 agents. The median duration of 2L therapy was 11.6 and 11.0 months for BTKi versus venetoclax cohorts, respectively. All-cause total costs were lower for venetoclax versus BTKi (MMCD [SE], $-2,497.64 [$1,006.77] in US dollars (USD); P = .01), driven by lower medication costs offsetting medical costs; trends were similar for CLL-specific estimates. Outpatient HRU was higher for venetoclax versus BTKi (RR all-cause: 1.22 versus CLL-specific: 1.64). CONCLUSION Venetoclax was associated with total monthly cost savings versus BTKis, illustrating the economic value of time-limited venetoclax-based regimens in the 2L setting.
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Huntington SF, Manzoor BS, Puckett JT, Kamal-Bahl S, Alhasani H, Ravelo A, Jawaid D, Doshi JA. Real-world adherence and discontinuation among Medicare beneficiaries initiating venetoclax vs. BTKis in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:2316-2323. [PMID: 37732602 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2255326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The treatment landscape for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been transformed by the availability of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) and the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitor venetoclax. Despite clinical trial data supporting these novel oral agents, evidence evaluating real-world adherence is limited. This study used 2015-2019 Medicare claims data for elderly patients with relapsed/refractory CLL to assess differences in real-world adherence and discontinuation in the 12 months after treatment initiation. In the final sample of 711 venetoclax patients and 1,566 BTKi patients, we found that those initiating venetoclax tended to be younger (mean age 75.6 [SD 6.0] vs 77.6 [SD 6.9] years, p < .001) but had poorer clinical characteristics. After risk-adjustment, the venetoclax group had higher adherence (61.9% vs. 45.4%, p < .0001) and lower discontinuation when compared to the BTKi group (28.5% vs. 47.4%, p < .001). These favorable real-world findings underscore the importance of developing well-tolerated novel combinations for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Huntington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jalpa A Doshi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Huntington SF, de Nigris E, Puckett J, Kamal-Bahl S, Farooqui M, Ryland K, Sarpong E, Leng S, Yang X, Doshi JA. Ibrutinib discontinuation and associated factors in a real-world national sample of elderly Medicare beneficiaries with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:2286-2295. [PMID: 37870435 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2256911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies evaluating ibrutinib discontinuation are limited to clinical trials and selected medical centers and hence may not reflect real-world practice. This study used Medicare claims (2013-2019) to examine ibrutinib discontinuation and associated factors among elderly patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). Over a median follow-up of 2.1 years, two-thirds (65.2%) of the 11,870 new ibrutinib initiators were discontinued, with half (45.1%) of patients discontinuing within 12 months of initiation. Factors such as advanced age, lack of Part D low-income subsidy, evidence of prior CLL/SLL treatment, and cardiovascular comorbidities (e.g. atrial fibrillation) were associated with higher risk of discontinuation. Over a median of 1.2 years from discontinuation, 40% of discontinuers initiated another CLL/SLL treatment after ibrutinib discontinuation; 25% of patients restarted ibrutinib treatment at some point over follow-up. Our findings point to a large unmet need with the widely used BTKi ibrutinib and underscore the importance of ongoing development of efficacious and well-tolerated CLL/SLL therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Huntington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jalpa A Doshi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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C Andrade A, Freitas TR, Dornelas GG, Gomes LC, Barbosa BL, Araújo SS, Gomes KB, Sabino AP. miR-197, miR-26a and miR-27a analysis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biomark Med 2022; 16:903-914. [PMID: 35833845 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) involves the proliferation and increase of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, bone marrow and lymphoid organs. This study evaluated the microRNAs miR-197, miR-26a and miR-27a as potential biomarkers for CLL. Patients & Methods: Eighty-two patients with CLL and 62 control subjects (CT) were investigated for these targets, using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results: A significant reduction of all microRNAs was observed in CLL compared to the controls (p < 0.001). Significant negative correlations were observed for the clinical staging groups. After adjusting for multiple logistic regression analysis, miR-197 and miR-26a remained as possible independent risk factors related to the CLL. Conclusions: Our data indicated good performance of this microRNAs as potential biomarkers in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Andrade
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270901, Brazil
| | - Tulio R Freitas
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270901, Brazil
| | - Geovana G Dornelas
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270901, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sérgio Ss Araújo
- Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270901, Brazil
| | - Karina B Gomes
