Recognition of necroptosis: From molecular mechanisms to detection methods

Regulated cell death and DAMPs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in normothermic perfusion of transplant organs. Part 2: implementation strategies

This Part 2 of a bipartite review commences with the delineation of a conceptual model outlining the fundamental role of injury-induced regulated cell death (RCD) in the release of DAMPs that drive innate immune responses involved in early inflammation-related allograft dysfunction and alloimmune-mediated allograft rejection. In relation to this topic, the focus is on the divergent role of donor and recipient dendritic cells (DCs), which become immunogenic in the presence of DAMPs to regulate alloimmunity, but in the absence of DAMPs acquire tolerogenic properties to promote allotolerance. With respect to this scenario, proposals are then made for leveraging RCD and DAMPs as biomarkers during normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) and normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) of transplant organs from DCD donors, a strategy poised to significantly enhance current policies for assessing donor organ quality. The focus is then on the ambitious goal to target RCD and DAMPs therapeutically during NRP and NMP, aiming to profoundly suppress subsequently early allograft inflammation and alloimmunity in the recipient. This strategic approach seeks to prevent the activation of intragraft innate immune cells including DCs during donor organ reperfusion in the recipient, which is driven by ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced DAMPs. In this context, available inhibitors of various types of RCD, as well as scavengers and inhibitors of DAMPs are highlighted for their promising therapeutic potential in NRP and NMP settings, building on their proven efficacy in other experimental disease models. If successful, this kind of therapeutic intervention should also be considered for application to organs from DBD donors. Finally, drawing on current global insights into the critical role of RCD and DAMPs in driving innate inflammatory and (allo)immune responses, targeting their inhibition and/or prevention during normothermic perfusion of transplant organs from DCD donors - and potentially DBD donors - holds the transformative potential to not only alleviate transplant dysfunction and suppress allograft rejection but also foster allograft tolerance.

坏死性凋亡在糖尿病性创面愈合中的研究进展

糖尿病是一种目前临床上常见的慢性代谢性疾病，并发症多，尤其是糖尿病足可导致患者残疾，甚至死亡，具有易诊断、治疗难、治疗周期长、医疗费用高且容易复发等特点，严重影响患者的生活质量及身心健康，给个人、家庭和社会造成了沉重的负担。因此，如何提高糖尿病性创面的治愈率已成为急需解决的难题。坏死性凋亡是近年来发现的一种新型的细胞程序性死亡途径，可参与多种炎症反应。研究表明，细胞坏死性凋亡参与糖尿病的发病过程，在糖尿病性创面愈合中扮演着极其重要的作用。本文通过阐述细胞坏死性凋亡与创面相关蛋白的研究及其在糖尿病性创面中的作用机制，为临床治疗糖尿病性创面提供借鉴。

Targeting ferroptosis in gastrointestinal tumors: Interplay of iron-dependent cell death and autophagy

Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death mechanism distinct from apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, marked by iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Since its identification in 2012, it has developed into a potential therapeutic target, especially concerning GI disorders like PC, HCC, GC, and CRC. This interest arises from the distinctive role of ferroptosis in the progression of diseases, presenting a new avenue for treatment where existing therapies fall short. Recent studies emphasize the promise of focusing on ferroptosis to fight GI cancers, showcasing its unique pathophysiological mechanisms compared to other types of cell death. By comprehending how ferroptosis aids in the onset and advancement of GI diseases, scientists aim to discover novel drug targets and treatment approaches. Investigating ferroptosis in gastrointestinal disorders reveals exciting possibilities for novel therapies, potentially revolutionizing cancer treatment and providing renewed hope for individuals affected by these tumors.