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270901, Brazil
| | - Adriano P Sabino
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 6627, Presidente Antônio Carlos Ave, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270901, Brazil
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Hussain Y, Abdullah, Alsharif KF, Aschner M, Theyab A, Khan F, Saso L, Khan H. Therapeutic Role of Carotenoids in Blood Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Nutrients 2022; 14:1949. [PMID: 35565917 PMCID: PMC9104383 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood cancers are characterized by pathological disorders causing uncontrolled hematological cell division. Various strategies were previously explored for the treatment of blood cancers, including chemotherapy, Car-T therapy, targeting chimeric antigen receptors, and platelets therapy. However, all these therapies pose serious challenges that limit their use in blood cancer therapy, such as poor metabolism. Furthermore, the solubility and stability of anticancer drugs limit efficacy and bio-distribution and cause toxicity. The isolation and purification of natural killer cells during Car-T cell therapy is a major challenge. To cope with these challenges, treatment strategies from phyto-medicine scaffolds have been evaluated for blood cancer treatments. Carotenoids represent a versatile class of phytochemical that offer therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cancer, and specifically blood cancer. Carotenoids, through various signaling pathways and mechanisms, such as the activation of AMPK, expression of autophagy biochemical markers (p62/LC3-II), activation of Keap1-Nrf2/EpRE/ARE signaaling pathway, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), increased level of reactive oxygen species, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (c-PARP), c-caspase-3, -7, decreased level of Bcl-xL, cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and decreasing STAT3 expression results in apoptosis induction and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. This review article focuses the therapeutic potential of carotenoids in blood cancers, addressing various mechanisms and signaling pathways that mediate their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Hussain
- Lab of Controlled Release and Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China;
- Department of Pharmacy, Bashir Institute of Health Sciences, Bharakahu, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan;
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10463, USA;
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- Department of Laboratory and Blood Bank, Security Forces Hospital, P.O. Box 14799, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
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Strehl C, Ehlers L, Gaber T, Buttgereit F. Glucocorticoids-All-Rounders Tackling the Versatile Players of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1744. [PMID: 31396235 PMCID: PMC6667663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids regulate fundamental processes of the human body and control cellular functions such as cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Moreover, endogenous glucocorticoids link the endocrine and immune system and ensure the correct function of inflammatory events during tissue repair, regeneration, and pathogen elimination via genomic and rapid non-genomic pathways. Due to their strong immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects on immune cells, tissues and organs, glucocorticoids significantly improve the quality of life of many patients suffering from diseases caused by a dysregulated immune system. Despite the multitude and seriousness of glucocorticoid-related adverse events including diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis and infections, these agents remain indispensable, representing the most powerful, and cost-effective drugs in the treatment of a wide range of rheumatic diseases. These include rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, and connective tissue diseases, as well as many other pathological conditions of the immune system. Depending on the therapeutically affected cell type, glucocorticoid actions strongly vary among different diseases. While immune responses always represent complex reactions involving different cells and cellular processes, specific immune cell populations with key responsibilities driving the pathological mechanisms can be identified for certain autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids on various leukocyte populations, exemplarily portraying different autoimmune diseases as heterogeneous targets of glucocorticoid actions: (i) Abnormalities in the innate immune response play a crucial role in the initiation and perpetuation of giant cell arteritis (GCA). (ii) Specific types of CD4+ T helper (Th) lymphocytes, namely Th1 and Th17 cells, represent important players in the establishment and course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), whereas (iii) B cells have emerged as central players in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (iv) Allergic reactions are mainly triggered by several different cytokines released by activated Th2 lymphocytes. Using these examples, we aim to illustrate the versatile modulating effects of glucocorticoids on the immune system. In contrast, in the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders the pro-apoptotic action of glucocorticoids prevails, but their mechanisms differ depending on the type of cancer. Therefore, we will also give a brief insight into the current knowledge of the mode of glucocorticoid action in oncological treatment focusing on leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Ehlers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Gaber
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Stilgenbauer S, Aurran Schleinitz T, Eichhorst B, Lang F, Offner F, Rossi JF, Schroyens W, Van Den Neste E, Ysebaert L, von Wangenheim U, Ursula Kress U, Blum P, Zenz T. Phase 1 first-in-human trial of the anti-CD37 antibody BI 836826 in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 33:2531-2535. [PMID: 31089249 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Eichhorst
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne Bonn, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Lang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Jean-François Rossi
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, Université Montpellier, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Eric Van Den Neste
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc & Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Uta Ursula Kress
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Petra Blum
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Molecular Therapy in Haematology & Oncology, NCT/DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Pierpont TM, Limper CB, Richards KL. Past, Present, and Future of Rituximab-The World's First Oncology Monoclonal Antibody Therapy. Front Oncol 2018; 8:163. [PMID: 29915719 PMCID: PMC5994406 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy with binding specificity to CD20. It was the first therapeutic antibody approved for oncology patients and was the top-selling oncology drug for nearly a decade with sales reaching $8.58 billion in 2016. Since its initial approval in 1997, it has improved outcomes in all B-cell malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Despite widespread use, most mechanistic data have been gathered from in vitro studies while the roles of the various response mechanisms in humans are still largely undetermined. Polymorphisms in Fc gamma receptor and complement protein genes have been implicated as potential predictors of differential response to rituximab, but have not yet shown sufficient influence to impact clinical decisions. Unlike most targeted therapies developed today, no known biomarkers to indicate target engagement/tumor response have been identified, aside from reduced tumor burden. The lack of companion biomarkers beyond CD20 itself has made it difficult to predict which patients will respond to any given anti-CD20 antibody. In the past decade, two new anti-CD20 antibodies have been approved: ofatumumab, which binds a distinct epitope of CD20, and obinutuzumab, a mAb derived from rituximab with modifications to the Fc portion and to its glycosylation. Both are fully humanized and have biological activity that is distinct from that of rituximab. In addition to these new anti-CD20 antibodies, another imminent change in targeted lymphoma treatment is the multitude of biosimilars that are becoming available as rituximab's patent expires. While the widespread use of rituximab itself will likely continue, its biosimilars will increase global access to the therapy. This review discusses current research into mechanisms and potential biomarkers of rituximab response, as well as its biosimilars and the newer CD20 binding mAb therapies. Increased ability to assess the effectiveness of rituximab in an individual patient, along with the availability of alternative anti-CD20 antibodies will likely lead to dramatic changes in how we use CD20 antibodies going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Pierpont
- Richards Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Candice B. Limper
- Richards Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kristy L. Richards
- Richards Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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The International Prognostic Index for Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Has the Higher Value in Predicting Overall Outcome Compared with the Barcelona-Brno Biomarkers Only Prognostic Model and the MD Anderson Cancer Center Prognostic Index. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9506979. [PMID: 29736400 PMCID: PMC5874971 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9506979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, new prognostic indexes (PIs) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which include clinical, biological, and genetic variables, have been validated, highlighting the MD Anderson Cancer Center prognostic index (MDACC PI), the CLL-international prognostic index (CLL-IPI), and the Barcelona-Brno biomarkers only prognostic model. The aim of this study is to compare the utility of these PIs in a cohort of Spanish patients. A retrospective analysis of 696 unselected CLL patients newly diagnosed and previously untreated from different Spanish institutions was performed. The MDACC PI, the CLL-IPI, and the biomarkers only PI were applied to these patients, and a comparison of the three PIs was performed. With a median follow-up time of 46 months, 394 patients were alive and 187 had received treatment. The median overall survival (OS) was 173 months and the median time to first therapy (TTFT) was 32 months. Significant differences were obtained in OS and TTFT for all subgroups when applying these PIs, with the CLL-IPI being the one with the higher c-index (0.676 for OS and 0.757 for TTFT). The three PIs were able to discriminate patients in different prognostic subgroups. In our cohort, the CLL-IPI showed higher power in predicting TTFT and OS.
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